Study Guide- First Year MBBS

7 Feb- 25 March 2023

• Duration 7 weeks

FOUNDATION MODULE I

LIAQUAT NATIONAL HOSPITAL AND MEDICAL COLLEGE

Institute for Postgraduate Medical Studies & Health Science
LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE

STUDY GUIDE FOR FOUNDATION MODULE

Page
S.No CONTENTS
No
1 Overview 2
2 Introduction to Study Guide 3
3 Learning Methodologies 4-5
4 Module 1: FOUNDATION 6
4.1 Introduction 6
4.2 Objectives and strategies 7-19
5 Learning Resources 20
6 Assessment Methods 21-23
7 LNMC Examination Rules And Regulations 24
8 Schedule 25

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LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE

Module name: Foundation Year: One Duration: 7weeks (February– March 2023)

Timetable hours: Lectures, Case-Based Learning (CBL), Self-Study, Practical, Skills,

Demonstrations

MODULE INTEGRATED COMMITTEE

MODULE COORDINATOR CO-COORDINATOR

• Professor Zia ul Islam • Dr. Fatima Rehman (Anatomy)

DEPARTMENTS’ & RESOURCE PERSONS’ FACILITATING LEARNING

BASIC HEALTH SCIENCES CLINICAL AND ANCILLARY DEPARTMENTS

ANATOMY OBSTETRICS & GYNEACOLOGY:

• Dr Ayesha Taj
• Professor Zia-ul-Islam

BIOCHEMISTRY
PSYCHIATRY
• Dr Faiza Kamran • Dr Iqtidar Toufiq

PHYSIOLOGY MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY

• Dr. Sobia Rafiq
• Professor Syed Hafeez ul Hassan

COMMUNITY MEDICINE RSDC

• Dr. Kahkashan Tahir
• Dr Saima Zainab
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTHPROFESSIONS EDUCATION

 Prof. Nighat Huda  Prof. Sobia Ali  Dr. Afifa Tabassum

 Dr. Sana Shah  Dr Ahsan Naseer

LNH&MC MANAGEMENT
 Professor KU Makki, Principal LNH&MC

STUDY GUIDE COMPILED BY: Department of Health Professions Education

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LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE

INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS A STUDY GUIDE?

It is an aid to:

Guide students
on assessment
Help students methods, rules and
organize and regulations
Inform students manage their
how student studies throughout
learning program the module
module has been
organized

THE STUDY GUIDE:

• Communicates information on organization and management of the
module.
• Defines the objectives which are expected to be achieved at the end of the module.
• Identifies the learning strategies such as lectures, small group teachings, clinical skills,
demonstration, tutorial and case based learning that will be implemented to achieve the module
objectives.
• Provides a list of learning resources such as books, computer assisted learning programs, web-
links, journals, for students to consult in order to maximize their learning.
• Highlights information on the contribution of continuous and Term examinations on the
student’s overall performance.
• Includes information on the assessment methods that will be held to determine every student’s
achievement of objectives.
• Focuses on information pertaining to examination policy, rules and regulations.

CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK

Students will experience integrated curriculum.

INTEGRATED CURRICULUM comprises system-based modules such as foundation and blood which links
basic science knowledge to clinical problems. Integrated teaching means that subjects are presented as
a meaningful whole. Students will be able to have better understanding of basic sciences when they
repeatedly learn in relation to clinical examples.
Case-based discussions, computer-based assignments, early exposure to clinics, wards, and skills
acquisition in skills lab are characteristics of integrated teaching program.
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LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE

INTEGRATING DISCIPLINES OF FOUNDATION MODULE

RSDC

Anatomy

Psychiatry

Gyneacology Physiology

Molecular Biochemistry
Pathology
Community
Medicine

LEARNING METHODOLOGIES
The following teaching/ learning methods are used to promote better understanding:

• Interactive Lectures
• Team- Based Learning
• Small Group Discussion
• Case- Based Learning
• Practicals
• Skills session
• Self-Directed Study

INTERACTIVE LECTURES: In large group, the lecturer introduces a topic or common clinical conditions and
explains the underlying phenomena through questions, pictures, videos of patients’ interviews, exercises,
etc. Students are actively involved in the learning process.

