CHAPTER

Fourier Series
1.1. PERIODIC FUNCTIONS

Afunction f(x) which

A satisfies the relation
f(x + T) =
f(¢) for
all x is called a
n
function. The The smallest positive number T, for which this periodic
relation holds, is called the period of
fix)
IET is the period of fc), then fx) fl« + T) f{x + 2T) . = f(x +
=
= =
n'T) =..
Also fx) flx-T) fx-2T) == =
f l x - nT) = .
f ) f(x+ nT), where is a positive integer.
n

Thus, f) repeats itself after periods of T.

For example, sin , cos x, sec x
and cosec x are periodic functions with period 2t while
tan 1 and cot x are periodic functions with period t. The functions sin nx and
2Tt
cos nx are peri
odicwith period
n
The sum of a number of periodic functions is also
and
periodic. IfT, and T, are the periods of
ft) gl), then the period of a f(c) +b g(x) is the least common of and multiple T, T2.
For
example, 2TT
cos x, cos 2x, cos 3x are periodic functions with periods 27, t and
respectively. 3

fx)= cos x+ cos 2x+cos 3ris also periodic with period 2n, the L.C.M. of 21, T and
27
3

1.2. FOURIER SERIEs

reriodic functions are of common occurrence in many physical and engineering prob
s, or example, in conduction of heat and mechanical vibrations. It is useful to express
E
Unctions in a series of sines and cosines. Most of the single valued functions which occur

Pplled mathematics can be expressed in the form +a, cos x +a, cos 2x + a cos 3x+
, Sin x+ b, sin 2x +
b sin 3x+
withir a desired range of values of the
T variable. Such a series is known as Fourier Series.
Thus,
8ny function f(x)
defined in the interval c, SxSc can be expressed in the Fourier Series

x)-+a, cos nx+b, sinnx)

where oy
a n =1
, n=1, 2, 3,...) are constants, called the Fourier co-efficients off
3
 A TEXTB0OK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
4
Note. To determine a, a and b,, we shall need the following results: (m and n are interers
+ 2t
e + 2T +2T

s sin nx da =-
=0,cO8 xd= n
=
0,n * 0

+2T
CC +2 sin mx cos nx dr = i sin (m + n)x + sin (m - n) x]dx

+21t
cos (m + n)x cos (m-n)r = 0, m # n
m+n m-n

C + 2n
cos (m+n) * +cos (m - n) x] dx
Ginco cos mx cos nx dx =
c+2T
sin (m +
n)x sin (m -n)x
= 0, m #n
m +n m-n

+2t CC+2T
(iv) sin m* sin nx dx = cos (m- n) x - cos (m +n) x] dor

7C + 2t
1 sin (m-n)xsin (m +n)x = 0, m # n
2 m- n +n
e
C+2T C +2T + 2m

( cos nx d:
2
Tt, sin nx de = Sin 2nx7e
4n
T , n #0

+ 2T
s i nnx cos nx dr = ; | sin 2nx d x = - ; Cos 2nx ° +2T = 0 , n # 0

(ui 2n Je
(vi) To integrate the product of two functions, one of which is a positive integral power of x, we
apply the generalised rule of integration by parts. If dashes denote differentiation and suffixes denote
integration w.r.t. x, the rule can be stated as follows:

uv dx =uv u'vg -

+u"Ug u"'v4 +..... where u and functions of

v are
i.e., Integral of the
-

r.
product of two functions
1st function x
integral of 2nd-go on differentiating 1st, integrating 2nd, signs alternately + ve
and ve.

(Simplification should be done only when the integration is over.]

For example, | * da =*|
= e
(43 +62 +6x +3)
cos nx de
=*| -2

(vüi)
- 2ar
sin nx +-COS nx-
2
Sin nx.
sin nt =0 and cos nt =
(-1)"
sin
nn+=-1" and
cosn+=0, where n is an integer.
OURIER SSEf
ERIES
5
Even
and Odd Functions
it)
function ) is said to be even if f-x) = f(x)
s e.g., ?, cos x, sin' x are even functions.
A
graph
of a n even nction is
funct symmetrical about the y-axis.
The
to be odd if f-x) =- fx)
is said to e.g., 3, sin x, tan x are odd functions.
function f()

graph of an odd function is symmetrical about the origin.

The
oduct of two even functions or two odd functions is an even function while the product of
The p r o d u c t

nctionand a n odd i function is an odd function.

f(x) dx 0, = when f() is an odd function

Also,

fx)dx =2 flx)dx, when flx) is an even function.

and -C

.3. EULER'S FORMULAE

for the function f() in the interval c <x<c+ 2t is given by

The Fourier series

f) 4, nx +n2,
n =1 =1
sin
cos nx 1)

co-efficients ao a, and b,, we assume that the series on

the right hand
In finding the term in the
for c <x<c+2t and it can be integrated term by
sideof(1) is uniformly convergent
given interval.
of (1) w.r.t. x, between the limits c to c + 2.
To find an. Integrate both sides

2 bsinnx dx
fla) de= d + 2a, cosnx ds +
n=l

[By formulae () above]

C+2-c)+0+

+2Tt

w.r.t. x, between the limits

find a,, multiply both sides (1)
of by cos nx and integrate
O
ctoc+2T.
fC+
CC + 2T
de
ao cos nx de
fx) cos nx
=

Cosnr cos n r dx + b, sin nx|cOs da

nx
+
, = 1

(By formulae (i), (v) and (vi)|

= 0 +a, T+0

a,

an
flx) cos nxdx
 6 A EXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATIcs
To find b, multiply both sides of (1) by sin nx and integrate w.r.t. x between the limit
c to c + 2T.
ts

fC +2T +2T

f(x) sin nx dx =- sin nx da+ + an COS nx |sin nx dx

cc + 2 t
2 , sin nx |sin nx d
1

= 0 +0 +6,T [By formulae (i), (vi) and (U)

ec +2T
f) sinnx da
C +2T
Hence
GJ TtJc
d; a,- f) cosnax de; and b, | l )sin nxda
.(1
These values of a, a, and b, are called Euler's formulae.
Cor. 1. f c = 0, the interval becomes 0 < x < m and the formulae I reduce to
2T
aag
fa)de; o, ft cosnxds;
Cor. 2. 1fc =- T, the interval becomes - n<x< T, and the formulae I reduce to
b, =Jr)sinnx de
a F ds; a, -
+|f)cos ne de; b, =fx) sin nx d

Cor. 3. When fx) is an odd function ao =- f(x) dx = 0

Since cos nx is an even function, therefore, f(x) cos nx is an odd function.

a flx) cos nx dx = 0

Since sin nx is an odd function, therefore, f(x) sin nx is an even function.

b rsin nax de=f) sin nx da

Hence, ifa periodic function flx) is odd, its Fourier expansion contains only sine terms,

i.e. fx)=
n =1
b, sin nx, where b, = fx)sin nx dx

When f(x) is an even

function ao f) de =f)d J0
Since cos nx is an even function, therefore, fx) cos nx is an even function.

