CFC PUB 3-2.

2 ROK-US COMBINED FORCES COMMAND

AIR-GROUND OPERATIONSKOREA

15 JUNE 2002

HEADQUARTERS ROK-US COMBINED FORCES COMMAND

SEOUL, KOREA

CFCD-OP MEMORANDUM FOR SEE DISTRIBUTION SUBJECT: Air Ground Operations Korea 1. Attached is the ROK-US Combined Forces Command (CFC) Air Ground OperationsKorea. 2. This document is effective 15 JUNE 2002 and supersedes CFC Pub 3-2.2, Air Ground Operations Korea dated 1 July 2000. This document supersedes any previous AGO-K & AGOSOPs. 3. This document is directive in nature and applies to all components/subordinate commands under OPCON CFC. 4. The Air Ground Operations Korea Executive Agent is the Commander, Battlefield Coordination Detachment (BCD). This document will be reviewed and updated periodically by the CFC staff, component commanders, and subordinate commanders. Recommend changes should be submitted to BCD (Attn: A2C2), APO AP 96278. FOR THE COMMANDER IN CHIEF:

ENCL Air Ground Operations-Korea Publication DISTRIBUTION: See pages v-vi

GEOFFREY D. MILLER Major General, U.S. Army CJ3

PREFACE 1. Scope: This publication focuses on the duties and responsibilities of the CFC and each component HQs in the planning, synchronization, deconfliction, and execution of Air Ground Operations. 2. Purpose: The AGO-K prescribes procedures and responsibilities for the planning, synchronization, deconfliction, and execution of Air Ground Operations in the Korean theater by the armed forces of the ROK-US Combined Forces Command. It provides guidance for the exercise of authority by component commanders. It prescribes procedures for the integration and deconfliction of Theater Air-Ground System (TAGS), which is composed of Korean Theater Air Control System (KTACS), Ground Component Army Air-Ground System (AAGS), Marine Component Air Command And Control System (MACCS), Naval Component Tactical Air Control System (NTACS), CAS, Theater Airlift, Electronic Warfare Operations, as well as Airspace Management, and Armistice Air Support Training Procedures. 3. Application: The techniques and procedures in this publication apply to all commanders of the ROK-US armed forces conducting operations in the Korean Theater of Operations. 4. In this document, unless otherwise indicated, Altitudes are Above Ground Level (AGL) and times are not in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), but rather Local time of India indicated as (I).

TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Campaigns Operations Battlefield Geometry Responsibilities 1 1 1 2

CHAPTER II AIR-GROUND OPERATIONS SYSTEM General 4 Command Relationships 4 Command Responsibilities 6 CHAPTER III KOREAN THEATER AIR-GROUND SYSTEMS (KTAGS) General 13 SECTION I - Air Component Korean Theater Air Control System (KTACS) KTACS 15 KTACS Major Elements USAF Augmenting TACS Elements 14 23 24 13

SECTION II - Ground Component Army Air-Ground System (AAGS) General CGCC and CJ3 Roles AAGS Supporting Functions 24 25 25

SECTION III - Marine Component Air Command and Control System (MACCS) 28 General MACCS Elements 28 29 31

SECTION IV - Naval Component Tactical Air Control System (NTACS) General 31 NTACS Elements 31 Air Control and Passage of Control Ashore CUWTF Interface 34 Conclusion 34

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CHAPTER IV - FORCE APPLICATION CLOSE AIR SUPPORT General 36

CAS 36 CAS Requests 36 GCC CAS Request Procedures 37 SROKA (TACON TO CFC), NCC, AND CUWTF CAS Procedures 40 SROKA/COMMZ CAS Procedures (SROKA Not Under CFC TACON) 41 CAS Support to Capital Defense Command (CDC) Area CAS Support to CNCC 43 CAS Support to CUWTF 45 AC-130 Capabilities 45 CAS Terminal Attack Control 46 CAS Battle Damage Assessment (BDA) 46 Apportionment, Allocation and Distribution 47 CHAPTER V FORCE ENHANCEMENT General 48 SECTION I Tactical Theater Airlift 49 49

43

Tactical Airlift Missions 49 Tactical Theater Airlift Agencies and Liaison Functions Airlift Request Validators 52 Theater Airlift Priorities 52 Preplanned Airlift Priorities 52 Immediate Airlift Request 53 Airlift Request Process 53 Airlift Request Flow 53 SECTION II - Electronic Warfare (EW) Operations Electronic Warfare Request Information Frequency Deconfliction 57 57 59

57

SECTION III - Tactical Air Reconnaissance and Surveillance (TARS) Tactical Air Reconnaissance and Surveillance (TARS) TARS Request Procedures 60 Mission Results 62 60

60

ii

CHAPTER VI AIRSPACE MANAGEMENT Airspace Management 63 The Airspace Control Authority (ACA) 63 The Airspace Control Order (ACO) 64 Airspace Coordination/Control Agencies 64 Airspace Deconfliction 67 Airspace Control Measures 68 Airspace Special Mission Procedures 72 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Airspace Requirements (UAV)

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CHAPTER VII ARMISTICE AIR SUPPORT TRAINING PROCEDURES General 83 Coordination Annual/Quarterly Scheduling Request Prioritization U.S. Army Request Processing Timeline Request Non Support CMFC CAS Training 86 CNCC Air Support Training 86 Procedures for CACC Support of CNCC Exercises TARS Training Request Procedures APPENDIX A General I Joint Tactical Air Strike Request II Requirement Control Form (TARS) IX Combined Airlift Request Form XI Combined Electronic Warfare Request XIV PSYOP Sample Request Form XVIII Airspace Control Measures Request Form (ACMREQ) Voice Template ITO Aircraft Voice Template XXIII Airspace Control Measures Request Form (ACMREQ) XXIV GLOSSARY PART I PART II 83 83 83 84 85 86 90

XXI

XXV XXXV

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FIGURES 1-1 1-2 2-1 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 6-8 6-9 6-10 6-11 6-12 7-1 A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4 Basic Battlefield Geometry 2 Theater Battlefield Framework 3 Command Relationships 5 KTACS 14 CAOC Divisions 15 CAOC/BCD Interface 19 AAGS 24 A2C2 Liaison Structure 26 MACCS 28 NTACS 32 TAGS 35 Types of CAS requests 36 CAS Planning Timeline 39 GCC Immediate CAS Request and Employment 40 SROKA CAS Process - SROKA TACON to CFC 41 SROKA CAS Process - SROKA not TACON to CFC 42 CAS Support to Capital Defense Command 43 CAS Support to CNCC 44 CAS Support to CUWTF 45 Combined Air Mobility Division Structure 51 Preplanned Fixed Wing Airlift Request Flow 54 Preplanned Rotary Wing Airlift Request Flow 55 Preplanned Airlift Request with Rigging Requirements 56 Preplanned/Immediate EA Requests 58 TARS Request Procedures 61 Air Traffic Services FOC/AIC System 66 Restricted Operations Zone (ROZ) 68 Minimum Risk Routes (MRR) 69 Standard Use Army Aircraft Flight Routes (SAAFRs) 70 Coordinating Altitude 71 ATACMS ROZ 73 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System Diagram 74 UAV sample Mission Profile 75 UAV Airspace Control Measure 77 UAV Airspace Control Measure Real time 77 UAV Preplanned Mission Request Diagram 79 UAV Immediate Mission Request Diagram 80 USAF-K CAS Request Process 84 DDForm 1972/ACC Form 1 Close Air Support Request II Requirement Control Form Format IX Combined Airlift Request Form CHQ Form 109EK XI Combined Electronic Warfare Request form CHQ Form 4110 EK XIV

iv

DISTRIBUTION AGENCY HARD COPY UNC/CFC CINC CFC (CFCC).................................................................. 1 DCINC (CFDC)............................................................................ 1 CofS (CFCS)............................................................................... 1 DCofS (CFDS)............................................................................. 1 C1 (CFCA)............................................................................... 1 C2 (CFCB)................................................................................... 2 C3 (CFCD)................................................................................. 10 C4 (CFCE).................................................................................... 1 C5 (CFCF)....................................................................................... 2 C6 (CFCH)...................................................................................... 1 EN (CFEN)...................................................................................... 1 CFJA.. 1 CFPA. 1 ACC 1 GCC... 1 NCC... 1 CMFC.... 1 CUWTF. 1 CPOTF.. 1 UNCMAC Secretariat...................................................................... 1 ROK Chairman ROK JCS, Seoul, Korea.................................................. Chief of Staff, ROK Army, Taejon, Korea..................................... Chief of Staff, ROK Air Force, Taejon, Korea.................................. Chief of Staff, ROK Navy, Taejon, Korea..................................... Commandant ROKMC, Paran, Korea............................................ HQ AFOC, ROKAF, Osan AB, Korea........................................... CINCROKFLT. CG, FROKA, Wonju, Korea.......................................................... CG, SROKA, Taegu, Korea............................................................ CG, TROKA, Yongin Korea............................................................ CDR, ROK Special Operation, Sungnam, Korea. CDR, Army Aviation, Leechun, Korea..................... CG, VII Corps, Changhowon, Korea................................................. CG, CDC, Seoul, Korea.................................................................. CG, ROK Defense Intelligence Command, Seoul, Korea.............. CG, ROKA Transportation Command, Seoul, Korea...................... CG, ROKA Logistics Command, Pusan, Korea.............................. CG, ROKN Logistics Command, Chinhae, Korea........................... 3 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CD-ROM

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

CG, ROKAF Logistics Command, Taegu, Korea............................ CDR, ROK National Defense College, Seoul, Korea...................... CDR, ROK National War College, Seoul, Korea............................. ROK Army War College, Taejon, Korea. ROK Naval War College, Taejon, Korea ROK Air War College, Taejon, Korea USFK STAFF/ COMPONENTS / KOREAN THEATER AGENCIES FKCS-D FKJ1............................................................................................... FKJ2............................................................................................... FKJ3.............................................................................................. FKJ4............................................................................................... FKJ5............................................................................................... FKJ6................................................................................................ FKEN FKJA. FKPA FKCS-CIG.......................................................................................... FKCS-AD........................................................................................... EUSA.............................................................................................. Commander Naval Forces Korea (CNFK)..................................... US Air Forces Korea (USAFK)....................................................... US Marine Corps Forces Korea (USMARFORK).............................. US Special Operation Command, Korea (SOCKOR)..................... CDR, United States Air Force Korea, Osan AB, Korea A2, United States Air Force Korea, Osan, Korea A3 United States Air Force Korea, Osan, Korea............................. A5 United States Air Force Korea, Osan, Korea COMSEVENTHFLT, USS Blue Ridge JUSMAG-K..................................................................................... CDR, 19th TSC, Taegu, Korea................................................ CDR, 2d Inf Div, Uijongbu, Korea.................................................. CDR, 6th Cav Bde CDR, 17th Avn Bde.......................................................................... CDR, 1st Signal Bde, Yongsan, Korea CDR, 501st MI Bde, Yongsan, Korea. CDR, CSCT #1, Wonju Korea......................................................... CDR, CSCT #2, Taegu, Korea........................................................ CDR, CSCT #3, Yongin, Korea....................................................... BSC, Yongsan, Korea.................................................................... HQ ACC/PJ, Osan, Korea TOTAL

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 8 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 7 8 7 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 134 24

1 1 1 1 1 1

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. CAMPAIGNS. A campaign is a series of related military operations aimed at accomplishing a strategic or operational objectives within a given time and space. In this theater, the Commander in Chief Combined Forces Command (CINCCFC) has designated a campaign plan, integrating both ROK and US strategic objectives to take full advantage of the operational capabilities of combined forces. Within the campaign, CFC conducts major operations consisting of coordinated, joint and combined actions sequenced in such a way that will produce the desired effects and outcome. 2. OPERATIONS. CFCs campaigns are conducted at the operational level of war, i.e. that level which provides the linkage between strategy and tactics. Functional and service components of Combined Forces Command conduct subordinate and supporting operations (i.e. air operations, naval operations, etc.) designed to be complementary and interdependent of CFCs overall campaign plan. The planning that takes place for campaigns and major operations is a continuous process. Before the initiation of combat operations, commanders primarily focus on future operations. During hostilities, commanders direct their attention to both current and future operations. Planning for future operations includes estimating the probable outcome of current operations, which then serves as the starting point for future operations. Thus, current and future operations are not distinct; the outcome of current operations will shape future operations. 3. BATTLEFIELD GEOMETRY. Battlefield Geometry (Figure 1-1) defines areas of geographic and operational responsibility for the commanders and provides a way to visualize how they will employ their forces against the enemy (Figure 1-2). CFC uses the generally accepted doctrine of dividing the theater into three closely related sets of activities--deep, close, and rear operations. Combat operations within these three areas take place both sequentially and simultaneously.