TEAM- BASED LEARNING: Team-Based Learning is an evidence based collaborative learning teaching
strategy designed around units of instruction, known as “modules,” that are taught in a three-step cycle:
preparation, (b) in-class readiness assurance testing, and (c) application-focused exercise.
Preparation before class: Students must complete preparatory materials before a class or the start of
the module. Materials may be text, visual or other, and set at a level that is appropriate to the students
and the course.
In-class Readiness Assurance Testing: Students complete an individual readiness assurance test (IRAT),
consisting of 5 to 20 multiple choice questions. After submitting their individual answers, and they take
the same test, the team RAT (TRAT), with their team. All members of each team share the same TRAT
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LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE
score, and both IRAT and TRAT scores count toward the students’ grades.
Instructor Feedback: The instructor reviews material from the RAT that seems to be difficult for students.
In-class application focused exercise: The remainder of the session is taken up with exercises that help
students learn how to apply and extend the knowledge that they have pre-learned and tested. Teams
are given an appropriate problem or challenge, and must arrive at a consensus to choose a “best”
solution out of options provided. Teams then display their answer choice, and the educator facilitates a
classroom discussion between teams to explore the topic and the possible answers to the problem.

SMALL GROUP DISCUSSION (SGD): This format helps students to clarify concepts acquire skills or
attitudes. Sessions are structured with the help of specific exercises such as patient case, interviews or
discussion topics. Students exchange opinions and apply knowledge gained from lectures, tutorials and
self study. The facilitator role is to ask probing questions, summarize, or rephrase to help clarify
concepts.

CASE- BASED LEARNING: A small group discussion format where learning is focused around a series of
questions based on a clinical scenario. Students’ discuss and answer the questions applying relevant
knowledge gained in clinical and basic health sciences during the module.

PRACTICAL: Basic science practicals related to anatomy, biochemistry and physiology are scheduled for
student learning.

SKILLS SESSION: Skills relevant to respective module are observed and practiced where applicable in
skills laboratory.

SELF DIRECTED STUDY: Students’ assume responsibilities of their own learning through individual study,
sharing and discussing with peers, seeking information from Learning Resource Center, teachers and
resource persons within and outside the college. Students can utilize the time within the college
scheduled hours of self-study.

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 LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE

MODULE 1: FOUNDATION

INTRODUCTION

This module has been designed to introduce you to the basics of health sciences. The course covers
the molecular level of cell biology including genetics and its role in embryology, microbiology and
pathology.

You will also experience clinical skills such as learning to communicate effectively so that you can
relate to patients and their loved ones with compassion and understanding in coming years.
Through working within teams, your co-operative and approachable working style will be
enhanced. Through group and individual work, you will develop problem solving skills to apply
your medical knowledge to practical situations. This, supplemented by lectures, and practical
classes, is a significant component of the course.

This study guide has been developed to help guide you and keep you focused on the
objectives for this module.

Welcome to the field of medicine and hope that the journey ahead will be exciting and fulfilling for you
all!!

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 LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE

TOPICS, COURSE OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES

At the end of the module the students will be able to:

ANATOMY

OBJECTIVES LEARNING STRATEGY

I. GENERAL ANATOMY
1. Levels of organization of Human Body
• Describe the organization of the body from cellular to system level
2. Anatomical terminologies: positions and planes
• Differentiate among the various positions and planes of the body Interactive
Lecture/Tutorial /Small
3. Terms of movement
Group Discussion
• Define the movements occurring at various joints of body (flexion, extension,
abduction,
adduction, rotation)
• Identify movements occurring at specific joints (pronation, supination,
inversion, eversion)
• Identify the planes at which movements occur
4. Bones-I: Classification
• Classify bone on the basis of shapes and region
• Describe the gross structure of young and adult bone
5. Bones-II: Ossification, Blood supply of long bones, Cartilage, Bone Markings
• Explain the ossification of bone
• Identify the centers of ossification and their significance
• Distinguish between intramembranous and endochondral ossification
• Define bone markings with examples
• List the types of cartilage
• Describe the general anatomical features of each type of cartilage with
example
6. General Concept of Muscles I
• List the components of muscular system.
• Classify the muscles according to their fascicular architecture with example
7. General Concept of Muscles II
• Classify the muscles according to direction of fibers and their actions with Interactive Lecture
example
• Explain the principles of innervation and blood supply of muscles.
8. General concept of joints
• Define joint
• Classify the joints on the basis of structure (uniting material) with example
• Define a synovial joint
• List the features of synovial joint