, ) cosnx d e - f ) cos nx dr
F O U R I E R S E R I

sin nx is an odd runct1on,

ince therefore, flx) sin nx is an odd function.
b Fosin nx dx =0
Tnce if a periodic function f(x) is even, its Fourier
expansion contains only cosine
terms,

fa)= 2a, cos nx, where ag = dx and a, - f ) os nx ds.

ie n =1

An Tmportant Note. If a periodic function fis defined in the open interval (a, b), then
ho to find f(a) ana NO), the values ot f at the end points?
how
Consider, fx) =x+ x, - a<x<n
with period 27t.
where fis periodic

f-T)=(LHL+RHL)= ; [-z-0) +-R+0))

f(2 +(-T-0))+f-r+0) I: Period offis 2n

=
f (T-0) +f(-T +0)]
IT+n) +(-T)+(-T)] =T2
Clearly, f-T) #-T +T

Similarly, f(r)= [LHL +RHL]

l f T-0) +ft +0))-lf(7-0)+f-2n+ (T+ 0)

: Period of fis 2

f - 0 ) +f-T +0)] =; I(T +r) +(-n+(-n))) =r*

Clearly, T) n +T

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES=

Example 1. Obtain the Fourier series to represent(x)= 2

(M.D.U. 2010, 2012, Dec. 2014; K.U.K. Jan. 2013)

Hence obtain the following relations:
.2

(M.D.U. Dec. 2014)

6
 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

(M.D.U., 2010, Dec. 2014)

12
n =l

(2n 1)2

Sol. Let flr)=(7-x)" =

+2 a, cos nx+2 b, sin
n=l
n

have
By Euler's formulae, we

a
1 c27
dr= n -

dr = JO

(-x) d
a flx)cos nx dx = cos nx

2T
-)? Sinna - (-2(T-)

, on) - (o- o)
27 sin nx da = - « ) * sin na dx

727t

4T --27-
T cos 2n 2 cos 2nT - 0 + 2cos0
0+
n n

COs 2x cOs 3x
ft 12 33 ..(1)

Deductions
i) Putting x = 0 in equation (1), we get

- .(2)
6
 IES
FOURIER SERIES

9
P u t t i n g * = T in equation (1), we get

fn)

1,11 12 ..(3)
( ) Adding (2) and (3), we get

12

Note. In the above example, if fx) =

,0<x<21t, then

f0)= If(0-0) +f0 0 +

f (27-0) +f0 +0)] fis periodic with period 2Tt]

Example 2. Expand f(x) =x sin x, 0 <x<2n as a Fourier series.

(K.U.K. 2010; M.D.U. 2008, 2010, 2013; G.B.T.U. 2010)

Sol. Let flx) = x sin x + 2 a cos nx+

2
n=1
6 sin nx
n =l

By Euler's formulae, we have a, = flx) dr= * sin x dr

x(-co8 x) -1.(-sin x) -27]= -2

1 2 dx (2 cos nr sin x) dr
a flx) cos nx dx = x sin x cos nx
2n Jo
2 xlsin (n + 1)x - sin (n - 1) x]dx
2T o
c o s(n + 1)x, cos (n - 1)x|
sin (n+1)r sin (n 1)xl2l*
n+1 n-1 (n+1)2 (n - 1)
 10
A TEXTB0OK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
cos 2(n + 1) n cos 2 (n - 1) n|
2T-. n-1
n +

1 1 -2 -,n*1
n+1 n-1n2-1'
2t
When n = 1, we have a x sin x cos x dx =

2T Jo
x sin 2x dx

-1
2n c2t
dx
-rasin nx dx =xsin xsin nx

2 sin nx sin x) dx = x (cos (n - ) x- cos (n + 1) x] dr

27T 27T Jo

sin (n -1)x sin (n + Dx1cos (n-1) x cos(n + 1)x|

2m n- 1 n +1 (n 12 (n+1 Jo

cos2(n-1)r cos 2(n +1) T 1

2 (n- 1)2 (n + 1)2 (n - 1)2

11 1 1 = 0, n #1
2Tt (n 12 (n+ 1) (n-1 (n +12|
When n = 1, we have b= sin x sin x dx = (1- cos 2x) dx
27t Jo
2T
Cos 2x

1
27 2r2m)2 (2n)=
flx)= + a j cos x + b sin x+ a, cosna + b , sin na
2 n = 2 n= 2

1 2
-1-, cos x + T sin x +
2
n = 2
2
n 1
cOS nr +0

2
= - 1+T sin x - COS T 221 cos 2x ? - 1 cos 3x +...

Example 3. Find a Fourier series to represent x - x* from x =-n tox =T. Hence show
that
2

12
(G.B.T.U. 2012; K.U.K. 2009, May 2013; DCRUST, Murthal May 2014)

Sol. Let x-x'=+, cos nx +b, sin nx

n = 1
n =1
URIER SERIES

11

formulae, have
By Euler'sfor we

(x-)cos nx dx
(xr-2)
-x*) Sin nx-(1-2x) COS nx
n
n2 -2-sin nx
a-22t) n
- (1+ 2t) sn -4
CoS nT

n2
=-41
I : c o snn = (-1)"]

b - a - )sin nx da
- -(1-2x -2
( - T )TCOS nT COS nT
+(-T-T2)Ost 9 COS nn
n
n3
=-2 COs n 9-11"
n

x-x= cos nx- 2 Sin n*

n =1
COSx COs 2x cos 3x
t
22 32
sin 2x
sin3.
-2 L 1 2 3

cos 2x cos 3x
*****
Sin sin 2x sin 3.
22 32 2 3

Putting x =0, we get 0 =-

1
1-+... =12
2232 42 .
Example 4. Obtain the Fourier series for the function f(x) = «",-T`xSt. Hence show that

1 1
(K.U.K. Jan. 2014)
-+. 2
n =1
6
1-1
(M.D.U. 2011)
n 12
n=1

(2n - 1) 8
12 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINE
NEERING MATHEMAT
ATICS
Sol. Sincef-)=-:) =#=/).
f c ) is an even function and hence b, 0