FEBA XXX

XXX XX

FEBA
Figure 1-1 Basic Battlefield Geometry a. Deep Operations. CFCs theater-level deep operations extend from the GCC/CMEF FSCL to the limits of the KTO boundary. Deep operations strive to disrupt, divert, delay, and destroy enemy air, sea, and land forces before they can be used effectively against our friendly forces. Deep operations will shape the close fight and include lethal and non-lethal efforts against a broad spectrum of targets such as the enemy's leadership, transportation, energy, command/control/communications/ intelligence (C3I), nuclear/biological/chemical (NBC), and war-making industries. Effective deep operations can produce effects beyond the proportion of effort expended in execution. Deep operations are long term efforts to integrate and synchronize friendly forces to affect the enemy's capability and will to prosecute the war.

b.

Close Operations. At the theater level, the area between those forces in immediate contact with the enemy and fighting between the committed forces and the readily available reserves to the Fire Support Coordination Line (FSCL) is considered the area of close operations. c. Rear Area Operations. Theater rear area operations sustain close and deep operations currently taking place on the battlefield and posture forces for the next major operation or phase of the campaign. In the KTO, rear area operations take place in the area behind the contiguous combat zone (also known as the communications zone or COMMZ)

4. Responsibilities. CINCCFC has established the following areas of geographic and operational responsibilities for subordinate commanders: FSCL TO FORWARD BOUNDARY (FB) *CGCC All others All CACC CACC BEYOND THE FORWARD BOUNDARY AMPHIBIOUS OBJECTIVE AREA (AOA) CUWTF Combined Special Operations Area (CSOA) COM CUWTF ALL OTHERS ALL CACC CACC

BATTLE AREA AUTHORITY AND RESPONSIBILITY Supported Commander Supporting Commander Targeting Responsibility Airspace Control Authority Area Air Defense Commander

CACC All others All CACC CACC

CATF/CLF All others All CATF/CLF **CATF/CLF

Figure 1-2 Theater Battlefield Framework * CMFC when assigned battlespace and functioning as a separate component with ground component responsibilities. **CATF/CLF must coordinate with the CACC who has overall responsibility as the AADC in the Theater OPLAN.

CHAPTER II AIR-GROUND OPERATIONS SYSTEM (AGOS) 1. GENERAL. This chapter outlines the ROK-US Combined Forces Command (CFC) command relationships and responsibilities that support air-ground operations. 2. COMMAND RELATIONSHIPS. a. Commander in Chief, Combined Forces Command (CINCCFC). CINCCFC is a US Army Four-Star General tasked to deter external aggression against the ROK, and if deterrence fails, to defeat an external attack against the ROK. When the CFC OPLAN is implemented, CINCCFC exercises OPCON through the Air, Ground, Naval, Combined Marine Force and Combined Unconventional Warfare Task Force Component Commanders. CINCCFC is also CINCUNC (CINC United Nations Command). As CINCUNC he exercises OPCON over all forces provided to the UNC whenever these forces are committed to UNC control. The following relationships apply to the CFC component commanders (Figure 2-1). b. Commander, Ground Component Command (CGCC). The CGCC is a ROK Army Four-Star General who also serves as the Deputy CINCCFC. He is responsible for all ground operations, except when CNCC or CMFC have been assigned a zone and a mission in the execution of which they are expected to exercise component level ground combat responsibilities. c. Commander, Air Component Command (CACC). The CACC is a USAF Lieutenant General who also serves as Commander, United States Air Force Korea, and Deputy CINCUNC. He is responsible for all air operations. The CACC serves as CINCCFCs Combined Forces Air Component Commander (CFACC). As CFACC, he also serves as Area Air Defense Commander (AADC) and Airspace Control Authority (ACA) and operates in the Korean Air Operation Center (KAOC) to fulfill these responsibilities. d. Commander, Combined Naval Component Command (CCNCC). The Commander, Naval Component Command (CNCC) is a ROKN Vice Admiral who also serves as Commander Naval Operations Command and he commands the ROK Navy Fleet and assigned ROK Marine corps units. When the OPLAN is implemented, the CNCCs naval forces are augmented by additional ROKN assets. Supporting US Naval (USN) forces will remain under USCINCPAC, who exercises Combatant Command (COCOM) authority through COMCPACFLT and Commander, US Seventh Fleet (COMSEVENFLT). Once deployed, and on order from CINCCFC, COMSEVENFLT becomes the Commander Combined Naval Component Command (CCNCC).

e. Commander, Combined Marine Forces Command (COMCMFC). During the Armistice, the COMCMFC is a ROK Marine Lieutenant General who also serves as the Commandant, ROK MC. In wartime, the CMFC is augmented by designated USMC forces. Upon US NCA approval, USPACOM provides a US Marine Lieutenant General as COMCMFC and headquarters augmentation. Headquarters, ROKMC provides the Deputy Commander, CMFC, upon ROK NCMA approval. The COMCMFC is a theater level commander under CINCCFC responsible for the planning of designated combined ground and amphibious operations and for the integration of combined Marine capabilities within CFC. When the OPLAN is implemented, CMFC is augmented with US Marine forces. f. Commander, Combined Unconventional Warfare Task Force (COMCUWTF). The COMCUWTF is a ROKA Lieutenant General whose specific duties and responsibilities are classified and found in Annex J, Theater Plans. In general, he is responsible for planning and executing special operations.

CINC (USA)

CINC UNC/CFC

CACC (USAF)

CGCC (ROKA)
CINC (USA)

CNCC (ROKN/USN*)

CDR, 7th AF DEPUTY UNC AADC ACA

DCINCCFC CUWTF (ROKA) CMFC

CDR, US 7th FLT*

(ROKMC/USPACOM MARINE CDR*)

See Annex CFC OPLAN

ROKMC/USPACOM MARINE CDR*

*when deployed

Figure 2-1 Command Relationships

3. COMMAND RESPONSIBILITIES. a. Commander-in-Chief, Combined Forces Command (CINCCFC). (1) Exercises operational command through the subordinate component commanders. (2) Establishes theater guidance and objectives for the theater campaign and for major operations. (3) Assigns areas of operations to the component commanders and establishes the boundaries between them. (a) CGCC is the supported commander for all operations between the FEBA and FB. If a FSCL is established, CGCC remains the supported commander between the FSCL and FB. CACC is the Coordinating Authority for all air operations and fires in this area. The CACC has the authority to require consultation between the components involved, but does not have the authority to compel agreement. CGCC will retain direct control over airspace between the FSCL and FB from the surface to the coordinating altitude. (b) Designates the CACC as the supported commander for all operations on the peninsula in the area beyond the CGCCs forward boundary (FB) out to the boundary of the theater of operations. The CACC has the authority to compel agreement in his area of operation, in accordance with the CINCs priorities and intent. (4) Is responsible for the assignment of ground assets and the apportionment of air assets. (5) Approves staff recommendations for positioning the FSCL and the CGCC forward boundary (FB). b. CFC Assistant Chief of Staff, C2. (1) Provides 24-hour collection management representation to the CACC Combined Targeting Cell (CTC). (2) Answers prioritized Battle Damage Assessment (BDA) requirements submitted by the Collection Management Team in the KAOC. (3) Provides combat assessment to CFC staff and coordinates all theater Combat Assessment (CA) and BDA actions with the components. (4) Nominates targets to JSOLE, C-3 Operations Division, and Fire Support Branch, for CUWTF to execute.

(5) Nominate time sensitive high payoff targets to the Combined Effects Synchronization Cell (CESC) for immediate strike based on input using all source fusion analysis in the Korean Air Operation Center (KAOC). (6) Recommends targets for inclusion in the Integrated Tasking Order (ITO) as part of the CFC C3 future operations and CFC C5 future plans staffs. (7) Supports target development for CGCC deep strike targets through the CGCC CESC. (8) Supports target development for CFC deep strike targets. (9) In coordination with the C3, C5, and SJA, develops and updates the CFC protected targets list, as part of the Combined Limited and Protected Target List (CLPTL) that is mastered and disseminated by the C3 to the CTB and component commanders. (10) Assists CFC C3 in developing the Decision Support Template (DST) and Decision Support Matrix (DSM). (11) Assist CFC C5 and C3 in developing targeting guidance, priorities and objectives for inclusion in the CINCCFCs planning guidance, planning directive and Guidance Letter. (12) Coordinate theater intelligence collection requirements and assists in providing final approval of all CFC component collation requirements. (13) Manages CINCCFC Priority Intelligence Requirements (PIR). (14) Provides overall Theater Intelligence Assessments. c. CFC Assistant Chief of Staff, C3. (1) Provides current operational assessment, targeting guidance and objectives. Publishes CINCCFCs guidance letter ICW C2. (2) ICW the C2, C5 and SJS develops and approves, maintains, and updates the CFC prioritized target list as part of the Combined Limited and Protected Target Lists (CLPTL) and disseminates to the component commanders. (3) Develops, for CINCCFC's approval, the theater fire support and other coordination measures submitted by components or subordinate commanders. Forwards approved measures to the Chief, Combat Operations Division, and KAOC through the BCD in the Korean Air Operation Center (KAOC) no later than six hours prior to execution. Planned measures for future operations are submitted not later than 24 hours prior to their execution, to provide the CTB time to review the measures and update plans as needed and compensate for adverse effects. For coordination measures outside the ITO cycle, transmit to BCD Operations through GCCS-K.