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 LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE
• Classify Synovial joints on the basis of shape of articulating surfaces and
degree of mobility
• Explain the principles of innervation and blood supply of synovial joints
9. Nervous system- I: Somatic nervous system and typical spinal nerve
• List the basic divisions of Nervous system
• Define the various components of Central and Peripheral nervous systems
(CNS and PNS)
• Describe the structure of Neuron
• Classify neurons on the basis of number of processes and length of fibers
• Define a nerve and its coverings
• Differentiate between myelinated and unmyelinated fibers
• List various types of Neuroglia
• State their functions
• Define a spinal nerve
• List the spinal nerves in different regions
• Identify their location and site of emergence
• Identify various components of a typical spinal nerve
• Describe the fate of rami
• Describe the distribution of gray rami
10. Nervous system-II: Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
• Describe the anatomical components of ANS
• Differentiate between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems based on
gross structure and
distribution
11. Introduction to lymphatic system
• Define lymphatic system, lymphatics and lymph nodes
• Describe the structure of lymph nodes and their general distribution
• List various lymphoid tissues and organs
• Identify large lymphatic channels
• Discuss the role of lymphatics in the spread of cancer
12. Integumentary system -I Interactive
• Define the term integumentary system Lecture/Practical
• Discuss the functions of the skin
• Differentiate between epidermis and dermis
• Discuss the significance of tension lines
13. Integumentary system - II
• Discuss the main determinant of skin color
• Identify the appendages of the skin
• Differentiate between superficial and deep fascia
II. GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY
14. Terms of Embryology Interactive Lecture/
• Explain terms related to embryology Small Group Discussion
• List steps of cell division during mitosis

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 LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE
• Explain the significance of mitosis
• Define Meiosis
• List the steps of meiosis
• Differentiate first and second meiotic divisions
• State the phases of meiotic divisions
• Justify the importance meiosis in both sexes
• Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis
15. Introduction to Reproductive Organs
• Identify the male and female reproductive organs
• Describe Ovarian cycle
• Relate ovarian cycle with uterine cycle Interactive Lecture

• Describe the cyclical changes occurring in uterus, preparation of uterus for

implantation, and their endocrine control
16. Oogenesis & Spermiogenesis
• Define gametogenesis (oogenesis and Spermatogenesis)
• Describe the process of oogenesis
• Differentiate between primary and secondary oocytes
• Compare the male and female gametes
• Define gametogenesis
• Describe the sequence events of spermatogenesis
• Discuss the importance of mitosis and meiosis in spermatogenesis
• List the steps in spermiogenesis
• Differentiate between spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis
17. Transportation of Ovum and fertilization
• Explain transportation of sperm and ovum
• Define fertilization
• Discuss phases and results of fertilization
• Discuss the clinical aspects of fertilization
18. 1st week of development after fertilization Interactive Lecture/
• Discuss the formation of zygote Small Group Discussion
• Explain the transport of zygote from ampulla of fallopian tube to the uterine /Tutorial
cavity
• Discuss initial stages of development by the process of cleavage.
• Explain the formation of blastocyst
19. 2nd Week of development
• Define implantation
• Explain the formation of outer and inner cell masses
• Discuss the further development of outer cell mass (trophoblast)
• Differentiate syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast with its microscopic
appearance
• Describe the process of implantation (day by day changes)
• State the differentiation of embryonic pole and development of bilaminar
germ disc with