Let fx)=*=+2 , cos nax

n=l

Then

a, fr) cos nx dx = cos nxdx

-2x
+4 cOs nx

4
Putting = t in (1), we get
cOs

23
2:x cos

33
3x
4x
.(1

Result (
Putting x =0 in (1), we get 0 =

12 [Result(i
Adding ) and (i), we get 2
t .
8 Result (i
Example 5. Obtain the Fourier series for
f(x) =
e* in the interval 0 < x < 2n.
Sol. Let flx)=e" =
"+ a, cos
nx+ b, sin nx
2
n=l n = 1

2
Then
ay f) dx =(e dx = 1-e
0

a f(x) cos nx dx ecos nx dx

FOURIER S E R I E S
13

727T
cOs nx +n sin nx)
t1+n2
JO

cos bx dx =2h2 a cos bx + bsin bx)

1-ea
T(1+n2)
b r s i n ne d =e"sin nx dx
27t
- S i n nx - n cos nx) _1-e n
Jo
e
esinbx dx =
a sin bx -b cos bx)

sin
1 e , - e cos nx1- n nx

27T 1+n n=l

1+n2

1
os x +cos 2x+cos 3x +...
10
3
+sin x+sin 2x+ 10 sin 3x+.
-t Hence
Example 6. Find the Fourier series to represent ea" in the interval <x <t.

derive series for

ginh T
=" =+2a, cosnx +2b, sin
nx
Sol. Let flx)
n =l
2 sinh at
Then a fdr-" da (eTe a) =
at

ea dx
a f(x) cO8 nx dx = cos nx

e 1 a e " cos n t - a e " cos nit]

a cos nx + n sin nx)| r(a +n2)°
Ta+n?

a cos n t (e" ea")

-
2a(- 1)" sinh a r
nla+n2) n(a +n*)

- 2n(-1)" sinh an
Similarly, b, =
nla +n*)
2a(-1)" sinh an 2n(-
2n(-1)" sinh at
arSinn
Sinhsinh
d+2
an

rla +n)
cOS nx
nla+n*)
n =1
sin nx
 A TEXTBOoK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICs
14

cos 2x, cos 3*

2sinh at -a
cOS *

+2a+3
sin 2 sin 2x 3 sin 3x
2+12 a2+22 a2+3
Deduction. Putting x = 0 and a = 1, we get

1=

sinh7 1 1 14
Example 7. Express fx) = | x |, -T<x<T, as Fourier series.
(M.D.U. 2013)
Sol. Since f-)= -x| =
lx| =fl)
x) is an
even function and hence b=0
Let fe= I x| = a COS nx
n=l

Then
a2rt d-ld *de-
a, fa) cos nx dx = xlcos nx ds
=cos nx d
--
0, if n is even
2 cos n n2 (-1" -1)=-4 ifn is odd
n 2

Ixl= cOsx+ cos 3x cOs 5x

33
Note. Putting x =
0 in the above result, 1
we get + t
Example 8. Expand the function f(x) = x sin x as a Fourier series in the interval
-

Tt * T.
(U.P.T.U., 2008
Deduce that 1.3 57 7.9
1
(M.D.U. 2012; U.P.T.U., 2008
Sol. Since x sin x is an even
function of x, b, =
00
Let fx) =
x
sin x=+, cos nx

Then
sin x dx
=x(- cos x)- 1.(- sin x)=(-T cos t) =2
FOURIER SERIES
15

2 T
a, *sin x cos nx dx = | r ( 2 cos nx sin x) dx
T0

- x s i n (n +1)x- sin (n - 1)x] dx

cos (n + 1)x cos (n - 1)x| sin (n + 1)x sin (n - 1)x|

n+1 n-1 1 (n+1D
(n + 1)2 (n- 1)2
cos(n + 1 r , cos (n - 1)7||
nl
n+1 n-1

cos (n- 1)7 cos (n + 1D

n-1 n+1
is odd, n *1, n - l and n + 1 are even
When n

1 2
an
1
-1 n+1 n -1
When n is even, n - 1 and n +1 are odd

When
n=1, we have a, = sin * cos de=xsin 2x d

cos 2x cos 3 cos 4.x cos 5

x sin x=1-cos221 32-14?-1 5 1
1 1
Putting weget2-1-2 62-1

Example 9. Show that for- n < x < T,

sin * 2 sin 2x 3 sin 3x

2 sin
at
8inax . -2-a3-a
0 and a, =
0.
Sol. Since sin ax is an odd function of x, a =

Let sin ax = 2 b, sin nx

n =l

Then sin ax sin nx dx = * Icos (n -a) x -

cos (n +a) x] dr

1 sin (n - sin (n +a)x| sin sin (n+a)r |

n +a n-a n+a
T n - a
 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMA
16

(-1(-sin at) D sin at__-1"sin at|

n-a
n+a n-a n+a
=
2n sin a t
(- 1)n+1 r(n - a~)

(-1)*1
sin ar= Sin an n-a
s i n n*

n =1

2 sin at Sin: 2 sin 2x 3 sin 3x

T12-a2 2-a2 32-a
Example 10. Obtain Fourier series for the function f(x) given by

fx)= 1+ -1`xs0

2x
=1-,0<x$T.
T
(U.K.T.U. 2011)

Hence deduce that t (K.U.K. Jan. 2013)

Sol. When - TSxs0, 0S-*ST

f-)=1-22-1+2_fi)
Tt

When 0xST, -T`-*s0

f-a)= 1+ =1-2 = fx)

f) is an even function of x in - n, 7]. This is also clear from its graph which is
symmetrical above the y-axis.
b= 0

Let fla)- 2 anCosn*

n=I

then

a,fcos nx dx =
cos nr
d
COS nx T"
n n2
= 2 cos n 2
Tun
FOURIER S E R I E S

17

fr)-2 1-(-"19 2 n

2 cos 3x 2 cos 5x
+
32 52
1-(-1)" =0 when n is even -r2 w2

8 cos cOs 3 cos 5x O

*3 * 62

Putting 0, we get T,since f(0) =1.