(4) Develops proposed placement of the CGCC FB in coordination with the component commanders and submits it to the CTB for comment and coordination at least 26 hours prior to the day of execution. CTB should respond with comments on proposed forward boundary not later than 8 hours later on day of receipt. The CINCCFC is the approval authority for the positioning of the GCC FB. For the Planning, Decision, and Execution (PDE) cycle, the proposed GCC FB is forwarded for comment NLT 0400I hours the day before execution, with comments returned NLT 1200I hours the day before execution. (5) Notifies the Chief, Combat Operation, KAOC Director through the BCD in the KAOC of any change to the forward boundary (FB) prior to the 6-hour notification requirement in paragraph (6) below. (6) CINCCFC establishes an FSCL or changes an existing FSCL, C-3 Operations will notify all components and major forces in support of the theater, to include BCD, not later than 6 hours prior to execution, preferably at 0600I, 1200I, 1800I, 2400I hours. A measure planned to be effective for 0600I hrs should be reviewed by the affected commanders before 2400I hrs. (7) C3 Plans through the CINCCFC guidance provides the Strategy Division with courses of action for future operations to assist in the development of a long range targeting plan. (8) CACC nominates CFC C3-PL-IO targets to the CTB. (9) Depending on what component executes the deception plan, nominates targets in support of the theater deception plan. (10) CACC prioritizes component Electronic Warfare (EW) requests for inclusion in the ITO as part of the Master Air Attack Plan Process. d. Commander, Air Component Command (CACC). The CACC exercises operational control of all assigned and attached air forces, and tactical control over forces made available by components. The CACC derives his authority to conduct theater-level deep operations from the CINCCFC. For deep operations, the CACC will: (1) Synchronize and integrate all air operations and fires beyond the FSCL in accordance with guidelines established in this document. (2) Serve as Coordinating Authority for all air operations and fires between the FSCL and forward boundary (FB) utilizing guidelines established in this document. The CACC has the authority to require consultation between the components involved, but does not have the authority to compel agreement in his area of operation.

(3) Establish and operate the Combined Targeting Board for CINCCFC to synchronize the application of combined combat power, prevent fratricide, and achieve success throughout the area of deep operations. (a) Provide a General Officer to chair the CTB. * (b) Provide a Colonel to represent CACC on the CTB. (c) Provide all-source intelligence, combat assessment, administrative and logistical support to the CTB. (4) Consolidate, deconflict, prioritize, and nominate air targets in the deep operations area to the CTB for inclusion in the SPITL and ITO. (5) Recommend a Master Air Attack Plan (MAAP) in coordination with the other component commanders, for the CINCs approval for the daily use and phased use of air power. (6) Plan, coordinate, allocate, and task air operations based on the CINCs approval of the daily and phased MAAP. (7) Serve as the Area Air Defense Commander. (8) Serve as the Airspace Control Authority. (See 5027-98 Annex V) (9) Provide a liaison element to CFCs Combined Battle Staff. * The general officer is normally also the ACC KAOC director. e. Commander, Ground Component Command (CGCC). The CGCC is responsible for all ground forces and operations within his assigned area. He exercises control over assigned forces through the tactical operations center (TOC) at CP TANGO. The assigned land assets of GCC are controlled and directed through the ground component, field army, corps, and division headquarters. For deep operations, the CGCC will: (1) Plan and execute ground operations within his assigned area of operations to support the CINCs campaign plan. (2) Provide representation, in the form of the Commander and Deputy Commander BCD, to the KAOC including representation at the CTB to synchronize air and ground operations. (3) Consolidate, deconflict, prioritize, and nominate targets in the deep operations area to the CTB for inclusion in the SPITL and on the ITO.

(4) Inform ACC, the Coordinating Authority, of organic fires against emerging targets between the FSCL and forward boundary (FB) in sufficient time to allow necessary coordination to avoid fratricide, both in the air and on the ground. This applies to fires of all weapons systems (to include rotary wing aircraft) using any type of ammunition against surface targets. During execution, the inability to inform ACC will not preclude the attack of these targets, but such attacks should be the exception rather than the rule. (5) Provide a Colonel to represent the CGCC on the Executive Board of the CTB. (6) Submit requests for immediate air support against emerging targets to the BCD Operations Officer in the. KAOC Operations Division. (7) Coordinate the establishment and changes to existing fire support coordination measures (FSCM) and boundaries with CACC through the BCD. (8) Provide combat assessment to CFC and other components on enemy ground activity and future intent. f. Commander, Naval Component Command (CNCC). The CNCC has responsibility for assigned forces within his area of operation. The CNCC may employ various naval warfare assets to support the deep operations. For deep operations, the CNCC will: (1) Plan and execute maritime operations within his assigned area of operations to support the CINCCFC campaign plan. (2) Provide appropriate representation element to the KAOC to synchronize air and sea operations. (3) Consolidate, deconflict, prioritize, and nominate targets in the deep operations area for inclusion in the SPITL and ITO. (4) Inform CGCC prior to initiating naval surface fire support (NSFS) between the FSCL and forward boundary (FB) allowing necessary coordination to avoid fratricide both in the air and on the ground. CGCC, in turn, will inform CACC - the Coordinating Authority - of these fires in sufficient time to allow necessary coordination to avoid fratricide. This applies to fires of all weapons systems using any type of ammunition against surface targets.

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(5) Provide a Naval Captain to represent NCC on the Executive board of the CTB. (6) Provide combat assessment to CFC and other components on enemy naval activity and future intent. NCC provides their BDA to the Theater Combat Assessment Cell. Theater Combat Assessments wraps up all the component's reports into the Theater Report which is then disseminated back down to the components. Future naval intent/activity is disseminated back down to the components through the C/J2 Intel reports. g. Commander, Combined Marine Force Command (CMFC). CMFC is responsible for the employment of assigned forces within his assigned sector or zone. The primary mission of the Marine air element is to support the Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF); therefore, CMFC will retain control of his organic assets. CMFC will: (1) Plan and execute amphibious and ground operations within his area of operations to support the CINC's campaign plan. (2) Provide sorties for air defense, long-range reconnaissance and long-range interdiction to the CINC for tasking by the CACC. Also, provide sorties in excess of CMEF direct support requirements to CINC to use in executing operations. (3) Provide appropriate representation to the KAOC to synchronize air, sea, and ground operations. (4) Consolidate, deconflict, prioritize, and nominate targets in the deep operations area for inclusion in the SPITL and on the ITO. (5) If functioning as a separate component commander with ground combat responsibilities, inform ACC - the Coordinating Authority - of organic fires against emerging targets between the FSCL and CMFCs FB in sufficient time to allow necessary coordination to avoid fratricide, in the air and on the ground. This applies to fires of all weapons systems using any type of ammunition against surface targets. (6) Provide a colonel to represent CMFC on the Executive Board of the CTB. h. Commander, Combined Unconventional Warfare Task Force (CUWTF). The CUWTF Commander is responsible for the proper employment of special operations forces. For deep operations, the CUWTF Commander will:

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(1) Plan and execute special operations within his assigned area of responsibility (AOR), to include Combined Special Operations Areas (CSOA), to support the CINC's campaign plan. Develop these plans in coordination with CACC to meet the needs of the CINC and the component commanders. (2) Consolidate, deconflict, prioritize and nominate targets in the deep operations area for inclusion in the SPITL and ITO. (3) Provide appropriate representation to the to synchronize air and ground operations. (4) Provide a colonel or Naval Captain to represent CUWTF on the Executive Board of the CTB.

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CHAPTER III KOREAN THEATER AIR-GROUND SYSTEMS (KTAGS) 1. GENERAL. This chapter describes the component subsystems that comprise the Korean Theater Air-Ground System (KTAGS). KTAGS consists of the Combined Air Components Korean Theater Air Control System (KTACS), the Combined Ground Components Army Air-Ground System (AAGS), the Combined Naval Components Naval Tactical Air Control System (NTACS), and the Combined Marine Forces Marine Air Command and Control System (MACCS). KTACS, NTACS and MACCS permit centralized planning and control, and decentralized execution of air operations; AAGS synchronizes, coordinates, and integrates air power with the CGCCs scheme of maneuver. SECTION I THE COMBINED AIR COMPONENT'S KOREAN THEATER AIR CONTROL SYSTEM (KTACS) 1. KTACS. The Commander, Air Component Command (CACC) commands and controls theater air operations through KTACS. KTACS is used to plan, coordinate and direct air operations throughout Korean Theater of Operation. System functions include airspace planning, control and coordination, the conduct of air operations, and air defense. Centralized control, decentralized execution, and coordinated effort are guiding KTACS principles. The CACC (CFACC/AADC/ACA) exercises authority from the Air Operations Center (KAOC) at Osan Air Base. The KAOC is a combined (ROK and US) and joint (multi-service) command center. For simplicity purpose, the term KAOC will be used in this publication although it may be referenced elsewhere as just the Air Operations Center (AOC) or Joint AOC (JAOC). The KAOC is housed in two facilities at Osan AB. The HTACC (Hardened Theater Air Control Center) and the KCOIC. For more detailed explanation of the locations of individual teams and divisions refer to ACC publications. Other major KTACS elements (Figure 3-1) are the Master Control and Reporting Center (MCRC); the CGCCs liaison organization, the Battlefield Coordination Detachment (BCD); Joint Special Operations Liaison Elements (JSOLE); Marine Liaison Element (MARLO); Wing Operations Centers (WOCs); and Air Support Operations Centers (ASOCs). The USAF augments KTACS with Airborne Warning And Control Systems (AWACS), Airborne Battlefield Command and Control Centers (ABCCC), Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar Systems (JSTARS), and various Modular Control Equipped Ground Theater Air Control Units, e.g. US Control and Reporting Centers (CRCs) and Control and Reporting Elements (CREs).

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JSTARS ABCCC

AWACS

CFC

ACC GCC
FAC(A)/TAC(A) CRC CRE CCT X ADA XXXX ARMY ASOC TACP

NCC CMFC CUWTF

CAOC
BCD NALE MARLO SOLE AME SLO GLO/BCO

X II BN BDE/REGT TACP

XX DIV TACP

XXX CORPS ASOC TACP

NAVFOR MAGTF ACE/TAC

WOC Air Request Net

Note:

TACP

AIRBASES =US organization only

Figure 3-1 Korean Theater Air Control System (KTACS) 2. KTACS MAJOR ELEMENTS: a. Korean Air Operations Center (KAOC). Directs, supervises, coordinates, and controls assigned forces engaged in air operations. Specifically, the CAOC controls and coordinates counter air, air interdiction, close air support, tactical airlift, strategic attack, search and rescue, special operations, TMO, sea control, and air reconnaissance operations.

14

The KAOC provides operational-level C2 of aerospace forces as the focal point for planning, directing, and assessing aerospace operations. Although the Air Force provides the core manpower capability for the KAOC, other Service component commands contributing aerospace forces provide personnel in accordance with the magnitude of their force contribution. KAOC Organization. The baselined KAOC organization includes a KAOC director, five divisions (Strategy; Combat Plans; Combat Operations; Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance; and Air Mobility), and multiple support/specialty teams. Each integrates numerous disciplines in a cross-functional team approach to planning and execution.