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 LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE
formation Epiblast and hypoblast, their cavities (amniotic cavity and primary
yolk sac)
• Discuss the development of the chorionic sac and Primary chorionic villi
• Enumerate the abnormal sites for implantation (ectopic pregnancy) and the
different diagnostic
tools
20. 3rd week of Development: Gastrulation, primitive streak and notochord
• Define gastrulation (formation of three germ layers)
• Discuss the development of primitive streak and related congenital anomalies
(Sacrococcygeal Teratoma)
• Describe the development of notochordal process, notochord canal,
prechordal plate and cloacal membrane
• Describe the location of allantois and its importance
• Discuss the formation of secondary and tertiary chorionic villi
• Describe the development of intra-embryonic coelom
21. 3rd week of Development: Neurulation and somite formation
• Define neurulation
• Describe briefly the events occurring in neurulation
• Describe briefly the formation of somites
22. Embryonic Period
• Define embryonic period
• Describe folding of embryo in median and horizontal planes
• List the derivatives of germ layers
• List events with the corresponding weeks, occurring during the period
23. Fetal Period
Interactive Lecture
• Define fetal period
• Discus the factors affecting fetal period/growth.
• Explain the week by week development of tissues and organs
• Describe the different milestone in development of fetus
• List the causes of fetal loss

24. Amnion, Chorion, umbilical cord and Yolk-Sac, Disorders of amniotic fluid
• List the fetal membranes
• Describe the structure of amnion and chorion
• Describe the formation, circulation and function of amniotic fluid
• Discuss the development of chorion and its complications
• Discuss the disorder related to amniotic fluid volume
• Describe the relationship of twinning (multiple pregnancies) with fetal
membranes
• Describe the umbilical cord (morphology, composite structures, positioning
and fate)
• Discuss the fate of umbilical vesicle (yolk sac)
25. Placenta

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• Describe the changes in the maternal endometrium with formation of decidua
and decidual reaction Interactive
• Describe the different types of chorionic villi Lecture /Practical/
Tutorial
• Explain the development of placenta, both the fetal and maternal part
• Describe the placental circulation and barrier
• Describe the functions of placenta
26. Prenatal diagnosis
• Discuss prenatal diagnosis Interactive
Lecture
• List the types of prenatal diagnosis
• Differentiate between amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, cordocentesis,
ultrasonography,
maternal AFP levels in terms of indication, time of performance and technique
• Describe the indications and goals of prenatal diagnosis
27. Congenital Malformations
• Define congenital malformation Interactive Lecture/
• List the types of abnormalities (Disruptions, Deformations) Case- Based Learning
• Discuss the common congenital anomalies
28. Teratogenesis
• Define Teratogenesis
Interactive Lecture
• Discuss the principles governing teratogenesis
• Describe the teratogenic factors and their effects on the developing tissue
III. GENERAL HISTOLOGY
29. Tissue Preparation and staining
Interactive Lecture/
• Describe different stages of tissue preparation Practical
• List various types of stains
• Describe Haemotoxylin and Eosin (HandE) staining
30. Cell Membrane
Interactive Lecture
• Identify the structures of cell membrane
• Describe the phospholipid bilayer and its composition
• Explain the Fluid Mosaic Model of cell membrane
31. Cytoplasm
• Define cytoplasm
• Discuss components and functions of cytoplasm
32. Nucleus
• Describe the structure of nuclear membrane
• Explain the component of nucleus and different types of chromatin material
33. Cell organelles
• Describe various cell organelles
34. Cytoskeleton
• Define Cytoskeleton
• Describe the composition and functions of cytoskeleton
• Enumerate the types, distribution and functions of cytoskeleton
• Describe the details of cytoplasmic filaments and microtubules

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 LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE
35. Cell Cycle
• Define cell cycle
• Explain various stages of cell cycle
• Explain the events of somatic cell division (mitosis)
• Discuss the significance of S phase of cell cycle
• Relate phases of cell cycle with the basis of development of cancer
36. Epithelium
• Describe the types, locations and functions of epithelium
• Describe the structural details of organization of cells in epithelium and other
basic tissues of body
• Explain their origin of germinal layer and their derivatives Interactive Lecture/
37. Cell Junctions Practical
• Define cell junction
• Name the junctions along the lateral and basal surfaces of cells
• Discuss the structure and functions of the five main types of cell junction
• List the sites of distribution and components of junctional complex
38. Glands
• Define glands
• Discuss the general feature and structure of exocrine glands
• Classify exocrine glands on the basis of number of cells, their structure and
types of secretions
39. Connective Tissues (Components)
• Define connective tissue
• Differentiate connective from epithelial tissue
• Describe the components of connective tissue
40. Connective Tissues (Classification)
• Classify different types of connective tissue
• Identify different types of connective tissue under the microscope
• State the distribution of each type
41. Histology of muscles
• Describe the histological features of different types of muscular tissue and
their location

