Comment On Structural Types of Words

1. Comment on structural types of words.
Arrange the following words into

(a) simple; (b) derived; (c) compounds; (d) derivational compounds:
SIMPLE: toy, act, friend, old, deaf

DERIVED(are those composed of one root-morpheme and one or more
derivational morphemes) : childish, actor, friendship, disgruntled???
Outsmart??
COMPOUNDS(two or more words joined to create a new meaning): deaf-
mute, pencil-sharpener, railway, everything, normal meltdown, boyishness,
DERIVATIONAL COMPOUNDS ( words in which the structural integrity of
the two free stems is ensured by a suffix referring to the combination as a
whole, not to one of its elements): bald-headed, old-timer, honeymooner,
bare-legged, ill-mannered, open- hearted, teenager, single-mindedness
2. Comment on the inflectional and derivational functions of suffix –s if added to

the following nouns:
Custom, power, humanity, picture, honor, color, development, run, talk.
The function of inflectional suffixes is to indicate grammatical relations such

as number, gender, tenses, and so on.
 adding the inflectional suffix -s to  custom, powers, humanity, picture,
honor, color, development changes it into its plural form.
 The morpheme state is a verb and the suffix -s indicates the 3rd person
singular form of the verb in the present tense, which was added to mark
the grammatical category of the verb: talk – talks, run – runs.
3. Arrange the following into compounds and free word-groups:
COMPOUNDS( A compound word is two or more words linked together to
produce a word with a new meaning): birthmark (родимка), burn mark (опік),
riverside (берег), downside (мінус); creature comforts (земні блага), silver
spoon(багатство), silver bullet (чудодійний засіб), bear market(ринок
падіння цін), bear hug (ведмежа хватка),
FREE WORD GROUPS( words seem to possess greater semantic and
structural independence): Punctuation mark, excellent mark, top mark, material
comforts, comfort zone; bright side, winning side, soft side, rear seat comfort,
bearskin, silver platter, bear tracks (сліди ведмедя) , bear sightings.??
4. Identify endocentric and exocentric compounds below:
Endocentric(The central meaning of each one is carried by the second word of
the compound) : worldview, Rattlesnake(гримуча змія), white helmets, station
master, firetruck, child abuse, steamboat (пароплав),
Exocentric( central meaning of the compound isn't conveyed by the head. The
meaning is external to the literal meaning of the compound): highbrow
(високоінтелектуал), top brass (вище керівництво), home run(повний
успіх), lowlife(жалюгідний, нікчема), blowhard(хвалько), highball – назва
напитку.
5. Comment on the meaning of the prefixes in the words below:
Afloat, redo, disband, uncomfortable, unarm, anew, apolitical, disobey, revisit,
reunite, disconnect, unsafe, malpractice.
Afloat – на плаву
Prefix a – on something.
Redo – повторити
Prefix re - to do something again
Disband – розформувати
Prefix dis - gives the opposite meaning to the word.
Uncomfortable - незручний
Prefix un - means not
Unarm - беззбройний
Un - used to give opposite meanings
Anew - заново
A – one more time
Apolitical - неполітичний
A – means «not»
Disobey – не слухатися
Dis - gives the opposite meaning to the word.
Revisit - відвідати знову
Re – to do sth again.
Reunite – возз’єднатися
Re – to do sth again.
Disconnect - відключити
Dis - gives the opposite meaning to the word.
Unsafe - небезпечний
Un - gives the opposite meaning to the word.
Malpractice – зловживання службовим становищем
Mal - “bad,” “wrongful,”
6. Add a prefix with the meaning of oppositeness, negation, etc. to these (there
may be more than one) and explain the resultant meaning:
Able, literate, reasonable, sense, to function, proper, believer, to inform,
certain, accurate, capable, to behave, regular, to wrap, respective, official,
standard, smoker, to translate, apt, nourished.
Able – unable - not having the skill, strength, time, knowledge, etc. to do something
Literate – illiterate - not knowing how to read or write
Reasonable – unreasonable - not fair; expecting too much