Component Liaisons Area Air Defense Information Warfare Space Logistics/Sustainment Airspace Management Weather Legal Rescue Coordination System Administration Air-to-Air Refueling Communication Operations (Others as needed) Combat Plans Division MAAP Team GAT Team ATO Production Team C2 Planning Team Combat Operations Division Offensive Operations Team Defensive Operations Team

ISR Division Analysis Correlation And Fusion Team Targeting/ BDA Team ISR Management Team (ISR Management and RFI Management) PED Team SCI Management Team

Air Mobility Division Airlift Control Team Air Refueling Control Team Air Mobility Control Team Aeromedical Evacuation Control Team Air Mobility Element

Strategy Division Strategy Plans Team Strategy Guidance Team Operational Assessment Team

15

The Strategy Division (SD) concentrates on long-range planning of aerospace and information operations to achieve theater objectives by developing, refining, disseminating, and assessing the CFACC aerospace strategy. This is normally presented in a comprehensive 5027 Air Operations Plan (AOP). For this reason, the SD has a special relationship with the CFACC. Although normally located in the KAOC and reporting to the KAOC Director to maintain continuity with KAOC processes, division personnel should not become mired in details of day-to-day ITO production or execution. The Combat Plans Division (CPD) applies operational art to develop detailed execution plans for aerospace operations. The end result is publication and dissemination of a daily ATO. Based on JFC objectives and apportionment, the AOD, forces made available for CFACC tasking, and the operational environment; these execution plans and each daily ATO apply specific aerospace capabilities and assets to accomplish CFACC tasks in fulfillment of the JFC mission. The Combat Operations Division (COD) is responsible for monitoring and executing the current ATO (i.e., todays war). Timely coordination between the COD and tasked WOCs is essential to the conduct of effective, efficient aerospace operations. The responsibilities and duties of the COD when its communications or capabilities are degraded will be addressed in theater and/or campaign OPLANs. The COD is also the focal point for monitoring the execution of joint and combined operations, such as Joint Air Attack Team (JAAT), TMD, and Joint Suppression of Enemy Air Defense (JSEAD) supported by theater forces. The ISR Division is responsible, in conjunction with the CPD and COD, for planning and executing airborne ISR operations and providing combat ISR support to aerospace planning, execution, and assessment activities. The ISRD is lead by the Chief of ISR (CISR) who has overall authority and responsibility for the ISR process within the KAOC. The CISR should typically be an officer with extensive ISR expertise who will report to the KAOC Director. The Air Mobility Division plans, coordinates, tasks, and executes the theater air mobility mission. As one of the five divisions of the KAOC that reports to the KAOC Director, the AMD mission is to provide for integration and support of all air mobility missions. The DIRMOBFOR is responsible for integrating the total air mobility effort for the COMAFFOR or CFACC and, in this capacity, provides direction to the AMD to execute the air mobility mission. The Chief of AMD ensures the AMD works as an effective division of the KAOC in the aerospace planning and execution process. Under the direction of the DIRMOBFOR, the AMD coordinates with the JFC movement requirements and control authority (e.g., Joint Movement Center [JMC]), the theater AMOCC (if established), and the AMC Tanker Airlift Control Center (TACC). The AMD will task intra-theater air mobility forces through wing and unit command posts when those forces operate from permanent home bases and maintain an acute awareness of the AEW, Aerospace Expeditionary Group (AEG), or WOC.

16

(2.) ITO Development. (a.) The ITO is the primary tool used by the CACC to perform the deliberate/preplanned part of his duties as the Airspace Control Authority (ACA). The presence of air mission on the ITO, whether tasked by the CACC or the result of the merging of scheduled mission by other air capable components, satisfies the requirements for coordination with other potentially affected commanders. For more information see CFC Pub 3-4.1, Targeting Operations-Korea. (b.) Requests for army aviation missions requiring inclusion into the ITO for Mode III IFF/SIF Codes, will be made at the earliest time possible, but arrive at BCD plans not later than 0600I hours the day prior to mission execution for input onto the next day's ITO/ACO utilizing the Aircraft Voice Template (See Chapter VII). Requests for CFACC support, such as EW assets, will be in accordance with the requirements in Chapter V, "Force Enhancement" in this publication. (c.) Due to the limited number of Mode III IFF/SIF Codes, priorities of code assignment will be limited to; (i) Deep attack aircraft/Special Operations aircraft/Command and Control aircraft. (ii) MEDEVAC aircraft. (iii) Other Army aircraft which missions dictate inclusion onto the ITO and needing individual Mode III IFF/SIF transponder code assignment. (d.) The ITO is published at 1800I hrs daily, and is effective for a 24-hour period the next day from 0600I hrs to 0559I hrs. Transponder assignments can be found in the ITO on each aircraft mission line. Components receive the ITO using TBMCS, AFATDS and/or GCCS-K. (3) BCD Plans Section ensures CGCCs target nominations are deconflicted throughout the ITO planning process. (4) Component Liaison Elements; (a) Battlefield Coordination Detachment (BCD) (b) Joint Special Operations Liaison Elements (JSOLE) (c) Marine Liaison Officer (MARLO) (d) Naval and Amphibious Liaison Element (NALE)

17

b. Master Control and Reporting Center (MCRC), located in the KAOC conducts radar control and early warning operations. MCRC conducts continuous operations by both ROK/US personnel: Its functions include: (1) Performing as KTACS senior radar element. (2) Directing region/sector air defense; interfaces with CGCC Air Defense Artillery Assets (Patriot) and issues Air Defense Warnings. (3) Provides threat warnings, aircraft guidance and monitoring, assistance in relaying mission changes, and conducts positive aircraft identification.

c. Control and Reporting Centers (CRC) and Control and Reporting Post (CRP)
are subordinate to the MCRC. These radar control stations perform surveillance, identification, air defense, and air control functions in their assigned subsectors, and transfer radar data to the MCRC. When required, they assume higher-level radars mission (e.g., a CRC performing MCRCs mission). There are two operational CRCs and nine operating CRPs.

d. ROK-US CFC Battlefield Coordination Detachment (BCD) facilitates the

synchronization of air operations with CGCC operations by coordinating air power to support the CGCCs schemes of maneuver and fire and the exchanging of operational and intelligence data. This US led, ROK supported Army unit is collocated with the CAOC at Osan Air Base. BCD subordinate sections provide close and continuous liaison with CAOC and other CAOC liaison sections (Figure 3-3). The BCD receives CFC and CGCC guidance, objectives, and priorities and ensures that the CACC is aware of the CGCCs intent, schemes of maneuver, fires, and requirements for air support.

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CACC KAOC o BCD BCD OPS COI

INTEL

CGCC CGCC

PLAN PLAN A2C2 CIAD

PLAN
WING

AIRLIFT CAMD
INTEL

OPS OPS
ADA

(US)

WING GLOs BCOs

(ROK)

------:Liaison: Liaison

Figure 3-3 KAOC/BCD Interface

For a more detailed discussion on the MCRC refer to Air Component Command Regulation (ACCR) 55-20(S) Tactical Air Control and Employment Procedures in Korea. (1) Functions and Manning. A US Army Colonel commands the BCD and a ROK Army Colonel serves as his deputy. The BCD has four sections: Operations, Plans, Intelligence, and Tactical Airlift. The Operations Section contains operations, intelligence, Air Defense Artillery, and Army Airspace Command and Control (A2C2) personnel. The Plans Section contains plans and intelligence personnel. The Tactical Airlift section receives and processes approved CGCC airlift requests for fixed wing tactical airlift support and serves as BCD's special liaison section to the DIRMOBFOR-K. The Intel section subdivides its support to the operations and plans section by dedicating support to operations through the Intel Fusion section and Plans Intel section. Intel supports Airlift section by an "as needed basis. (2) Commander, BCD: (a) Serves as the senior CGCC representative in the KAOC. (b) Serves as the CGCCs CTB executive board representative. (c) Commands BCD-K.

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(3) Plans Section. (a) Collocates with CACC Combat Plans Divison and Targeting / BDA Team in the KAOC. (b) Relays, interprets, and coordinates CGCC air support requests via the ITO process in the KAOC. Coordinates and deconflicts CGCC target nominations with other component representatives. (c) Links the "Decide-Detect-Deliver-Assess" (D3A) methodology to the joint six step targeting process. (d) Conducts operational and tactical target development. (e) Monitors the joint targeting weaponeering and force application processes. (f) ITO development. (4) Plans-Intelligence Section: co-locates with BCD Plans: (a) Provides enemy ground order of battle information; and assists CACC interpreting that information; validates CGCC nominated targets. (b) Facilitates the exchange of intelligence data. (5) Tactical Airlift Section: collocates with the Combined Air Mobility Division (CAMD) and: (a) Receives, process, coordinates and monitors CGCC approved tactical fixed wing airlift missions. (b) Monitors the publication, distribution, and execution of the airlift portion of the ITO. (6) Operations Section. The Operations Section co-locates with the Combat Operations and: (a) Monitors current ITO execution and coordinates mission changes. (b) Keeps the CACC and his staff informed of the current ground situation and changes to objectives, priorities, nominated targets, and FSCMs. (c) Coordinates Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS)/Hyun Mu surface-tosurface missile strikes beyond the Fire Support Coordination Line (FSCL).

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(7) Intelligence-Ops Section: collocates with BCD Operations : (a) Monitors and ensures timely processing of JSTARS Ground Station Module (GSM) tracks. (b) Validates CGCC nominated targets prior to attack. (c) Processes immediate air reconnaissance and EW requests. (d) Keeps the CACC and his staff informed of the current ground intelligence picture. (8) The Air Defense Artillery (ADA) Section: co-locates with Combat Operations and: (a) Coordinates air defense and theater missile operations, with the CAOC. (b) Coordinates changes in rules of engagement, identification procedures, air defense warning, ADA employment and deployment, and reporting requirements. (c) Nominates the targets to support TMO battle and facilitates early warning. (9) Army Airspace Command and Control (A2C2) Section: co-locates with Combat Operations and Combat Plans Divison of KAOC: (a) Integrates CGCC airspace user activities with the KAOC, and in conjunction with BCD Plans section provides input to the Airspace Control Order (ACO) portion of the ITO. (b) Deconflicts airspace for firing of surface-to-surface missiles. (c) Coordinates army airspace requirements with the KAOC. (10) Field Army Liaison Officers (FALNOs) (a) Armistice (1) Coordinate CAS training missions. (2) Facilitate the units Pre-ITO target nominations to CTB. (b) Wartime (1) Facilitates field army target nominations in the CTB process. (2) Request and coordinate emergency target strikes. (3) Relay field army requests for preplanned CAS, ACMs and FSCMs. (4) Provide ground situation information to the BCD. (5) Provide CACC status to their respective field army.

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(11) BCD ROK and US Executive Officers: The BCD ROK and US XOs are the CGCC representatives to the CACC Strategy Division. Based on analysis and the CINCs guidance the Combined Synchronization Effects Cell provides the commanders intent, guidance, objectives, and priorities for air support, fire support coordination measures, and future GCC concepts to the KAOC. e. US Army Ground Liaison Officers (GLOs) and ROK Army Battlefield Coordination Officers (BCOs) augment the BCD. They provide Wing Operations Centers (WOCs) with ground order of battle information scheme of maneuver and fire, commanders intent and pass to the BCD selected poststrike intelligence and bomb damage assessment. US Army GLOs are located with the USAF fighter wings, and ROK Army BCOs are located at ROKAF fighter wings. f. Wing Operations Centers (WOCs) are the wing commanders operational centers that control resources, direct operations, and receive orders from CACC through the CAOC. g. Air Support Operations Centers (ASOCs) coordinate and direct air operations in support of ground forces. Specifically, ASOCs: (1) Process immediate CAS and TARS (Tactical Air Reconnaissance and surveillance) requests for CGCC units. (2) Provide subordinate CGCC commanders advice and assistance on applying air power. (3) Act as net control station for the Air Force Air Request Net. (4) Establish and monitor the in-flight reporting net and pass information to the CAOCs CAS duty officer. (5) Manage CAS and counterfire missions flow IAW CGCC priorities. (6) Coordinate and deconflict fires with army fire support personnel. (7) Coordinate and deconflict airspace measures with army counterparts. FOOTNOTE: CACC also mans the TROKA West and Central ASOCs via personnel assigned to the 607th Air Support Operations Group (ASOG). Day to day, TROKA central ASOC is manned by the 604th Air Support Operations Squadron (ASOS) and resides at Camp Red Cloud.