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PRACTICALS
ANATOMY
1. Introduction
• Identify different parts of microscope
2. Cell
• Identify various types of cell
3. Epithelium
• Identify various types of epithelium under microscope
4. Glands
• Identify various glands
5. Connective tissue
• Identify connective tissue cell, fibers under microscope
6. Muscles
• Identify the various types of muscular tissues
7. Skin

• Identify different layers of skin under the microscope

BIOCHEMISTRY
OBJECTIVES LEARNING STRATEGY
TOPIC 1: WATER
1. Chemical nature of water
• Describe the structure and properties of water.
• Discuss the physicochemical properties of water (e.g. surface tension,
viscosity, adsorption)
• Explain the role of water as a Solvent
• Describe the role of water in forming molecular bonds.
2. Distribution of water
• Discuss the water distribution and homeostasis
• Explain the clinical aspects of water disturbances
3. pH and Buffers
• Describe the mechanism of dissociation of water and maintenance of normal
pH
• Discuss the change in pH due to the addition of a given quantity of acid or Interactive
base Lecture/Tutorial
• Describe the role of buffers in maintaining pH
• Explain the Henderson–Hassel Balch equation
TOPIC 2: CELL
4. Cell membrane
• Describe the biochemical composition
• Describe the functions of the cell membrane

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 LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE

5. Cell organelles

• Discuss the biochemical structure and function of each organelle

TOPIC 3: CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY
6. Carbohydrate Classification
• Define carbohydrates with examples
• Classify carbohydrates with examples
• Describe the biochemical role of carbohydrates
7. Monosaccharaides
• Classify Monosaccharaides with examples
• Explain chiral carbon and isomerism with examples
• Explain the properties and functions of Monosaccharaides
8. Disaccharides and Oligosaccharides
• Classify Disaccharides with examples
• Explain the properties and functions of Disaccharides
• Classify Oligosaccharides with examples
• Explain the properties and functions of Oligosaccharides
9. Polysaccharides
• Classify Polysaccharides with examples
• Explain the properties and functions of Polysaccharides
• Describe the clinical importance of Polysaccharides Interactive
TOPIC 4: LIPID CHEMISTRY Lecture/Tutorial/
Practical
10. Lipid Classification
• Define Lipids with examples
• Classify Lipids with examples
• Describe the biochemical functions of lipids
11. Fatty acids
• Explain the chemical structure of fatty acids.
• Classify fatty acids with examples
• Describe the properties and functions of fatty acids
12. Simple and Compound Lipids
• Classify simple and compound lipids with examples.
• Explain the chemical structure of simple and compound lipids
• Describe the properties and biological functions of simple and compound
lipids
• Discuss the clinical importance of Lipid storage diseases
• Discuss the clinical significance of plasma lipoproteins
13. Steroids and Sterols
• Explain the structure and biochemical importance of steroids and sterols.
• List the sources and functions of Cholesterol
• Discuss the clinical importance of Cholesterol
14. Eicosanoids
• Define Eicosanoids with examples
• Classify Eicosanoids with examples
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• Explain the functions of Eicosanoids
• Explain the synthesis of Eicosanoids.
• Discuss the clinical significance of Eicosanoids
TOPIC 5: PROTEIN CHEMISTRY
15. Amino acids
• Describe the structure and classification of amino acids with example
• Describe the properties of amino acids
• Describe the functions of amino acids
16. Peptides and Polypeptides
• Describe the structure and classification of Peptides and Polypeptides with
examples
• Describe the characteristics of the Peptide bond
• Describe the functions and biomedical importance of Peptides and
Polypeptides
17. Chemistry of Proteins
• Define proteins with examples
• Classify proteins with examples
• List the sources and properties of proteins
• Describe the functions and biomedical importance of individual proteins
18. Protein Structure
Interactive
• Explain the structure of proteins
Lecture
TOPIC 6: NUCLEIC ACID CHEMISTRY
19. Nucleotides
• Describe the structure and classification of nitrogenous bases with examples
• Compare the structures of nucleotides and nucleosides
• Discuss the biomedical functions of nucleotides
• Explain the biomedical significance of nucleotide derivatives and synthetic
analogues.
20. Chemistry of Nucleic acids
• Classify DNA and RNA with examples
• Explain the properties of nucleic acids
• Describe the structure and functions of DNA and RNA
TOPIC 7: ENZYME CHEMISTRY
21. Classification of Enzymes
• Define enzymes with examples
• Classify enzymes with examples
• Describe the structure and properties of Enzymes
• Explain Co-enzymes, Co factors, zymogens, prosthetic group and Isoenzymes
22. Enzyme Kinetics
• Explain the energy of activation Interactive
Lecture/Practical
• Explain the two hypothesis enzyme substrate binding.
• Explain mechanism of action of enzymes
• Explain the MichaelisMenten Model of enzyme kinetics
23. Factors affecting enzyme activity
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• Discuss factors inhibiting and promoting enzyme activity
• Define enzyme inhibitors with examples
• Classify enzyme inhibitors with examples
24. Clinical Enzymology
• Explain the diagnostic importance of enzymes and isoenzymes
• Outline different ways of measuring plasma enzymes
• List enzymes and isoenzymes commonly assayed for diagnostic purposes
• Discuss the clinical importance of isoenzymes of LDH, CPK, Troponin, Alkaline
phosphatase and Aldolase
25. TOPIC 8: VITAMINS
• Define vitamins with examples
• Classify vitamins with examples
Interactive Lecture
• Discuss the overall role of vitamins and their importance in normal body
functions
• Describe the chemical structure and functions of individual vitamins
• List the sources, daily requirement, digestion absorption of individual vitamins
• Describe the clinical significance of deficiency and toxicity of vitamins