Example 11. Show that for -nSxsT,

cos cx =

- -2
where c is non-integral. Hence deduce that

T cosec (cx) = -1 (M.D.U. 2011)

n =0

Sol. Since cos cx is an even function of x, b, =0

cos cx = COS nx (1)

Let
n=l

2 sincx1"
Jcos cx dr
=
Then Jo
2 sin cT 0
since c is non-integral, sin cn *

CTT

|L cos (n + cx + cos(n
-

clx]dr
Also, cos cx cosnx dx =

sin (n + c)x , sin (n -

cl*|
n-c
n +c

(n-c)r|
1 Bin (n +c)sin
- n+c n-c

1 sin (nr +CT) sin(nt-CT)|

n-c
n+C

sin (-cn)|
-1" sin cn (-1" ,

n +c n-C
 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATi

18

sin cn-1" sin cr

(-1 sinet 1
= 1 -1 n-c
n+c n-c
n +c

(-1)" sin cn 22c

-1" sin cn-2
n2-2
c2-n2

sin ca 2 2c sin ct cos nx

From (1), COs cX
CT

COs 2x
L+2 cOs
Sinct-
=
1 -2.
sin ct 2c cos 2
-2
Deduction Put x =0
sin 2c
1
-2 1
- C + ) + ( c - 1 ) , (c+ 2) +(c-2)
(cr) =
n cosec (eT) c+1Dc-1) (c+2) (c -2)
sec

-
1
n+c n+1-c
n =0

Hence (er)=- 1 n +c n +1-c|

n = 0

=EXERCiSE 1.1
1. Expand in a Fourier series the function f(x) = x in the interval 0 < x < 2n.
2. Express f ) = j(n - x) in a Fourier series in the interval 0 < x< 2n. (U.P.T.U. 200=
3. Find the Fourier series for the
function flx) x + xin the interval - n< x<t.
=

(G.B.T.U. 201
Hence show that
1
32 42t (ii) 1+
12
(U.K.T.U. 2011)
FOURIER SERIES

19

4.
Prove that fofor all values of x between- Tand T, x 2| sin xsin 1 1
2x +sin 3x
=

2 3 sin
4
4x
t..
-

Ohtain the Fourier series to (M.D.U. 2011)

5. represent e in the interval 0<x< 21.
ind the Fourier series to represent e" in the
6. interval - n<x< T. (M.D.U. 2011)
ind the Fourier series to represent the
1. function fa) I sin =
x 1, -n<x<T.
Expand fx) | cos x| as a Fourier series in the interval t
=
-

<x<T.
(M.D.U. 2010, Dec. 2013; K.U.K. 2009; M.T.U. 2011)
a Prove that in the interval - t <x <T, x co8 x =-sinx
2
+2 n sin nx.
n= 2
1
(U.P.T.U. 2008)

10. Prove that for -

n<x<r, T*-x) sin sin 2x , sin 3x sin 4x

12 33 43 23
1 (a) Obtain a Fourier expansion for 1-cos x in the interval -T<x<T.

Hint. For all integral values of n,cos (n+ =cos (2 +1) =0 =

cos(n.
-2 sin. -n<x s0|
-cos := 2 sin =
V2| sin
sin 0sx<
(6) Obtain a Fourier series for 1-cosx in the interval (0, 2) and hence find the value of

1-3 3.5 5.7

Fourier series. Hence prove that
12. Express f(x) = cos wx, - n<*<T, where w is a fraction, as a
20 20
cot-?-T -42
Find the Fourier series for flc) in the interval (-T, T) when
c) = t + x, - Tt * < 0

Tt- , 0 <*<T.
series for
x=- t to*= t. Hence derive sinh t
n a Fourier series to represent e-a* from
(M.D.U. 2008)

-1"
2a 2 COS n

ove that in the range

-

T <x<T, cosh ax =sinh at n+a

- x + 1 for - Tt SxSs0
18.
Given fx) ={+1 for 0sxst
of
f(x) and deduce the value
Fourier series for
8 the function even or odd ? Find the
 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERIN
20
MATHEMATIO

17. Find the Fourier series expansion

for f()
= x+ -TSxsn. (U.P.T.U. 2009
-67tx+2n in the interval (0, 27). Hence deduce that
18. Find the Fourier series of fx) = -
12

(M.T.U. 2012)
,0ca
f«) given by f(x)
=
function
19. Find the Fourier series to represent the
T-,<x<t

and hence show that 1+

(DCRUST, Murthal May 2014

Obtain the Fourier series expansion for f(x) =

n2 -

*in the interval -

n <x<t.
20.
(M.D.U. May 2014)
21. Find the Fourier series of period 2n for the function

COs x-sin x,
-

T<* S0
f= cos x +sin x,
22. Find the Fourier series expansion of f (x) in (-T, Tt), where f (a) = sin* x + cos* x.

23. Find the Fourier series of f(x) = cost x in (0, 2).

Answers

2.fla)- sin nx
1. f)=-2
n
n=1 n=l

3. ft)--4 (cos cos2x

3x sin 2 Sin 3x
+ 2S i n
cos

22 2 3

5. 1 + n 2 1 + ? sin nz

6. e 2sinh
T

-cO8cos2 3s s i n x-sin 2+sin 3

cos 4x cos 21
7. I sin x| =2-4cos 2x t.....+
3 15 4n-1
8. I cos xl =* 4COs 2xcos 4x
3 15

11. (a) v1-cosx = 22 cOS nx

(b) Same as in part (a); ,
n= 1

12. cOS w x =
2wsin wT COS COs 2x cos 3x
P-
URIER S E R I E S

21
cos 3x cos 5x
1.
32
a cos x a cos 2x
2s
ar
2 sin 2x, 3 sin 3x
e
22 +2 "J |?+a2
14 2+a

sinh

COs 3 cos 5x
16 Bven.f)1-e08
+
32
-2
1.f12*2
cOS nx
2
n=1
sin nx

cos n

18 f 2
n =l

sin 3x sin 5x
18. f) 1

2 cos nx
f
20. fa)=
4
21. fiz= nx

3
22 fx)=cosx+cos 3x+sinx - sin 3x

2 fi cos 2x+cos 4x
14. DIRICHLET'S CONDITIONS (M.D.U. May 2014, Dec. 2014, May 2015)
of a Fourier series are called
The sufficient conditions for the uniform convergence
functions that nor-
German mathematician). All the
Dirchlet's conditions (after Dirichlet, a these conditions and hence they
can be expressed

y arise in engineering problems satisfy

as a Pourier series.

Anyfunction f(x) can be expressed

as a Fourier series a, ,
cos Ar+ sin nx

n =1

where a,. G,, b, are constants, provided

9lx) is periodic, single valued and finite.
in any one period.
x ) has a finite of finite discontinuities
number
and minima.
x ) has a finite number of maxima at every point
the Fourier series converges f)
to
these are satisfied,
When conditions
the sum of the series is equal
to the mean of the
discontinuity,
imit ty. At a point of
8on the right and left
 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING
22
MATHEMAT

i.e., Hifx +0) +flx -0)

the right and the limit on the left rec

where fr +0) and fx - 0) denote the limit on

ectivel
DISCONTINUOUS
FUNCTIONs
FOR
1.5. FOURIER SERIES

Euler's formulae for ag, , , b,

In Art. 1.3, we derived However,
on the assumption that flx)
is continous in (c, c+ 27t).
if fx) has finitely many points of
finite discontinuity, e v e n C
Fourier series. The integrals M
then it can be expressed as a
the range of
are to be evaluated by breaking up
for b,
ag. a
integration.
Letfl) be defined by fx) =1(), c <x<x
=fx), xo x<c + 2t
interval
where x, is the point of finite discontinuity in the
(c, c+ 2t). A
Xo
The values of a. b, are given by
+21

c+ 2T
a, cos nx d+ fax) cos nx d |

b, i(x) sin d +| )sin

nx nx de

Atx = x there is a finite jump in the graph ofthe function. Both the limits f x - 0)a

fx +0) exist but are unequal. The sum of the Fourier series =
fxo -0)+f(xo+
= (AB + AC) = AM, where M is the mid-point of BC.

=ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

Example 1. Find the Fourier series to represent the function fx) given by
fx)=x for 0s xSt
and 2T-xfor TSxs2T. (G.B.T.U.20

Deduce that 8

Sol. Let f = 2 a, cos nx+2 b, sin nx

Then a dx= d +2-)dr|

RIER SERIES

23

-
2
a fx) cos nx dx=
*cos nx dx+ (27t- x) cos nx da|
sinnx 1-Cos
n
(2m-
sin nx cOsnx
2T

CoS nT

n n2

, i f nis odd
= -1)" - 1-1+(-1)"] = Ttns
-1-1] =tn
0, if n is even
2 2Tt
flx) sin n.x dr = x sin nx dx+(27-x) sin nx d

10

2T
sin nx
2n- o-1. n2
Tt COS nT, tCOS NTT| = 0
n

cos cos 3x cos 5 +.

32 5

Putting x=0, we get 0=

Example 2. If flx)={(0,
- TSxsO
s i n x, 0SxsT,

cos 2nx (G.B.T.U. 2012)

rovethat f(x) =+sin x-2:
T 4n -1
Hence show that
1 T 2

35' .7 +. (ii) 13 3.5 5.7 4

Sol. Let
2 a, x+2b, sin nx
f)= n=l
cos
24 A TEXTB0OK OF
ENGINEERING MATHE,

Then odsinxd
an de Bin * cos nx dx|

2 cos nx sin x dx
i n (n + 1) x - sin (n - 1) x] du
1 cos(n+ 1x cos(n- 1)x |" ,n1
2rt n +1 n-1 Jo

= COs (n +1Dt -1T 11

n+1 n-1

-1)-1 1
n-1 n+1 n -1|
1 1L.
n-1'n+1n-i when is odd
n
2n+1
11 when when
nis even
| 2T (n+1
0, when n is odd, i.e., n =3,5,7,...
when n is even
r(n21

When n =1, we have a, =sinxcosxda=sin 2x da= 2 Jo

dsin nxds= | . odr+ sin x sin nx de

2 2 sin nx sinx dx= [cos (n -1) x-cos (n + 1) x] d

1sin(n- Dx sin (n +1)x =

0, n #1
n-1 n+1 Jo
When n =1, we have

6, sin zsin x de= cos 2:) d=*-

ix)=-Zco8 2x
7 7|2-14-1'8- sin x
cOs 2nx
1 (2n)2-1
n = 1

Putting x=0 in (1), 1

we have 0= T 4n-1
 IES
25
URIER SERIE

1
n =1 (2n-(2n +1) 3.5 5.7

Putting *=in (1), we have 1 = + COS nT

T2 n. 4n -1
-1
14n 1
-1
(2n - D(2n + 1)
1.3 3.5 5.7t
1 T-2
1.3 3.5 5.7 4
EXERCISE 1.2
series to represent the function
1. Find the Fourier
fx) = - k when - Tt <*<0
k when 0<x<T

=1-+-, (G.B.T.U. 2010, 2013)

Also deduce that
Fourier series in the interval (- T, T) if fc) = 0 when -t<x<0
2. (a) Develop flx) in a = 1 when 0 <*< .

1
Deduce that sum ofthe Gregory series
function defined by
(6) Find the Fourier series of the
f(a) = TSx<0 (M.D.U. 2011)
OS*<T
T<x<0
flx), if flx) T,
=- -

3. Find the Fourier series expansion for

U.K.T.U. 2012; G.B.T.U. 2011)

(M.D.U. Dec. 2013;
Deduce that 2 t.
of flx).
Hint. For the deduction, put x = 0 in the expansion

0 0) =
f 0 - 0) + f0 +0)]=-
and f0 0) =
+
f0-0) =-m
one period by the relations
of the function defined in
Fir
nd the Fourier expansion
x) = 1 for 0<x<n
= 2 for n < x < 2t

and deduce that=

- nSxS0
7SxS0

ind the Fourier series off

=
0SrST
M.T.U. 2011)
21t. (M.D.U. Dec. 2009;
with period
"ch is assumed to be periodic
 NEERI
ERING MATHEMAT
26
following function:
Fourier series of the
6. Find the
)= "
- TtSxs0.
2

7. An alternating
current after passing through
i = l sin* for
a rectifier
0SxST
has the f..
rm
(U.P.T.U. 2
for TSxS 2T
0
current and the period
is 27t. Express i as

where I is the maximum Fourier series.

Fourier series for
the function
Obtain
) =* for -Tt<r<0

f)=-x for 0<x<

(M.T.U. 2
and hence show that

(G.B.T.U. 2
Find the Fourier series for
the function
9.
1
-5for - T<*<-

fx)= ofor-x<
1 for <*<T

Hence deduce that

1- (G.B.T.U.2
Answers

1fx)=sin+Sin
3z +sin56x
3x Sin 5x
2.
(a)f)=+sinx +Sin3 5
+

( fc)2 sin x +3n 3x sin 5x +..