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h. Tactical Air Control Parties (TACPs) are composed of Air Liaison Officers (ALOs), Enlisted Terminal Air Controllers (ETACs), and Tactical Air Command and Control Specialists (TACCS). In CFC, there are no combined TACP units, US and ROK TACPs operate independently of each other. In Korea, USAF TACPs are attached to the US Army at the Battalion, Brigade, and Division levels. The ROKAF provides TACPs to the Brigade, Division, and Field Army level. TACPs advise Army ground commanders on the capabilities and limitations of available aerospace assets. TACPs also request Immediate Close Air Support (ICAS) on the Air Force Air Request Net (AFARN). TACPs are also responsible for the final control of all CAS assets unless delegated to the FAC(A). The ALO is normally a qualified ground Forward Air Controller (FAC) and determines what asset (ALO, ETAC) will provide terminal attack control of the fighters operating in his supported units area of responsibility. Assist Ground Force Commander Regarding Air Operations. i. Forward Air Controller (FAC), is an officer or enlisted TAC who, from a forward ground or airborne position, controls aircraft in close support of ground troops and provides terminal attack control. The FAC can operate on foot, from a High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), tracked vehicles, or from fixed or rotary winged aircraft. 3. USAF AUGMENTING TACS ELEMENTS -- AIRBORNE ELEMENTS OF THE TACS (AETACS). AWACS, ABCCC, and JSTARS comprise the AETACS and among the first systems deployed to Korea in the event of hostilities. CINCCFC exercises C2 of these systems through the CACC and the ITO process. a. AWACS provides an airborne C2 capability which extends radio and radar coverage beyond the capability of KTACS ground elements. It operates in conjunction with KTACS or autonomously. In conjunction with KTACS, AWACS interfaces with, and augments the elements of command operations management, air surveillance and control, and air support coordination and control. Autonomously, it performs air and sea surveillance, weapons control, limited airborne battle management; and ROKAF scramble and interceptor control functions. b. ABCCC provides airborne C2 to CFC aircraft in forward battle areas. By monitoring current target information and the threat, receiving direction from the CACC, it commits or diverts airborne attack aircraft in accordance with ACC OPLAN. ABCCC monitors the ground situation and provides the CAOC with intelligence data. Within its assigned area of responsibility, ABCCC can perform limited ASOC, CAOC and/or special operations functions.

23

(1) As an airborne ASOC, ABCCC possesses the necessary intelligence data and communications links, to effect attack control. (2) As an airborne CAOC, ABCCC provides non-radar advisory/procedural control, threat warnings, air rescue assistance, aircraft diverts, and mission control. Additionally, it can provide an alternative means of maintaining communications with ALOs, FACs, airborne aircraft, and higher echelon command and control. (3) As support for special/contingency operations, ABCCC can be employed as an airborne command element. As a command element, ABCCC can receive, analyze, display, or relay the current air-ground situation to a force commander. c. JSTARS provides the theater with a digitized radar ground picture that can detect and track moving enemy ground forces and slow moving aircraft. The system has both an air and ground element. The aircraft and associated radar comprise the air element. The ground element, known as a Ground Station Module (GSM), is a vehicular mounted platform that receives and disseminates the air elements information. For further information refer to Theater OPLAN.

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SECTION II THE COMBINED GROUND COMPONENTS ARMY AIR-GROUND SYSTEM (AAGS) 1. GENERAL. The CGCC initiates, receives, processes, passes and executes air support requests through AAGS. Commanders coordinate this effort through their respective G3/S3s at their Command Post (CP) operations centers. Current ROK/US doctrine requires that corps through brigade maneuver units establish tactical, main and rear CPs. The majority of AAGS functions take place at the main CP. CGCC AAGS functions include (Figure 3-4): fire support, A2C2, Air Defense, and other liaison and coordination.

JSTARS

CFC

GCC
II ADA X ADA CJ3 CRC BCD XXXX ARMY FSE A2C2 TACP ASOC FALNO

ACC

XX DIV II BN FSE TACP X BDE FSE TACP FSE A2C2 TACP

XXX CORPS FSE A2C2 TACP ASOC

CAOC

AIR REQUESTED NET

Note:

US Organization Only

Figure 3-4 Army Air-Ground System (AAGS)

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CGCC a. CGCCs primary AAGS actions are receiving, analyzing, processing and passing pre-planned air support requests; CAS distribution to the Field Armies and the allocation of deep operations resources. These actions occur through AAGS. The CGCC receives the CAS distribution recommendation from CGCC Ground Operations (Close Battle) cell at CP TANGO, and directs CAS distribution to the field armies. Additionally, CGCC issues operational targeting guidance through the CESC. Once disseminated, the CAS distribution and operational targeting guidance prioritize the AAGS effort. b. CJ3: (1) Synchronizes combined/joint operational fires with the scheme of maneuver. (2) Plans targeting objectives and priorities for input to the CTB through the BCD. (3) Monitors air defense and A2C2 activities. 3. AAGS SUPPORTING FUNCTIONS: a. Fire Support employs indirect fire weapons, armed aircraft (less attack helicopters), and other lethal and non-lethal means against ground targets in support of maneuver force operations. Commanders employ fires to support their scheme of maneuver, mass firepower, and delay, disrupt, or destroy enemy forces in depth. The Fire Support Coordinator (FSCOORD) is the Commanders fire support staff principle at corps and below and operates through a Fire Support Element (FSE) collocated with the operations CP. The FSCOORD plans and coordinates surface target engagements, target acquisition, counterfire, and deception operations. At Corps through Brigade / Regiment level, the units artillery commander serves as the FSCOORD. ELEMENT Corps Division Brigade / Regiment FSCOORD Corps Artillery Commander (BG/O7) Division Artillery Commander (COL/O6) Direct Support, Artillery Commander (LTC/O5)

FSCOORDs are not found at field army or theater level. At the field army, the Fire Support Division (FSD), supervised by the Chief, FSD (BG/07) performs fire support functions. At theater, the CJG3s Fire Support Branch (FSB), supervised by Chief, FSB (COL/06), performs the fire support mission. AAGS fire support representatives and associated cells exist at all levels, and are collocated with their corresponding KTACS element.

26

b. Army Airspace Command and Control (A2C2) accomplishes four airspace control activities: C2, air defense, fire support coordination, and air traffic control. Due to the large number of airspace users and a landmass less than 150 miles wide, A2C2 is critical. The system provides the ground commander flexibility through procedural control and a degree of safety through coordinated airspace deconfliction. Units subordinate to CGCC will coordinate airspace control requests with CACC through the CGCC A2C2 element at the CGCC CESC A2C2 element will forward airspace measure requests to the BCD for CACC approval. c. Air Defense fires defend the force and selected high value areas. CGCC air defense elements play key roles in counter air (CA) and missile operations, and are integrated with AAGS. CACC, as the Area Air Defense Commander (AADC), has OPCON of selected CGCC high-medium altitude air defense (HIMAD) systems (specifically Patriot and Nike Hercules systems), coordinating and integrating their use in response to enemy air and missile threats. Additionally, he develops, coordinates, and promulgates air defense rules of engagement, issues weapons control status and air defense warnings. Other AAGs ADA elements are: (1) The BCD ADA Section is the senior CGCC ADA liaison element and provides liaison between the CJG3 Air Defense Branch and the CAOC (HTACC). (2) Air Defense Artillery (ADA) Liaison Officers. CGCC provides air defense LNOs (Patriot/Nike-Hercules) to the KAOC to assist in rapid airborne and surface target engagements. They conduct liaison between their HIMAD units and the MCRC. (3) ADA brigades are linked with the MCRC and provide operational C2 for subordinate battalions. (4) ADA battalions execute firing orders. d. Other AAGS Liaison and Coordination Elements. (1) The 164th ATS Group of the 17th (US) Aviation Brigade provides A2C2 Liaison Officers to the CAOC in support of the BCD. These LNOs coordinate unit specific airspace user requests from the CGCC A2C2 element and augment the BCD A2C2 section in the HTACC (Figure 3-5).

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CMEF

CUWTF

GCC
CP TANGO ATS

ACA
BCD ATS

NCC
FROKA
XXXX

SROKA
XXXX

TROKA
XXXX

CAF
XX

6CAV
X

ATS

ATS

ATS

2ID
XX
ATS

ATS

ATS

Figure 3-5 A2C2 Liaison Structure (2) Field Army Liaison Officers (FALNOs). FALNOs exchange operational information and track field army air support requests. FALNOs are ROK army officers and they work with the BCD Operations and Plans Branches in the KAOC. (3) The ROK Army provides Hyun Mu Liaison Officers to the KAOC. (4) Joint Special Operations Liaison Element (JSOLE). CUWTF provides KAOC LNOs to coordinate and deconflict special operations. (5) JSTARS Ground Station Module (GSM) teams. CGCC provides JSTARS GSM teams to components as required. These vehicular mounted teams are capable of receiving the JSTARS aircraft downlink and provide components with targeting and surveillance data.

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SECTION III
COMBINED MARINE FORCES COMMAND AIR COMMAND AND CONTROL SYSTEM (MACCS) 1. GENERAL. MACCS provides the marine aviation combat commander (ACE CDR) the personnel, equipment, facilities, and procedures required for effective command, control, and coordination of all Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF) air operations (Figure 3-6). Like KTACS it is used to plan, coordinate and direct air operations within an assigned area of responsibility. The Marine Aircraft Wing (MAW) provides the majority of the personnel and equipment needed to establish the MACCS.

CFC

TAC(A)

DASC(A)

CMFC
MAGTF/MEF

ACC

FSCC
FAC(A) ASC(A)

MAW TACC TADC SQDNS

XX II BN FSCC TACP
TACTICAL AIR REQUEST NET

III REG FSCC TACP

DIV FSCC DASC TACP TAOC

CAOC

MARLO/MLE

Figure 3-6 Marine Air Command and Control System (MACCS)

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2. MACCS ELEMENTS. a. Tactical Air Command Center (TACC) is the senior MACCS agency that serves as the ACE CDRs operational CP. It provides the facility from which the ACE CDR and battle staff plan, supervise, coordinate, and execute all current and future MAGTF air operations. Found within the TACC are two primary sections: future operations and current operations. CMFC plans future operations, then develops and disseminates the MAGTF Air Tasking Order (ATO). When Marine Air is TACON, CACC the Marines adjust as approved by the CACC. If operations require independent Marine Air with no sorties TACON, to CACC the MAGTF commander retains control of his own organic air power. b. Tactical Air Direction Center (TADC) is established during amphibious operations and functions as the senior MACCS agency before the transfer of control ashore. Its organization and capabilities mirror the TACC and differ only in scope, size, and location of control. Once the MAGTF assumes control of all air operations, the TADC becomes the TACC. c. Tactical Air Operations Center (TAOC) is the MAGTF's principal air defense C2 agency. Subordinate to the TACC, it is the senior radar agency providing decentralized execution and control of aircraft and missiles. The TAOC conducts air defense and airspace control within an assigned sector. Additionally, it can operate as an alternate TACC for limited periods. d. Direct Air Support Center (DASC) is the principal air control agency responsible for the direction of air operations directly supporting ground forces. Subordinate to the TACC, it is collocated with the senior Fire Support Coordination Center (FSCC) and is normally the first air-ground control agency ashore. Like the KTACS ASOC, it processes and coordinates air missions requiring integration with ground forces, including CAS, assault support, and designated air reconnaissance missions. e. Direct Air Support Center-Airborne (DASC-A) supplements the DASC. Used when the terrain or expanse of the AOR inhibits line of sight communications. Physically, it is a specifically configured KC-130 aircraft that uses a manual system and does not have ABCCC digital capabilities. f. Tactical Air Coordinator Airborne (TAC [A]) performs as an airborne extension of the TACC or DASC and provides airspace coordination and coordinates the aircraft employment with other supporting arms.