PRACTICALS

BIOCHEMISTRY
1. Introduction to Biochemistry Lab: Lab protocols and Solutions
• Explain the Biochemistry Laboratory protocols and Lab hazards
• Identify the signs and symbols related to Laboratory hazards
• Prepare different types of Solutions (Normal, Molar, Molal, Percent)
• Identify the clinical uses and hazards of different types of solutions
• Correlate the laboratory investigations with relevant clinical conditions

2. Carbohydrates practical 1: Detection of Carbohydrates and Polysaccharides

• Outline the scheme for detection of carbohydrates in a sample

• Identify the chemical tests and bio-techniques to detect proteins
• Detect Carbohydrates in the given sample
• Detect Polysaccharides in the given sample

3. Carbohydrates practical 2: Detection of Mono and Disaccharides

• Identify the chemical tests and bio-techniques to detect proteins

• Detect Monosaccharides in the given sample
• Detect Disaccharides in the given sample
• Correlate the laboratory investigations with relevant clinical conditions
4. Proteins practical 1: Detection of Proteins
• Outline the scheme for detection of Proteins in a sample

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• Identify the chemical tests and bio-techniques to detect proteins
• Detect Proteins in the given sample (General tests)
• Correlate the laboratory investigations with relevant clinical conditions
5. Proteins practical 2: Detection of individual amino acids

• Identify the chemical tests and bio-techniques to detect the different amino acids
• Detect individual amino acids in the given sample
• Correlate the laboratory investigations with relevant clinical conditions

6. Proteins practical 3: Detection of individual Proteins

• Identify the chemical tests and bio-techniques to detect the different amino acids
• Detect individual Proteins in the given sample

• Correlate the laboratory investigations with relevant clinical conditions

7. Lipids: Detection of Lipids

• Outline the method for detection of Lipids in a sample
• Identify the chemical tests and bio-techniques to detect Lipids
• Detect Lipids in the given sample
• Correlate the laboratory investigations with relevant clinical conditions
8. Enzymes: Detection of Factors affecting Enzyme activity