3 5

3. f= COs 3x
COS x+ - cos 5x,t . sin 4r

82 52 3 sin n 2 +sin 3r - 4
2
4 f ) = - s i n x+51n3r sin 5x
3 5

5.
f) 2 cOB-
COs 2x
2
cOs 3x
32

sin 3+sin4r
sin x+sin
2
2x +
6.
f)=2-sinx- T
sin 2x
-sin
97T 8in 3x sin 4x +..
.
i sin x- 21o ( cos 2x cOs 4r

-1-1'-1
F O U R I E R S E R I E S

27
cOS CcOs 3x cos 5x
32 52t

x- sin 2x + Sin 3x
fix)= Sin 3
***

1.6. CHANGE OF INTERVAL

In many engineering problems, It is desired to expand a function in a Fourier series over

eyal
intervalof length 21 and not 2n. In order to apply foregoing theory, this interval must be
anrmed into an interval of length 27t. This can be achieved by a transformation of the
t r a n s t o r m .

ariable.
Consider a periodic function f() defined in the interval c <x <c+ 21. To change the
interval into one of length 27,
we put

T
or so that when x =
c, z =
=d(say)
z= Tc+2ne
and when x=c+21, z = +2= d+ 2T.
Thus the function fx) of period 21 in (c, c +2) is transformed to the function f
the Fourier
Fal. say, of period 27 in (d, d + 2) and the latter function can be expressed as
Series

..(1)
F) 2 a, cos
n =1
nz+
n=1
b, sin nz
d +2 +2 cd +2
Fla) dz a, = Fa) cos nz da; and b, = Fe) sin nz dz
where a
dz = dx
making the inverse substitution 2
=
Now 7
2=d 2, x = c +221.
When 2= d, x=c and when

Theexpression (1) becomes F(2) =F| n=

acos n ,, sin n
nd the co-efficients a, a,, b, from (2) reduce t
fx)cos dx; and b,= x)sindr
the interval c < x < e+ 21 is given by
Hence the Fourier series for f(x) in
ntx

f= 2 4,cos 2 n=l
, Sin

n ddx.
where d s , dx and b, =- flx)sinT
a,
=
iJ )cos
 MATHEMAT
ENGINEERING

OF
28
TEXTBoOK

A above
results rreduce
the

Cor. 1. the interval becomes 0 <*< 21and 2

If we putc= 0, a= ) sindx
a a) d: a, =/J ) cos <x<land
the
aDOve
results reduce
Cor. 2. If we putc =- , the interval becomes -l
n1 d and b,/JL, () sind
If f(x) is an even function, we have

dx and b, =0
)cos
a) dx, a,
=

odd function, we have 40, d

Iff(x) is a n
and r) sin
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES=

1 <x<1.
fx) =
x -*, -

Example 1. Find Fourier expansion for the function

+ . 6, sin n
Sol. Let f)= 2, cos n T x
n=l

a - d - [ d - , * d e =0- 7f#dx=-253
Then

a,=,r:) cos n t x
dx J,xcos dx- ],#xcos nTx dx
= nnx

x sinn-2xcOs |+2
=0-2os nItrdx=-2 nT

2 cos nT -4-1)"4(-1*1

-2n n2

(r-)sin nnx d* = ]x sin nx dx- J , sin ntx dx

sin ntr
cos n
=2x sin nnxd«-0 =2 nT

cOsnt-2-1" 2(-1"*
nT nT nT

1 cOS TX cos 27tx cos 3tx

x- - 212 22 32
sin 3rr
sin Tt sin 27x
3
T1 2
Example 2. Find the Fourier series to represent f(x) = «* - 2, when -2SxS2.
(M.D.U. 20

Sol. Since fx) is an even function, b, =0.

FOURIER SERIES

29

Let fx)=- 2 2 a, cos

ntr
2

Then a -2) da = A 3A
n
s dr

n T
sin COS
nT Sin r

(2-2) nT
2 2x 2
n 't n"
2
8
16cos nn16(-1)"
n n'2
-2-
3
COs cos
t+cos
9
STx
2
Example 3. Expand f(x) = e as a Fourier series in the interval (-1, 1). (M.D.U. 2010)

Sol. Let fx)=e*=+2 a, cos

c o s TE
n=I n = 1
bsin
Then a e) =2sinh

n e
, dx
(nt \2
COs
ni
sin
sin
ntx

1T)
e
cos bx o
a+62u
Cos br +
b sin bx)

-e cos nI +e cos nn]

ecos 2 cos nn (e 22-1"sinh
+(n) nT 12 +(aT +(n t)
nx
dx

sin
nn )2

e
sin bx dx = (a sin bx - b cos bx)
a+b
 30 A TEXTBooK OF ENGINEERING
MATHEMAT
ATIC

(nm1ne- e)cos n
2nt cos
n e') 2nT(-1 sinh
12 (nR 1+(nT2
e sinh
cos 2+22 3x
***

1 2 2rux 3
sin 7 2 sin*T+3 in 3Ttx
-

Example 4. Obtain Fourier series for the function f(x) = nx,

0SxS1
r(2- ), 1sxs2.
(M.D.U. May 201
Sol. Let fx)= a,cos nrx + 2 b, sin nax
n = 1

Then a,
f dx =nx dx +(2- dx =n
4--(-
a f) cos nrx dx= x cos nrx dx+ n(2- z) cos

sin n
nT
-

- . sinn-(-» )
n n
cos nT
0 2nT
cosnx_2 cos

Tnna*I n * n (cos nm- 1)=-1-1

0 or according as n is even or odd.

b, = x ) sin nrx dx = n x sin nrx dr+ 2 (2- x) sin nrx dr

cO8 n x
- a- sinntr
n

cOs n

cos x cos 3nx, cos 5rx

12 32 52
Note. Putting x =
0, we have 0)=,
or

5 .
FOOn

EXERCISE 1.3
1. Find a Fourier seriesfor f() =1 - # when- 1sts1.
2. Expand f ) in Fourier series in the interval (-2, 2) when f ) = 0, -2<*<0
= 1, 0<x<2.

3. Developft) in a Fourier series in the interval (0, 2) if fl)=, 0 <x1

0, 1<x< 2.
4. Find the Fourier expansion for f(t) = nx fromx=-c to *= c.
Find the Fourier expansion for the function ft) = * - # in the interval- 1 < x <1.
5.
6. () Find the Fourier series for the function given by f) = t, 0<t<1
= 1 - t, 1<t<2.

Hence deduce that

1 (G.B.T.U. 2011)
2 (2-1?8
n=l

(6) Find the Fourier series for the function

- 1<xs0

fx)=+2, 0<x<1
where f ) = fx+ 2) (M.D.U. May 2009)
(c) Find the Fourier series expansion of f«)
= 2x -

x in (0, 3) and hence deduce that

13-2+32-4 12
7. Find a Fourier series to represent r in the interval(-1, ).
8. Expand f) =
e as a Fourier series in the interval (-2, 2).

-z, O<z
9. Expand: )=
- x <1
3
1<x

-1, x<2
as a Fourier series.

0 when -2<x<-1
Find the Fourier series for the function fx) = {k when - 1<*< 1
10.
0 when 1<x<2.