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g. Assault Support Coordinator Airborne (ASC [A]) serves as an airborne extension of the DASC in support of the air mission commander. ASC-A coordinate airspace and assault support operations, movement of aircraft through airspace, and CAS supporting helicopter assault operations. h. Forward Air Controller Airborne (FAC [A]) serves as an airborne extension of the ground air controller whose primary function is to provide terminal CAS control. i. Tactical Air Control Party (TACP) is an organic element from division to battalion. Primarily a TACP provides terminal control for supporting aircraft. TACPs also act as air advisors to the maneuver units and assist in the submission of preplanned and immediate air support requests. j. Liaison and Coordination. (1) Fire Support Coordination Centers (FSCCs) are established at Division, Regimental, and Battalion levels. They coordinate all forms of fire support. The FSCC is organized and supervised by a fire support coordinator (FSC) under the G3/S3. Normally, each FSCC has an artillery liaison element, a TACP, and other liaison support teams. Fire support coordination at the MAGTF level is performed by the Force Fires Coordination Center (FFCC) and is supported by a dedicated target intelligence element. The MAGTF FFCC: (a) Provides input on the apportionment of aviation assets. (b) Conducts targeting functions to meet the COMCMFC intent. (c) Establishes and disseminates reporting requirements, FSCMs, and procedures. (d) Established liaison with the CGCC DOCC. d (2) Marine Liaison Elements (MLEs) may deploy to the MCRC to integrate and coordinate Marine operations with the CACCs Airspace Management Section (AMLS) and the air defense liaison section for coordinating airspace and air defense matters. MLEs can also be deployed to ASOCs for integrating and coordinating air support missions.

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SECTION IV
COMBINED NAVAL COMPONENTS TACTICAL AIR CONTROL SYSTEM (NTACS) 1. GENERAL. NTACS is a relatively small component of the theaters air-ground system. It is the organizational structure within which the Commander of the Amphibious Task Force (CATF) executes air operations in the AOA. Various elements of the system (Figure 3-7) are activated based upon the CATFs needs for C2 of the force, forces assigned, and physical space limitations. When the NTACS is used in conjunction with the MACCS, it forms the amphibious tactical air control system. 2. NTACS ELEMENTS.

a. Naval Tactical Air Control Center (TACC) is the primary air control agency from which all air operations supporting the amphibious operations are controlled. It is generally established afloat aboard the CATFs flagship and controls air support and AAW forces in the AOA until control is passed to the Commander, Landing Force (CLF). The TACC is divided into five sections: air traffic control, air support control, helicopter coordination, anti-air warfare, and plans and support.

C FC

N CC
CTF
TA C S CC A
TAD H

ACC

CA C O
FAAW C SAAW C LAAW C N ALE

Figure 3-7 Combined Naval Tactical Air Control System (NTACS)

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b. Tactical Air Direction Center (TADC) An air operations installation under overall control of the tactical air control center (afloat)/tactical air command center, from which aircraft and air warning services functions of tactical air operations in an area of responsibility are detected. c. Force Anti-Air Warfare Commander (FAAWC) has tactical control (TACON) over all airborne warning and control aircraft, long-range surface-to-air missile capable ships and AAW aircraft. d. Sector Anti-Air Warfare Commander (SAAWC) is subordinate to FAAWC and has TACON of surface-to-air weapons and assigned fighters within its the sector. e. Local Anti-Air Warfare Coordinator (LAAWC) has a smaller area of responsibility than the SAAWC and coordinates AAW effort for ships that are not tactical digital information link capable. f. Liaison and Coordination Elements: (1) Supporting Arms Coordination Center (SACC) is located aboard an amphibious command ship, close to the TACC. SACC is the naval counterpart to the Marine FFCC/FSCC. The SACC supports the TACC by exercising the responsibility for overall coordination of supporting fires. (2) Naval and Amphibious Liaison Element (NALE) assist in integrating naval forces with the CACC. NCC Liaison units supplies Naval Liaison officers to the HTACC. (3) Air Officers (AOs) are supplied to Marine units to assist in the integration of naval aviation support with amphibious operations.

33

3. AIR CONTROL AND PASSAGE OF CONTROL ASHORE. a. Air Control. Initially, the CATF controls air operations and exercises airspace control through the Navy TACC. Air control is phased ashore as MACCS elements become functional. Initial elements of the MACCS land with the assault elements of the Landing Force (LF). These elements include FACs and Stinger teams. As follow-on forces of the LF are established ashore, additional assets phase ashore, to include DASC, FSCC, Hawk firing units and EW/C radar capabilities. Initially, air control agencies ashore operate as an adjunct to agencies afloat. The CATF decides when to pass authority from agencies afloat to agencies ashore based on the ability of agencies ashore to conduct viable operations, the tactical air situation and CLF recommendation. As the MACCS becomes functional, the CATF may pass control (delegate authority) over various parts of the operation to CLF. Control agencies afloat continue to monitor communication circuits and are capable of resuming control if required. b. Ground Control is established when the MAGTF command element is ashore and functional. CLF submits a request to the CATF to assume responsibility for air-ground operations, when the CATF gives approval, command and control air and ground operations in the AOA are conducted by the MAGTF. After this the Navy TACC and SACC (both afloat) revert to a back-up status for the functional MACCS/FSCC. 4. CUWTF INTERFACE. CUTWF commander provides the TAGS with JSOLE to fulfill special operations coordination and liaison requirements. Located at the CAOC (HTACC), this element provides near-real-time mission support and deconfliction of CUWTF forces with the CACC, and when applicable with other components deep fires/operations. 5. CONCLUSION. Component elements are combined to form the TAGS as depicted in Figure 3-8.

34

CFC
JSTARS ABCCC AWACS

ACC GCC

FAC(A)/TAC(A) CRC CRE CCT X ADA XXXX ARMY FSE A2C2 TACP ASOC MCRC

NCC CMFC CUWTF

BCD NALE MARLO JSOLE AME SLO WOC GLO/BCO FALNO

CAOC

II BN FSE TACP

X BDE FSE TACP

XX DIV FSE A2C2 TACP

XXX CORPS FSE A2C2 TACP ASOC

AIR REQUESTED NET

CTF
TAC(A) DASC(A)

TACC
MAGTF/MEF

SACC TADC

FFCC
FAC(A) ASC(A)

MAW XX DIV TACC TADC SQDNS

FAAWC SAAWC LAAWC

REF: US Only

II BN FSCC TACP

III REG FSCC TACP

FSCC DASC TACP TAOC

AIR REQUESTED NET

Figure 3-8 Theater Air-Ground System (TAGS)

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CHAPTER IV FORCE APPLICATION - CLOSE AIR SUPPORT (CAS) 1. GENERAL. Aerospace missions that involve the use of force fall under the force application role. Force application missions are conducted independently of, in concert with, or in support of surface operations. This chapter addresses Close Air Support (CAS), and describes the request procedures and command and control for each. 2. CAS is defined as air action by fixed wing and rotary wing aircraft against hostile targets that are in close proximity to friendly forces and which require detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and maneuver of those forces. CAS is employed in direct support of CGCC, CNCC, CMFC, or CUWTF units and requires supported unit commander clearance to employ ordnance. There are three important aspects of CAS in CFC: types of requests, component-specific support, and terminal attack control.

CAS
Preplanned CAS Requests Immediate CAS requests

Scheduled Request PUSH

On-call Request PULL

Figure 4-1: Types of Close Air Support Requests

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3. CAS Requests. CAS begins with a request for CAS from a maneuver commander. The commander identifies situations where CAS can enhance mission accomplishment by augmenting organic fire support and maneuver assets. There are two types of CAS requests: Preplanned and Immediate. Refer to Figure 4-1. a. Preplanned (within the 24-hour rolling ITO cycle). Those CAS requirements foreseeable early enough to be included in the ITO are forwarded as preplanned requests to KAOC Combat Plans. All CAS missions published in the ITO are generated by preplanned requests. Preplanned requests are filled through two types of missions: scheduled or on-call. (1) Scheduled missions require the requesting unit to identify the target type, target location, and the desired Time on Target (TOT) in advance. Scheduled missions offer greater opportunity for effective integration and synchronization with the planned operations of the requesting unit. Also, there is a higher likelihood that the aircraft will have the proper weapons load for the assigned targets. (2) On-call missions identify an anticipated requirement for CAS to be available during a period of time, with the exact time and place to be coordinated as the battle develops. On-call CAS allows the commander to indicate a time frame, probable target type, and place where the need for CAS is most likely. On-call aircraft are configured with the proper ordnance for anticipated targets and maintain an alert status for a specified period of time. On-call missions can specify either airborne (push) or ground (pull) alert. (a) Airborne alert missions are CAS missions/aircraft pushed forward from Wing Operations Centers (WOC) to Rear Orbit Points (ROP) awaiting tasking by an ASOC. (b) Ground alert missions are CAS missions with aircraft on ground alert status awaiting tasking through the WOC from either the KAOC or the ASOC (when scramble authority is decentralized). b. Immediate requests for CAS (outside the 24-hour rolling ITO cycle). Immediate requests respond to developments on a dynamic battlefield and were not identified early enough to allow detailed coordination and planning for inclusion in the ITO. Immediate requests for CAS access airborne or ground alert CAS missions on the ITO that were previously generated by preplanned requests or are diverted from other units. Immediate requests for CAS are passed up the through CACC channels. One type of immediate request is emergency CAS, where a qualified Air Liaison Officer, FAC, or Enlisted Terminal Attack Controller is not available to provide attack control.

37

4. CGCC CAS. a. CGCC Preplanned Request for CAS Request Procedures. (1) Preplanned requests for CAS are initiated at battalion level or higher on DD Form 1972/ACC Form 1 (Chapter VII), and passed up the AAGS.

(2) With a fast moving FLOT, division and higher Army TOCs may not know specific target locations or the final TACP controller at the time of the request. Requesting units may use center of mass coordinates or a specific OP/CP from which CAS assets could be funneled by a FAC and/or ASOC to support anticipated maneuvers. Item 8- Remarks on CACC Form 1 is used to identify particular requirements.
(3) Requests are transmitted over AAGS communication nets until they reach the field army TOC. Each level consolidates approved requests into a single prioritized list with justification for target attack before transmission to the next higher level. Each field army then transmits a deconflicted and consolidated, prioritized list directly to the CGCC DOCC via secure communication device. (4) Requests must reach the respective CGCC DOCC NLT 2400 (I) hours three days prior to the requested ITO period for approval by CGCC Targeting Board. Approved pre-planned CAS targets are forwarded to BCD NLT 0500 (I) hours two days prior to execution with target information and updated NLT 0500 (I) hours one day prior to execution (Figure 4-2 depicts the CGCC CAS Planning Timeline). (5) Preplanned CAS requests (AIRSUPREQ) can also be submitted via the Advance Field Artillery Tactical Data System (AFATDS) USMTF format. For instructions on submitting AIRSUPREQ via AFATDS, see Software Users Manual for the TBMCS and AFATDS Interface or the AFATDS Operators Notebook. b. CGCC Immediate Request for CAS Procedures. Immediate requests for CAS may be initiated at any level and are transmitted up KTACS channels by ROKAF/USAF personnel at levels below field army. (1) Once the ITO is transmitted, ASOCs manage distributed CAS assets for their respective field army. (2) Unit Immediate requests for CAS are transmitted by voice using ACC Form 1/DD Form 1972 format over the Air Force Air Request Net (AFARN) directly to an ASOC collocated with a field army TOC. Special mission requirements are listed in Item 8- Remarks.