• Outline the scheme for detection of factors affecting enzyme activity

• Identify the chemical tests and bio-techniques to detect the factors affecting
enzyme activity
• Detect the effect of factors affecting the activity of salivary amylase

PHYSIOLOGY
OBJECTIVES LEARNING STRATEGY
1. Body Fluid Compartments Interactive
• Describe functional organization of human body. Lecture/Tutorial/
Practical
• Compare the normal ranges, physical characteristics of extracellular and
intracellular fluid compartments
2. Homeostasis and control system of body Interactive
• Define homeostasis and maintenance of internal environment by positive and Lecture/Tutorial
negative feedback mechanism.
• Explain the feedback mechanisms with the help of examples.
• Discuss the role of feedforward mechanism in homeostasis
3. Functional importance of Cell membrane
• Describe the structure and fluid mosaic model of cell membrane and its
functional importance.

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 LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE
• Explain the functional importance of lipids, integral proteins and carbohydrates
in the cell membrane.
4. Cell organelles 1
• Describe the structure and functions of Ribosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum and
Golgi apparatus
5. Cell organelles 2
• Describe the structure and functions of Lysosomes, Mitochondria, peroxisomes
and cytoskeleton
6. Transport across cell membrane (Passive)
• Describe the types of passive transport across the membrane: Simple diffusion,
Facilitated diffusion and Osmosis.
• Define osmolarity, osmolality and osmotic pressure along with their functional
importance and normal values.
7. Transport across cell membrane (Active)
• Describe the types of Active transport across cell membrane: Primary and
Secondary active Transport.
• Explain the role of sodium potassium pump in transport mechanism.
• Discuss secondary active transport along with the examples of co-transport and
counter-transport.
8. Specialized functions of cell
• Explain the process of endocytosis, exocytosis and transcytosis.
9. Cell signaling mechanism
• Discuss the activation of receptors and second messengers by cell signaling.
• Explain the various types of membrane receptors and their up regulation/down
regulation.
10. Locomotion of cell and Apoptosis
• Define the various types of cell locomotion: Ameboid and Ciliary movements.
• Define Apoptosis and its mechanism.
11. Introduction to Autonomic Nervous System
• Explain the functional division of Autonomic Nervous System.
• Discuss the role of sympathetic and para-sympathetic nervous system, their
neurotransmitters and receptors in body systems.

PRACTICAL
1. Extracellular fluid

• Identify the effects of osmotic variations in Extracellular fluid (ECF) on cell

MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY
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OBJECTIVES LEARNING STRATEGY
• Describe the basic principal of genetics Practical/Small group
• List the Data bases and online resources for genetics session

OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY

OBJECTIVES LEARNING STRATEGY
• Discuss the basics of Multiple pregnancies
Interactive Lecture
• Describe the importance of Prenatal diagnosis

STUDY SKILLS (DHPE & Psychiatry)

OBJECTIVES LEARNING STRATEGY
MODULE ONE: Know your learning style
• Identify your own learning styles Interactive Lecture /
• Identify your own learning approaches Small group session
• Identify learning strategies to improve your learning
MODULE TWO: Getting most out of the lectures!
• Identify the utility of learning techniques in terms of low, moderate and
high utility techniques
• Explain the strategies to use before lectures for improved learning such as:
reviewing objectives, figures, pictorals and reading introduction and
conclusion of text
• Describe the strategies to use during lectures for improved learning such as:
monitoring engagement, active listening and metacognitive notes taking
• Describe key techniques to help students learn most efficiently such as: the
Pomodoro, spaced practice, Feynman technique, Leitner technique,
Concept mapping, and reflective writing
Small group session
MODULE THREE: Ace your exams!
• Effectively plan their exam preparation through SMART goals setting
• Develop a “personal development plan (PDP)”
• Identify long term, midterm and short term exam preparation strategies
MODULE FOUR: Surviving Medicine: Learning to prioritize yourself and Life Work
balance
• Identify potential stress factors
• Describe a range of stress management strategies
• Identify the support services and online apps available to help with stress
management
• Identify your priorities and effectively manage your time