11. A sinusoidal voltage E sin ut is passed through a half-wave rectifier which clips the negative
portion of the wave.

Expand the resulting periodic function u(t)

=
when-t<0
E sin o when 0 <t <
 32 A TEXTBoOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICs
ICS
2T
and T= , in a Fourier series.
(

1
Hence deduce that
n=i (2n-1)? 8 (G.B.T.U. 2011)
12. Obtain the Fourier series expansion of

f)= for 0<x<2. (M.T.U. 2011)

Find the Fourier series expansion of f (x) = 1+ |x | defined in - 3<x<3
13. (M.T.U. 2011)
-1 in -1<x <0
14. Obtain the Fourier series for f(x) =
12x in 0 <* <1

Hence show that

and 1- =
Hint: For deductions, put x = 0 and x =

0 <x <1
15. Obtain the Fourier series expansion off ) =n in 1<r<3"
16. Obtain the Fourier series expansion of f) =x defined in the interval 0<x< 21. Hence deduce
that

(i) + =
2

8
Hint: ) Put x = 0 (ii) Put x =l (ii) Add

Answers
cOs2tt, cos 3tt
1. 1-t? = cOs T- 22 32

2.
)=+sin sin sin
cos 3Ttx cos 5rcr sin 21tx sin 3r
3. fx)= cO8 TX +
sin t- -.

32 5 2 3

4 f=2| sin sin sin T

C

sin 2rtxr sin 3tx

5. fla)= sin t -
FOURIER SERIES 33

CoS COS
33tt
2 OS6t
6. (a) f) =-
63 s i n
t +Sin33t
(6)fa)=12y 1-2-1"
sin 3rx -. sin44 +..
TX
sin ntx=
1t|3sin tx -
n 2
n =

-dn- n =l
n =1

(For deduction, put *

414 cos tx/l

. * cos 2Ttx/ cos 3Ttc/l
12 22 42

8. sinh 2-4 1 2 COS tx + -

22+32
1
cOs

2 3 37
-2 in Sin t* +
2 +322
Sin
2

9.
fx)=+E-co8z-+ sin
t +cos 2Tx+sin
4T 2x+.
5T
10. ft)= cs-cos+
2

11. ut) = E. 2E ( cos 20t, cos 40t cOs 6ot

sin ot 1.3
3.5 5.7

12. f(e) =

12 (cOs x , cos 3x, cos 5x

32 52
14. cos 3T, cos 5Tt
CO8 TX +
32 52
sin 2tr 2 sin 3tr sin 4 t , 2 sin 5t*
2 sin 2 3 4 5

16. 2nT
)=-2 sin 3 co083
1
)=3 n =l n=1
34
A TEXTBOOK OF
ENGINEERING MATHEMATIC:
1.7. HALF RANGE SERIES
in the range (0, T) in a Fourier se:.
Sometimes it is required to expand a function f(x)
in a Fourier series of period 21.
of period 2n or more generally in the range (0, )
Ifit is required to expand flx) in the interval (0, ), then it is immaterial what thefuncti
in the interval (-1 o
be outside the range 0 < x <1. We are free to choose arbitrarily
it
may
so that -x) = f), then +
extend the function flx) by reflecting it in the y-axis
f wefunction is even for which b, = 0. The Fourier expansion of f(x) will contain onl-
extended
cosine terms.
Ifwe extend the function flx) by reflecting it in the origin so that ff-)=-f), then th
extended function is odd for which a = a, = 0. The Fourier expansion of fr) will contain onl
sine terms.
For example, consider the function

flx) = x, 0<

<x<T

YA Y
T/24
n/2

T-t/2

T2 O T/2 T x T/2

-n/2
(Reflection in the y-axis) (Reflection in the origin)

Hence a function f) defined over the interval 0 < x < l is capable of two distinct
half-range series.

The half-range cosine series is flx) =

24, COs

where
a, d a, =d cond
The half-range sine series is fx) nx
=b, sin
n = 1
where
=fa)sind
Cor. If the range
is 0<x< n, then
()The half-range cosine series is flx) = a, cos nx
n =l
where
a=f) ds a, = fx) cos nx dx.

(i) The half-range sine series is f)=

2, b, sin nx, where b,
n= 1
t) sin nr d
FOURIER SERIES
35

=ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES=
Example 1. Expand r* - x* in a half-range sine series in the interval (0, T) upto the first
three terms.

Sol. Let Tx-= b, sin nx, then

b (nx-«) sin nx dx

. - ( 7 - 2:x) sinnx cos nx

2 cos nT
* T [1--1]
n
= 0 or according as n is even or odd.
Tn

T- sin x+ sin 3x , sinQx sin 5

33 53
Example 2. If fa) = x, 0<x<

T-, <x<r

show that (i) fr) 2|sin

=

- sin323x sin bx
52
(i) f ) 2 - 2 | c 0 8 2cos 6x cos 10x (M.D.U. 2012)
52
Sol () For the half-range sine series

Let f=2 b, sin nx

n =1

Then 6, f) sin nx dx = s i n nx dx + Jn/2 sin nx d|

--D
n

=2 T coB
in co8 sin nz
2
=

T Ln
sin =in "
When n is even, b, =0.

sin x 8in 3x sin

f- 32 52
5x

H
 36 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMA
EMATK
(ii) For the half-range cosine series

Let fx) =+ n=1

a, cos nax

Then a,
T
) d= x dr+ -x)dr

a, fx) cos nx dx =I x cos nx dx+|(T-x) cos nx d|

Tt/2

T
Sin n*
-1.cOS
nx

n2 - nx-(-D
n
coSnx
/2

1
-

2 2
cOS nT

n 2 2 cos cos nn -

1|
g22 (2 cos TT
a,=0, a2
d2 .2
cos 21t- 1) = -
T.12

-2
ag 0, a 0 , a, = 0, ag ( 2 cos 3t cos 6t- 1)
T.33

a= 0, ag0, agU, a10T 102 (2 cos 5t- cos 10t- 1) =-

cos6x cos 10x

Hence f)4 1 32 52
Example 3. Find a series of cosines of multiples of x which will represent x sin x.

the interval (0, 1) and show that 4 T-2 (M.T.U. 201

13 3.5 57 4

Sol. Let x sin x , COs nx

n=l

Then a T J sin x dx = x-cos x)- 1.(-sinx) -T cos t] =2

, xsin x cos nx dx x(2 cos nx sin x) dx

FOURIER SERIES 37

x sin (n +1) x- sin (n - 1) x] dax

cos (n+ Dx , cos (n 1x|

-

sin (n + sin
(n-)x||
n+l n-1 (n + 1) (n 1)2
T COs (n + D t , t c o s (n - 1)r|
when n 1
n+1 n-1

-1 -1"-1
=(-1)
2-1)-1
n+1 n-1 -1 n+1
When n =1, we have

, x sin x cos x dx= r sin 2x dr =

= cOs2
2 |-
(cos 2x cos 3x COS 4%
.. x sin x= 1- 2 cos x-213 2.4 3.5

Putting 2 weget1-23557-
2 2 2
1 1-3 3.5 5.7

222-.21
1-3 3-5 5-7

Hence 111
1-3 3.5 5.7
Example 4. Obtain the half-range sine series for et in 0<x<i.