38

(3) Intermediate level TACPs monitor requests and coordinate with their respective TOC elements. Any intermediate TOC may disapprove a request or satisfy it with organic fires. When disapproved, the TOC coordinates with the collocated TACP, which enters the AFARN and cancels the request. (4) Upon receipt of a valid Immediate request for CAS, the ASOC either: scrambles ground alert aircraft directly through a WOC (when scramble authority is decentralized); commits CAS airborne alert aircraft; or with the affected ground commanders approval, diverts a lower priority scheduled CAS mission.

c. CGCC CAS Employment. Whether published on the ITO as scheduled or on-call, all CGCC CAS missions will proceed to a Rear Orbit Point (ROP) after takeoff and contact the ASOC. Once aircraft reach the ROP, the ASOC directs the aircraft to either a Forward Orbit Point (FOP) [with holding instructions]; FAC [with contact/target info]; or retask to Killbox/dump target. Figure 4-3 depicts the CGCC immediate CAS request and employment sequence. Note: all times local (I)
H-60 1800 H-48 0600 H-36 1800 H-24 0600 H-12 1800 H 0600 D

2400

1200 D-2

2400

1200 D-1

2400

D-3

x x y z { | } ~

yz

| }~

2200: Coordinate the desired level of effort and the preliminary distr ibution. 0500: CGCC Executive Targeting Board. CG approves recommended
level of effort and preliminary distribution.

0600: CGCC submits CAS level of effort and preliminary distribution to BCD Plans. 0800: CGCC receives CAS allocation from BCD Plans. Refines CAS distribution and distribute to field armies. 0001: Field Armies submit preplanned CAS requests. GCC consolidates l ists. 0500: CGCC Executive Targeting Board. CG recommended distribution. 0600: Submit CAS distribution and pre-planned requests to BCD Plans.

Figure 4-2: CAS Planning Timeline

39

d. CGCC CAS REDISTRIBUTION PROCEDURES. A field army may request that CGCC redistribute CAS. This action is requested from the affected field army to the CJ3 Operations Division Ground Forces Branch (GFB). GFB reviews the request and provides the CGCC with a staff recommendation. If approved, GFB notifies BCD Operations Branch, which coordinates with the Chief, Combat Operations Division and CAS Duty Officer to effect the change.

AIR ALERT(PUSH) CAS ITO TASK TRANSITION

AWACS CAOC/HTACC XXXX Field Army ASOC XXX CORPS XX DIV TACP ACA/Killbox X BDE / REGT TACP II BN
TACP/ FAC(A) REAR ORBIT POINT

ABCCC
AIR ALERT(PUSH) CAS ITO TASK TRANSITION GROUND ALERT(PULL) CAS ITO TASK TRANSITION

WOC TACP

MCRC
REAR ORBIT POINT Flight Lead Control

ASOC

TACP

Figure 4-3: CGCC IMMEDIATE CAS Request and Employment

40

5. SROKA (WHEN TACON TO CFC), CNCC, AND CUWTF CAS PROCEDURES.

a. SROKA/COMMZ units forward requests to the SROKA ASOC on ACC Form 1 or DD Form 1972. The SROKA TOC approves or denies the request based on available assets. If ground alert assets are available, the SROKA ASOC will request the mission be executed from the appropriate WOC. If assets are unavailable, then the SROKA ASOC requests a CAS divert through the CGCC DOCC where the course of action is determined then informs the field armies and BCD. BCD notifies the KAOC (CAS Duty Officer). The SROKA ASOC will then notify the requesting unit of approval or disapproval (Figure 4-4).

Divert ITO CAS

KAOC SROKA UNIT REQUESTED

ASOC

SROKA ASOC Request ITO Ground Alert (Pull) CAS

WOC

USA RAOC, USA REQUESTED

MCRC
REAR ORBIT POINT

SROKA TACP/AFAC

MCRC AWACS ABCCC

Figure 4-4: SROKA CAS Process - SROKA TACON to CFC

b. CNCC and CUWTF units forward their requests to the JSOLE who then pass them to the CAS Duty Officer. The CAS Duty Officer will coordinate with the SROKA ASOC to determine aircraft availability. The requesting unit is then notified of approval/disapproval.

41

6. SROKA/COMMZ CAS PROCEDURES (SROKA NOT UNDER CFC TACON). SROKA/COMMZ (when SROKA not TACON) CAS comes from CAOC controlled CAS. Requests are submitted by SROKA/COMMZ units and ROK or US installation defense forces as shown in Figure 4-5 using DD Form 1972/ACC Form1. Request procedures are:

Divert ITO CAS KAOC

Execution Cell Task ITO Ground Alert (Pull) CAS ASOC

SROKA UNIT REQUESTED

SROKA ASOC

WOC

USFK CP RAOC USFK Requests

MCRC REAR ORBIT POINT

SROKA TACP/AFAC

MCRCAWACS ABCCC

Figure 4-5: SROKA CAS Process - SROKA not TACON to CFC a. SROKA/COMMZ units or installations forward requests to the SROKA ASOC / CRAC CSCT #2 for evaluation. If internal assets are insufficient, SROKA ASOC requests CFC CAS assets through the BCD/CAS Duty Officer. b. Once the CAS Duty Officer receives the request, he tasks an appropriate WOC and notifies the requester.

42

7. CAS SUPPORT TO CAPITAL DEFENSE COMMAND (CDC) AREA. CDC and ROK installation defense forces submit ICAS requests as shown in Figure 4-6. The TROKA ASOC is responsible for prioritizing requests and tasking available FACs and mission assets. If assets are unavailable, then the TROKA ASOC requests a CAS divert through the KAOC (CAS Duty Officer).

Divert ITO CAS

KAOC Task/Divert ITO CAS

ASOC

CDC HQ REQUEST

TROKA ASOC
Task ITO CAS

WOC

MCRC

REAR ORBIT POINT

MCRC TROKA / CDC FAC ABCCC

AWACS

Figure 4-6: CAS Support to Capital Defense Command 8. CAS SUPPORT TO CNCC. CNCC CAS comes from KAOC controlled CAS. The requester forwards a CAS request to the assigned naval fleet headquarters, which relays it to the CNCC liaison team in the CAOC. If preplanned, the request is submitted via the CTB process. If immediate, the CNCC liaison team completes ACC Form 1 or DD Form 1972 and submits it to the CAS Duty Officer for execution (Figure 4-7). If KAOC assets are not available and the mission is deemed critical, then the CAS Duty Officer passes the request to the Chief Combat Operations Division and coordinates with the BCD Operations Officer for a CGCC CAS divert.

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CAS ITO TASK TRANSITIONS

KAOC NCC LIAISION CAS DO Task/Divert ITO CAS

ASOC

NCC REQUESTED

WING

MCRC

MASOC REAR ORBIT POINT

MCRC

AWACS

NCC Ship or FAC

ABCCC

Figure 4-7: CAS Support to CNCC a. Command and Control. The MCRC, Airborne Battlefield Command and Control Center (ABCCC), AWACS, or an Aegis Cruiser initially vectors mission aircraft. The Aegis, acting as a Maritime Air Support Operations Center (MASOC) can perform the same functions as the MCRC, ABCCC, AWACS and an ASOC by providing command and control of CACC CAS assets that are in support of CNCC. When acting as a MASOC, the Aegis is a KTACS extension subordinate to the KAOC. The MASOCs frequency is listed in the ITO or included in ACC Form 1 or DD Form 1972. b. Mission Procedures. Standard CAS control procedures are used for air strikes once mission aircraft and the requesting ship have established contact.

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9. CAS SUPPORT TO CUWTF. CUTWF CAS originates from KAOC controlled CAS. If preplanned, the request is submitted via the CTB process. If immediate, the JSOLE completes ACC Form 1 or DD Form 1972 and submits it to the CAS Duty Officer for execution (Figure 4-8). If KAOC assets are not available and the mission is deemed critical, then the CAS Duty Officer passes the request to the Chief, Combat Operations Division and coordinates with the BCD Operations Officer for a CGCC CAS divert. Figure 4-8: CAS Support to CUWTF

Divert ITO CAS

CUWTF HQ CUWTF Unit SFOB/NSWTG Field Army ASOC CUWTF Liaison CJSOAC/CAFSOB

KAOC JSOLE

ASOC

WOC
CAS DO
Task/Drivert ITO CAS

MCRC

CUWTF Team

Rear Orbit Point

MCRC AWACS

Target

ABCCC

10. AC-130 EMPLOYMENT CAPABILITIES. Capabilities. Within permissive environments (minimal enemy air defense threat), the AC-130 is an effective CAS, INT, and armed reconnaissance asset. It has the capability to aid in perimeter defense, escort, surveillance, search and rescue, infiltration/exfiltration, illumination, and landing zone support operations. Communication assets include two FM radios; one VHF radio; two UHF radios; two HF radios; and SATCOM radios. For detailed information on AC 130 operations, refer to CFC Publication3-3.4, AC-130 Operations Korea.

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11. CAS TERMINAL ATTACK CONTROL. The unit commander must consider many factors before committing to CAS employment. One important factor is the qualifications of the personnel providing terminal attack control.

a. Tactical Air Control Parties (TACP) or Special Tactics Teams (STT) SF and SEAL Teams normally have personnel qualified in terminal attack control as Forward Air Controllers (FAC). Qualified FACs are Air Liaison Officers (ALO), Enlisted Terminal Attack Controllers (ETAC), or FAC-Airborne (FAC (A)). SEAL and SF teams will receive familiarization training on terminal guidance for CAS. In wartime, they can control ECAS, if ECAS conditions are met. b. Emergency CAS (ECAS) is CAS execution conducted under emergency wartime conditions when a qualified FAC is not available to provide terminal attack control. In this situation, the personnel providing direction to CAS aircraft must be able to: (1) Communicate with the aircraft. (2) Be authenticated as a friendly. (3) Identify friendly positions. (4) Identify the enemy positions. (5) See the target. 12. CAS BATTLE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT (BDA). CAS BDA is normally provided to the supported unit by the TACP/FAC, which controlled the attack. The supported unit relays the initial BDA information through components to the Ground Component Commander Combined Analysis Control Center (GCC CACC). The AFAC provides CAS Summaries (CASUMs) and CAS Mission Reports (MISREPS) directly to the ASOC. The ITO SPINS tasks fighters to provide in-flight reports. Fighters may pass these reports directly to the ASOC or coordinate with the controlling TACP or FAC (A) to do so.

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13. APPORTIONMENT, ALLOCATION and DISTRIBUTION determine air employment priorities in support of theater objectives. a. Apportionment is the determination and assignment of the total expected air effort by percentage and/or priority that will be devoted to various air operations for a given period of time. It is a CINCCCFC responsibility and integral part of the targeting process. Apportionment starts when the CINCCFC issues guidance and sets priorities for plans and operations. In coordination with other component commanders, the CFACC develops an air apportionment priority plan represented by level of effort against CFACC objectives for CINCCFCs approval. b. Allocation is a translation of the apportionment decision into the distribution of the resources, in example the number of sorties, by aircraft type and unit, for each mission type available for each operation or task. It is a CFACC responsibility and begins with a numerical projection of the total available sorties. The apportionment level of effort is then applied to the pool of available sorties to arrive at the allocation. The final product is a breakout of the number of sorties to be flown by mission, aircraft type and unit. c. Distribution is that portion of the air effort that the CINCCFC has given the CGCC to support land operations - specifically Close Air Support (CAS). Distribution is a CGCC responsibility. Upon receipt of available CAS sorties the CGCC determines CAS priorities and distributes sorties by percentage of number to the field armies. All Field Army requests for CAS redistribution or changes to CAS percentages must be staffed through CJG3, Ground Forces Branch (GFB) for CGCC approval.