LEARNING RESOURCES

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LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE
SUBJECT RESOURCES
A. GROSSANATOMY
1. K.L. Moore, Clinically Oriented Anatomy
2. Neuro Anatomy by Richard Snell
B. HISTOLOGY
ANATOMY
1. B. Young J. W. Health Wheather’s Functional Histology
C. EMBRYOLOGY
1. Keith L. Moore. The Developing Human
2. Langman’s Medical Embryology

A. TEXTBOOKS
1. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry
BIOCHEMISTRY 2. Lehninger Principle of Biochemistry
3. Biochemistry by Devlin
4. Lippincott’s Illustrated reviews of Biochemistry
A. TEXTBOOKS
1. Textbook Of Medical Physiology by Guyton And Hall
2. Ganong ‘ S Review of Medical Physiology
3. Human Physiology by Laura lee Sherwood
4. Berne & Levy Physiology
5. Best & Taylor Physiological Basis of Medical Practice
PHYSIOLOGY B. REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Guyton & Hall Physiological Review
2. Essentials Of Medical Physiology by Jaypee
3. Textbook Of Medical Physiology by Indu Khurana
4. Short Textbook Of Physiology by Mrthur
5. NMS Physiology

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 LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE

ASSESSMENT METHODS:

 MCQs (one best type)

MCQs:

• An MCQ has a statement or clinical scenario and four options (likely answers).
• Correct answer carries one mark, and incorrect ‘zero mark’. There is NO negative marking.
• Students mark their responses on specified computer-based sheet designed for LNHMC.

o Sample MCQ:

A 25 year old patient presented with the complaints of productive cough, breathlessness and wheezing.
He has been diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
The most common risk factor for the disease is:
a) Air pollution
b) Coalmining
c) Infection
d) Tobacco smoke

OSPE: Objective Structured Practical Examination (See the proposed plan of OSPE)
• It may comprise between 12- 25 stations.

• The content may assess application of knowledge, or practical skills.

• Student will complete task in define time at one given station.

• All the students are assessed on the same content by the same examiner in the same allocated time.

• A structured examination will have observed, unobserved, interactive and rest stations.

• Observed and interactive stations:

They will be assessed by internal or external examiners through the task or viva.
• Unobserved station:
It will be static station in which students will have to answer the questions related to the
given pictures, models or specimens on the provided response sheet.
• Rest station:
It is a station where no task is given, and during this time student can organize his/her thoughts.

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LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE

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 LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE

Internal Evaluation
• Students will be assessed comprehensively through multiple methods.

• 20% marks of internal evaluation will be added to JSMU final exam. That 20% may include class tests,
assignment, practicals and the internal exam which will all have specific marks allocation.
Formative Assessment
Individual department may hold quiz or short answer questions to help students assess their own learning. The marks
obtained are not included in the internal evaluation

For JSMU Examination Policy, please consult JSMU website!

More than75% attendance is needed

To sit for the internal and final examinations

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 LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE
LNH&MC EXAMINATION RULES & REGULATIONS

• Student must report to examination hall/venue, 30 minutes before the exam.

• Exam will begin sharp at the given time.
• No student will be allowed to enter the examination hall after 15 minutes of scheduled
examination time.
• Students must sit according to their roll numbers mentioned on the seats.
• Cell phones are strictly not allowed in examination hall.
• If any student is found with cell phone in any mode (silent, switched off or on) he/she will be
not be allowed to continue their exam.
• No students will be allowed to sit in exam without University Admit Card, LNMC College ID Card
and Lab Coat
• Student must bring the following stationary items for the exam: Pen, Pencil, Eraser, and
Sharpener.
• Indiscipline in the exam hall/venue is not acceptable. Students must not possess any written
material or communicate with their fellow students.

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 LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE

SCHEDULE:

WEEKS 1ST YEAR MONTH

WEEK 1
16

WEEK 2 16

7 February - 25 March
WEEK 3 FOUNDATION
2023
WEEK 4 MODULE
WEEK 5
WEEK 6
WEEK 7
WEEK 1 27 March 2023*
WEEK 2 BLOOD
WEEK 3 MODULE
WEEK 4

Mid Term Exam*

*Final dates will be announced later

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