Sense – nonsense - ideas, statements or beliefs that you think are silly or not true
To function – dysfunction - the fact of a part of the body not working as it should
Proper – improper - dishonest, or morally wrong
Believer - non-believer, unbeliever - a person who has no religious faith or
does not believe in a particular philosophy
To inform – to misinform - to give somebody wrong information about something
Certain – uncertain - feeling doubt about something; not sure
Accurate – inaccurate - not exact or accurate; with mistakes
Capable – incapable - not able to do something
To behave – to misbehave - to behave badly
Regular – irregular - not arranged in an even way; not having an even, smooth pattern or
shape
To wrap – to unwrap - to take off the paper, etc. that covers or protects something
Respective – irrespective - without considering something or being influenced by it
Official – unofficial - that does not have permission or approval from somebody in
authority
Standard – non-standard - not the usual size, type, etc.
Smoker – non-smoker - a person who does not smoke
To translate - ????
Apt ???
Nourished – malnourished - in bad health because of a lack of food or a lack of the right
type of food
7. Form diminutive nouns with the help of the following suffixes: -let, -kin, -ling,
-y/-ey/-ie, -ette/-et:
Dimunative noun - a word or an ending of a word that shows that somebody/something is
small, for example piglet (= a young pig), kitchenette (= a small kitchen)
Book, duck, aunt, cigar, wolf, seed, dog, kitchen, drop, prince, girl, first.
Book - booklet - small thin book with a paper cover that contains information about a
particular subject
Duck – duckling - a young duck;
Aunt – auntie - a polite way of addressing or referring
Cigar – cigarette – a smaller cigar
Wolf – wolfie - little wolf
Seed - seedlet - a small seed.
Dog – doggy - a small dog
Kitchen - kitchenette – a small kitchen
Drop – droplet - small drop
Prince – princekin - a small, young, or minor prince.
Girl – girly - a girl or young woman
First – firstling - the first of a class or kind.
8. Comment on the homonymy/polysemy of the following suffixes: - ish, -ly, -en:
Flatten - the verb-suffix -en attached to noun- and adjectival bases is
homonymous to the adjective-suffix -en tacked on to noun-bases
Greyish - odifies the lexical meaning of the adjective-base it is affixed to
without changing the part of speech.
Darken - the verb-suffix -en attached to noun- and adjectival bases is
British - is added to a noun-base to form an adjective.
Weekly - the adverb-suffix -ly added to adjectival bases is homonymous to the
adjective-suffix -ly affixed to noun-bases
Thoughtfully - the adverb-suffix -ly added to adjectival bases is homonymous
to the adjective-suffix -ly affixed to noun-bases
childish - is added to a noun-base to form an adjective.
Fatherly - the adverb-suffix -ly added to adjectival bases is homonymous to the
sevenish - odifies the lexical meaning of the adjective-base it is affixed to
without changing the part of speech
neighborly - the adverb-suffix -ly added to adjectival bases is homonymous to
the adjective-suffix -ly affixed to noun-bases
kindly - the adverb-suffix -ly added to adjectival bases is homonymous to the
flaxen - the verb-suffix -en attached to noun- and adjectival bases is
moisten - the verb-suffix -en attached to noun- and adjectival bases is
boldly - the adverb-suffix -ly added to adjectival bases is homonymous to the
Finnish - is added to a noun-base to form an adjective.
Widen - the verb-suffix -en attached to noun- and adjectival bases is
fortyish - odifies the lexical meaning of the adjective-base it is affixed to
without changing the part of speech
silken - the verb-suffix -en attached to noun- and adjectival bases is

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1. Comment on structural types of words.

Arrange the following words into

SIMPLE: toy, act, friend, old, deaf

2. Comment on the inflectional and derivational functions of suffix –s if added to

The function of inflectional suffixes is to indicate grammatical relations such

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