Sol. L e t = 2 b, sin nnx, (since l = 1)

n=1

e (sin n - n t cos ntx)

Then b,= 2sin nTa dx =2|1+ (nn?
e*
"sin bx dx = - a sin bx - b cos bx)

e
-
2 - n t coS nt) 2-nt)|
L1+(nn)2 1+ (nt)
38 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMAT

2 2n
1 nn enr (- 1) + nr] =.1+n - e(- 11
n1--1)i
Hence = 27214n'
n-1 14n'n

1+sin 21-)
4 sin 2tr 1+9
301+sin3tt+
sin 3rr+.
Example 5. Develop sin in half-range cosine series in the range 0 <r <

ntr
Sol. Let sin

cos
then
,- d -(cos - 1] =
TX
sincos n dx
sin (n+ sin(n-1- d
cos(n 1) cos(n- 1)
when n #1
(n+1) (n-1)
cos (n+ )x cos(n-1
n+1 n-1

- -11 1-1
n+1 n-1 n+l n-
When n = 1, we have

a,-¡ sin d iund

2Tx
CO8

(cos 2n- cos 0)

2N

2(1-1) =0.
When n is odd, n * 1,a, =
n+1 n-1 n+1n-=0, also a, =0
1
When n
is even, a,
n+1n-1n+l n- 1
 FOURIER SERIES 39

4
Tn+1 n-1] n(n + 1Mn - 1)
2Ttx 4Ttx 6Tx
cOs COs COS
sin 2 5-7 .

1-3 35 5-7

Example 6. Obtaina half-range cosine series for

fx) = kx for 0sxs

= k(1 - x)
for Sxsl.

Deduce the sum (M.D.U. 2008, Dec. 2014)

of the seriest2
n Ttx
Sol. Let fx)= 2, o,cos
n = 1

then a, dx = rda+ - d

nx
kx.cos d+ kll-x).cos d
l/2
n
cos
n °n lo

nt
kl - x).sin r 22 cos
nn
Twa
sin n cos
sin ?n?
-k2
cos nn
klsin nklcOs
2nT n cos

2 24/2 n kl kl
n 2cos 2-1- cos nt|
nn|=2kl

2 n'?n?? Cos
40
A TEXTB0OK OF
ENGINEERING MATHE
EMAJU
When n is odd, cos =0 and cos n=-1
2

When is 8kl
n
even, a,, =
2 cos T-1 - cos 21t) 922
2kl
12 cos 2nt 1-cos 4t) =0
2kl
6 2 2 cos 3n -1-cos 6n]
2k
6222-1- 1) =- _8kl and so on.
22
27
fx)== _
fx) 8kl 1eo
cOs COs
6Tx
62
Putting *=l, f) =0

From (1). we have 0=

4
8kL
T27 6t
+ =E
32

Hence
8

EXERCISE 1.4
1. (a) Obtain cosine and sine series for f(x) = x in the interval 0 Sr<t. Hence show

(b) Prove that for 0 < x<l

*2 co7 cos cos

2. Find the half-range cosine series for the function f(r) = x* in the range 0 S xs .
(K.U.K. Jan.
3. Find the half-range cosine series for the function fx) = (x- 1) in the interval 0 < rc

Hence show that

322t... 12
 FOURIER SERIES
41

(a) Express sin x as a cosine series in 0 <

*<T
function be expanded in an infinite series
(b) Show that a constant c can

sin 5x
sin x+ sin3 3x 5
+ in the range 0 <
* < I.

()Find the Fourier half-range sine series of fl) = 1, 0 Sxs2 (M.D.U. 2009)

5. If fa)=3 0SxS 3

0,

cos 7x
cOs
then show that f)= cosx- 7

6. If fx) = max 0SS

m (Tt- *),

sin 5x
then show thatf ) = 2
sin 3x
52
Express fa) = x as a half-range.
7
U.K.T.U. 2011)
(i) sine series in 0 <*<2. (M.D.U. Dec. 2013, Dec. 2014, May 2015;
(u) cosine series in 0 < *<2. (K.U.K. 2010, May 2013; M.D.U. 2010)

Find the Fourier sine and cosine series of

,0<x< (M.D.U. 2009)

S) =
o.
Sin 2ntx represents -x when 0<x<l
9. Show that the series
2
10. Find the half-range sine series for /x) =
0<*
=x- 2 s1. (U.K.T.U. 2012)

Fourier sine series

11. Represent the following function by
1 when 0< *<
x) =

2
= 0 when *<l.
2
-12, 0 < t<1. (M.T:U. 2011)
12. Find the half-range sine series for the function f() =
l
42 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHS
(HEMA
13. Prove that for 0 < x < T,

cos 2x cos 4x cos 6x

x(T-x): 92 32

when 0sss
14. Let fx)=
o-x), whenS*sl

Show that fa)= -1" Sin

(2n+1) T
(Zn + 1)2
n=0

Hence obtain the sum of the series

1 (G.B.T.U.2

sin x, for 0 S x<.

15. If f ) = expand fx) in a series of sines (M.T.U.
cos , for

16. Find the half range sine series of f () = lx -#in the interval (0, D. Hence, deduee that

=1 + (M.T.U.
17. For the function defined by the graph 0AB, find the half-range Fourier sine series.
(U.P.T.U.

Aa, h)

a B(,0)X
Answers

1. - cOs 6x . 2 s i n x - sin 2x
sin 3x sin 4+
3 5 2 4

cos 3x cos 4x
22 42
co8 T cos 2uw cos 3 cos 6x
3.
22 32 .. 4.(a) 13 3.5 5.7

()1insin in
 FOURIER SERIESs
43
.7. i 32 sin
1 4t
2 2

(ii)1-8 3Ttx
2 cos 2
+.

8. )fla) =
£ Sinx_ sin 3x sin 5x
+
sin 2x
4 sin 6x
32 52 2 4
-....
6

(i) f cos 2x cos 3x + cos 5x.

10
10.
o-(}-n 3TT 3T
4
sin 31tx 5T 5 +
sin 5Ttx + .

11. fx)=sin+ sin +sin + sin +

12.
8
sin + sin 3t sin 5tt-+ 14.
13 33 53
42 sin 2x sin 6x sin 10x
15.
2
T 1.3 5.7 9.11

3T% +1 sin Tr
16. f) =

sin Bin Sin

2
21h sin nita sin n
17.
all - a ) 2
n=.
ne