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    Chapter 2 : Sampling Distribution: - Sample Mean and Proportion

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    The document discusses sampling distributions and how sample means and proportions can be used to make inferences about populations. It explains that sampling distributions become normally distributed as sample size increases based on the central limit theorem. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating probabilities for sample means and proportions from both normally and non-normally distributed populations.

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    Chapter 2 : Sampling Distribution: - Sample Mean and Proportion

    Uploaded by

    Azim
    49 views18 pages
    The document discusses sampling distributions and how sample means and proportions can be used to make inferences about populations. It explains that sampling distributions become normally distributed as sample size increases based on the central limit theorem. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating probabilities for sample means and proportions from both normally and non-normally distributed populations.

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    The document discusses sampling distributions and how sample means and proportions can be used to make inferences about populations. It explains that sampling distributions become normally distributed as sample size increases based on the central limit theorem. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating probabilities for sample means and proportions from both normally and non-normally distributed populations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    49 views18 pages

    Chapter 2 : Sampling Distribution: - Sample Mean and Proportion

    Uploaded by

    Azim
    The document discusses sampling distributions and how sample means and proportions can be used to make inferences about populations. It explains that sampling distributions become normally distributed as sample size increases based on the central limit theorem. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating probabilities for sample means and proportions from both normally and non-normally distributed populations.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 18

    Chapter 2*: Sampling

    Distribution

    - Sample mean and proportion


    2*.1 Introduction

    • A population consists of the totality of the


    observations with which we are concerned.

    • Example:
    600 students in the school classified according to blood
    type population of size 600
    2*.1 Introduction
    • Finite population
    – countable observations
    – Examples: Number of cards in a deck, Height of residents
    in a certain city
    • Infinite population
    – large and uncountable observations
    – Example: A particular type of fish in the sea, trees in a
    tropical jungle, number of hemoglobin in a
    human body.
    – impossible to observe all its value
    Need sampling to carry out an investigation on an
    infinite population
    2*.2 Sampling
    • A sample is a subset of a population.

    • For inferences from the sample to the population


    to be valid, we must obtain samples that are
    representative of the population.

    • Sample selection must be unbiased.

    • To eliminate bias – choose a random sample.


    2*.3 Population Dist. VS Sampling Dist.

    • POPULATION DISTRIBUTION– refers to the


    population data and its probability distribution
    𝑋~𝑁(𝜇, 𝜎 2 )

    • SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION– refers to the sampling


    data and its probability distribution that describe
    for the whole population
    Steps in Tabulating the Sampling Distribution of x :
    (a) Obtain all possible samples of size 𝑛 (without replacement) from a
    population size 𝑁. The number of possible samples is 𝑁𝐶𝑛 .
    (b) Compute the sample mean for each sample.
    (c) Tabulate the frequency distribution of x .
    (d) Tabulate the probability distribution of x .
    Examples 2*.1 – Population distribution
    Suppose there are only 5 students in an advance statistics class and
    the midterm scores for the 5 students are: 70, 78, 80, 80, 95.
    Compute:
    (a) the probability distribution of this population
    (b) the mean and standard deviation of the population distribution
    Solutions:
    (a) Let X denotes
    the midterm scores
    Examples 2*.2 – Sampling distribution
    Reconsider the population of midterm scores for 5 students in
    previous example. Construct a sampling distribution of the
    sample mean for samples of size 3.
    Solution:
    Step 1 - Total number of possible samples = 5C3= 10
    Step 2 - Suppose we assign letters F=70, G=78, H=80, I=80, J=95.
    Then the 10 possible samples of 3 scores each are: FGH, FGI, FGJ,
    FHI, FHJ, FIJ, GHI, GHJ, GIJ, HIJ.
    2*.4 Sampling Distribution of Means – Normally
    Distributed Population
    A random sample of n observations
    𝑥𝑖 for 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛
    is taken from a normal population with mean 𝜇 and variance 𝜎 2 :
    𝑥𝑖 ~𝑁(𝜇, 𝜎 2 )
    1
    Since 𝑥ҧ = 𝑛 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛
    has normal distribution with
    1
    𝜇𝑥ҧ = 𝜇 + 𝜇 + ⋯ + 𝜇 = 𝜇
    𝑛
    and
    2
    1 𝜎
    𝜎𝑥2ҧ = 2 𝜎 2 + 𝜎 2 + ⋯ + 𝜎 2 = ,
    𝑛 𝑛
    Hence
    𝜎2
    𝑥~𝑁(𝜇,
    ҧ )
    𝑛
    2*.4 Sampling Distribution of Means (cont.) – Not
    Normally Distributed
    If a random sample of n observations
    𝑥𝑖 for 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛
    is taken from a population with unknown distribution, the
    sampling distribution of 𝑥ҧ will still be approximately normal with
    𝜎2
    𝜇𝑥ҧ = 𝜇 and 𝜎𝑥2ҧ = 𝑛
    ,
    provided the sample size is large (𝑛 ≥ 30).

    By Central Limit Theorem,


    𝑋ത − 𝜇
    𝑍=
    𝜎/ 𝑛
    which is the same as the random sample from normal
    distribution.
    Example 2*.3:

    1) Normally Distributed Population: An electrical firm


    manufactures light bulbs that have a length of life that is
    approximately normally distributed, with mean equal to 800
    hours and a standard deviation of 40 hours. Find the
    probability that a random sample of 16 bulbs will have an
    average life of less than 775 hours.
    (Ans: 0.0062)
    Example 2*.3:

    2) Not Normally Distributed Population: If a 1-gallon can of


    paint covers on the average 513.3 square feet with a
    standard deviation of 31.5 square feet, what is the
    probability that the sample mean area covered by a sample
    of 40 of these 1-gallon cans will be anywhere from 510.0 to
    520.0 square feet? What is the population standard
    deviation so that the probability that the sample mean will
    be more than 515 square feet is 0.3594.
    (Ans: 0.6561; 29.9)
    Exercise 2*.1
    Suppose that the current annual salary for all Malaysian
    teachers have a probability distribution that is skewed to
    the right with mean of RM 30,000 and a standard
    deviation of RM 9874. Let 𝑥ҧ be the mean annual salary
    for a sample of 300 teachers.
    a) What is the probability that the mean annual salary of
    Malaysian teachers obtained from this sample will be
    less than the population mean by RM800 or more?
    b) What is the probability that the mean annual salary of
    Malaysian teachers obtained from this sample will be
    within RM1000 of the population mean?
    2*.5 Sampling Distribution of Proportion
    The proportion of “success” can be more informative
    than the count. In statistical sampling the sample
    proportion of successes, 𝑝Ƹ is used to estimate the
    proportion 𝑝 of successes in a population.

    For a simple random sample of size 𝑛, the sample


    proportion of successes is
    𝑥
    𝑝Ƹ =
    𝑛
    where 𝑥 is the number of successes in the sample.
    2*.5 Sampling Distribution of Proportion (cont.)
    The sampling distribution of 𝑝Ƹ is approximately normal for
    sufficiently large sample size (𝑛𝑝 > 5 and 𝑛𝑞 > 5).

    The mean of sample proportion is


    𝜇𝑝ො = 𝑝
    and standard deviation of sample proportion is
    𝑝𝑞
    𝜎𝑝ො =
    𝑛
    where 𝑝 is the population proportion. (𝑝Ƹ is the estimate of 𝑝)
    Hence,
    𝑝ො ~ 𝑁(𝜇𝑝ො , 𝜎𝑝2ො )
    Example 2*.4:
    1) A salesman sold 100 TV sets last year, the percentage of
    sets sold with extended warranties is 20%. Estimate the
    probability that more than 25% of TV sets sold last year
    had sold with extended warranties.
    (Ans: 0.1056)

    2) Estimating 𝒑: Among 40 graduating seniors, there are 6


    planning to attend graduate school.
    a) What is the probability that 17% or less of the
    graduating seniors will attend graduate school?
    b) What is the probability that 20% or more of the
    graduating seniors will attend graduate school?
    (Ans: 0.6368; 0.1881)
    Exercise 2*.2
    The heights of UTeM students are approximately
    normally distributed with mean of 174.5 cm and a
    standard deviation of 6.9 cm. A random sample of
    size 36 is drawn from this population. Determine:

    (a) The mean and standard deviation of the


    sampling distribution of the sample mean.
    (b) The probability that the average height is
    between 172.5 and 1767.5 cm inclusive.
    (c) The probability that the average height is below
    170.5cm.
    Exercise 2*.2
    • A company that manufactures soda drink claims that
    85% of their soda drinks are good for 4 years or longer.
    Assume that the claim is true. Let be the proportion
    in a sample of 100 soda drinks that are good for 4 years
    or longer.
    (a) What is the probability that this sample proportion is
    within 0.05 of the population proportion?
    (b) What is the probability that this sample proportion is
    less than the population proportion by 0.06 or more?
    (c) What is the probability that this sample proportion is
    greater than the population proportion by 0.07 or
    more?

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