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CHAPTER V FORCE ENHANCEMENT 1. GENERAL. Multiplying combat effectiveness is an important responsibility in airground operations. Missions designed to enhance the mobility, lethality, survivability, or accuracy of land, sea, or air forces fulfills force enhancements. This chapter discusses four force enhancement missions: Tactical Theater Airlift, Electronic Warfare, Tactical Air Reconnaissance, and Psychological Operations. a. Tactical Theater Airlift transports personnel and material within theater by component aircraft without regard to surface obstacles. Theater Airlift provides air movement and delivery of combat forces and supplies directly into objective areas through airlanding, airdrop, or other delivery techniques. Additional airlift missions include: airborne assault, direct support, general support, ground force movement, resupply, and casualty evacuation. b. Electronic Warfare Operations (EW) is a military action involving the use of the electromagnetic or directed energy to control the electromagnetic spectrum. It is designed to retain the friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum while denying its use to the enemy. EW consists of electronic attack (EA), electronic support (ES) and electronic protection (EP) measures. EW is included in command and control warfare (C2W) and suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD) operations (For more detailed information refer to CFC Publication 3-4.3. Electronic Warfare Operations-K). c. Psychological Operations (PSYOP) influences or reinforces attitudes and behavior favorable to CFC objectives. PSYOP plans convey selected information and indicators to targeted audiences (See CUWTF OPS, CFC Pub 3-1.2). d. Tactical Air Reconnaissance (TARS) provides CFC with timely and essential intelligence information from airborne, and space based sensors. Its operations are directed toward localized or specific targets, target areas, or areas of interest. CACC provides TARS missions in response to preplanned or immediate requests from ground forces. These missions provide battle damage assessment, enemy force composition, activity and location movements, and other vital information.

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SECTION I TACTICAL THEATER AIRLIFT 1. TACTICAL AIRLIFT MISSIONS. a. Airborne Tactical theater airlift is usually divided between channel missions and special assignment airlift missions (SAAMs). Channel missions provide common-user general airlift service usually on relatively fixed schedules and route structures to satisfy recurring requirements such as STARs (Scheduled Theater Airlift Routes). SAAMs provide dedicated airlift for specific requirements usually at times, places, and in load configurations requested by a specific user. b. Most tactical airlift missions perform one of six basic tasks: 1. Deployment. Administrative or combat movement of personnel, units, and materiel into or within an area of responsibility or operations area before they engage in operations. 2. Employment. Combat movement of units as an integral part of their operations (e.g. airborne operations). 3. Routine Sustainment. Administrative air movement of materiel and personnel to reinforce or resupply forces already deployed and/or employed in operations. 4. Combat Sustainment. Combat movement of supplies, materiel, and personnel to reinforce or resupply units already engaged in combat operations. 5. Redeployment. Combat or administrative air movement of personnel, units, and materiel from deployed positions within area of responsibility. 6. Force Extraction. Combat air movement of personnel, units, and materiel from positions in the immediate vicinity of enemy forces. c. Backhaul Airlift. The efficient rearward movement of personnel, intelligence materials, mail, reparable items, wounded personnel, other friendly evacuees, and enemy prisoners of war. If circumstances permit, backhaul should be accomplished with remaining capacity that is not used by the primary movement. 2. TACTICAL THEATER AIRLIFT AGENCIES AND LIAISON FUNCTIONS. a. CFC Combined Transportation Board (CTB) reviews and deconflicts policies, priorities, and transportation apportionments beyond the authority of the Combined Transportation Movement Center (CTMC). The CTB consists of representatives from the Components, C3, C4, C5, and the CTMC. The C4 chairs and oversees actions of the CTB.

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b. CTMC is a ROK/US Combined Logistics Coordinating Agency (CLCA) under the staff supervision of the Assistant Chief of Staff, C4 ROK/US Combined Forces Command (CFC). CTMC is the single transportation manager responsible for coordinating transportation movements and assets in support of military and/or contingency operations. The CTMC coordinates and monitors in-country support to meet movement requirements of all forces in the Communications Zone (COMMZ) and between Field Armies. c. Combined Airlift Office (CALO) is the airlift movement branch within the CTMC. The CALO is the theater-level airlift validator. CALO coordinates all tactical theater airlift requirements ensuring the successful integration of transportation management and movement control during all phases of military operations. d. Director of Mobility Forces- Korea (DIRMOBFOR-K) is a USAF General Officer who deploys to the theater and directs theater airlift and refueling forces for the Commander, Air Component Command (CACC). (1) COMBINED AIR MOBILITY DIVISION (a) The Combined Air Mobility Division (CAMD) is headed by the Director of Mobility Forces (DIRMOBFOR) who plans and executes theater airlift missions in support of the theater OPLAN contingency operations. The CAMD is composed of the Air Mobility Element (AME), Combined Airlift Control Team (CALCT), Air refueling Control Team (ARCT), and the Air Mobility Control Team (AMCT). The AME is the forward deployed extension of the Tanker Airlift Control Center at Scott AFB, Illinois for the command and control of strategic mobility aircraft supporting contingency operations. All strategic mobility aircraft remain under the Air Mobility Command. TACON of selected aircraft may be given (by AMC) to the theater for specific tasking. (b) The CALCT is responsible for tasking all theater airlift provisional wings and ROKAF airlift wings via the ITO. Specific-user requirements must flow from users, to component validators, to CTMC, then to the CALO, who validates at the combined level and forwards the theater airlift requests to the CALCT for planning, tasking, and execution. The CALCT develops missions and integrates them into the ITO cycle for normal ITO distribution. The ROK DEP-DIRMOBFOR controls the Korean airlift assets. (c) The Air Mobility Element Control Team (AMCT) is responsible for theater-wide command and control of theater airlift missions. The AMCT monitors airfield status and mission execution to maintain an effective aircraft flow. Based on the unfolding scenario, the AMCT will recut, cancel, and add missions to meet the changing situation.

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(d) The Air Refueling Control Team (ARCT) provides In-Theater Command and Control of strategic Air Mobility Air Refueling Operations for TACC. OPCON of these tankers conducting Air Bridge operations remains with the TACC. Tankers chopped to the theater are tasked, planned, and executed by 607th CPS/DOJ and the Execution Cell in the CAOC. (e) The Air Mobility Element (AME) is AMCs forward deployed extension of the Tanker Airlift Control Center (TACC) at Scott AFB, Illinois. The AME is responsible for in-theater command and control of all strategic air mobility missions. The DIRMOBFOR exercises TACON of the deployed AME, OPCON remains with AMC. The AME will react to the changing situation in concert with the TACC to recut, cancel, and coordinate additional missions to maintain an effective strategic airflow. Ultimate mission responsibility remains with the TACC and AMC retains OPCON of all assigned assets. (f) The CAMD uses extensive command and control systems such as the Command and Control Information Processing System ([C2IPS]), Centralized Theater Automated Processing System ([CTAPS]), Global Command and Control System ([GCCS]), telephones, radios, etc. The vast majority of this equipment is deployed and setup by the AME. (g) The Combined Air Mobility Division Structure is shown on Figure 5-1
TRANSCOM/CC AMC/CC
THEATER PATIENT MOVEMETENT REQUIREMENT CENTER (TPMRC)

CACC

DIRMOBFOR (US) DEP DIRMOBFOR (ROK)

TANKER AIRLIFT CONTROL CENTER (AMC)

JOINT PATIENT MOVEMETENT REQUIREMENT CENTER (JPMRC)

COMBINED AIR MOBILITY DIVISION

AIR MOBILITY ELEMENT (USAF) (AMC) AIR REFUELING CONTROL TEAM

Chief of Air mobility dividosn (USAF) (AMC)

AIR MOBILITY CONTROL TEAM

AEROMEDICAL EVACUATION CONTROL TEAM

COMBINED AIRLIFT CONTROL TEAM

USAF STRATEGIC AIRLIFT ASSETS STRATEGIC AIR REFUELING ASSETS STRATEGIC AIRLIFT CHOPPED TO THEATER

ROKAF

TACTICAL AIRLIFT ASSETS

OPCON

TACON

Coordination

FIGURE 5-1: COMBINED AIR MOBILITY DIVISION STRUCTURE

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h. US Transportation Command Liaison Office (USTRANSCOM LNO) acts as liaison between CFC and TRANSCOM/Tanker Airlift Control Center (TACC). i. BCD Tactical Airlift Section facilitates, coordinates, and synchronizes pre-planned and immediate airlift requests with the CALO and the Combined Air Mobility Division (CAMD). Briefs the DIRMOBFOR-K and CAMD on the current status of Friendly / Enemy Order of Battle, ground logistics, and the CGCC airlift status. j. USAF Theater Airlift Liaison Officers (TALOs) and ROKAF Lift Duty Officers (LDOs) coordinate unit lift requests and provide all advance notification of immediate airlift requests to the CAMD through Air Force Channels. k. Special Tactics Team (STT), formerly Combat Control Team (CCT), establishes and operates navigational or terminal guidance aids, communications, and aircraft control facilities within an airborne objective area. 3. AIRLIFT REQUEST VALIDATORS are the command or component airlift representative who acts as the authorized point of contact for receiving, reviewing, and forwarding airlift requests to the CALO on behalf of a given command or component. Airlift validators should submit requests using CHQ Form 109EK via GCCS-K, message, or fax listed in the CINCUNC/CFC Logistics Plans and Procedures (LP&P). 4. THEATER AIRLIFT PRIORITIES for personnel and material movement are: a. Priority I- Tactical Emergency. Movement of personnel and material directly into combat. b. Priority II- Emergency Resupply. Movement of mission essential personnel and material to forces engaged in combat. c. Priority III- Combat Essential. Movement of personnel and material for forces not engaged in combat, but positioned in a state of readiness for immediate combat. d. Priority IV- Priority. Movement of material not destined for immediate combat with a Required Delivery Date (RDD) of less than 24 hours. e. Priority V- Routine. Movement of material with a RDD of more than 24 hours.

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5. PLANNED AIRLIFT REQUESTS are anticipated in advance and permit detailed coordination and planning within the normal air or integrated tasking order (ITO) cycle. Therefore, planned requests must be validated by the CALO and submitted to the CAMD at least 72 hours in advance of the projected movement. Most planned requests are handled through normal logistics channels. Channel missions and most SAAMs result from planned requests. 6. IMMEDIATE AIRLIFT REQUESTS. When airlift movement requirements are identified too late for normal ITO tasking cycle coordination, they are handled as immediate requests. Immediate requests are usually made to satisfy urgent employment, sustainment, and extraction requirements. Once identified at an appropriate level, immediate requests are transmitted directly to the CAMD, normally by a TALO. This allows the CAMD to start mission planning while the actual requests are staffed through the CALO. Because theater airlift forces are normally fully employed, the CALO may fill validated immediate requests by redirecting sorties supporting planned requests of lesser priority 7. EMERGENCY AIRLIFT REQUESTS are short notice requirements that must be satisfied before the CALO can validate and issue a formal tasking to the CAMD. Emergency requests are usually made to satisfy pressing tactical requirements such as the evacuation of wounded or resupply of units engaged in combat. Emergency requests are usually coordinated as immediate requests with two procedural variations. a. All required approvals, validations, and taskings may be accomplished by voice and backed up later with the routine documentation. b. The DIRMOBFOR, representing the CACC, may also divert theater airlift forces supporting planned requests to support emergency requests before receiving a verbal tasking from the CALO. 8. AIRLIFT REQUEST FLOW. a. While all airlift requests flow through the CALO, it is important to remember that all preplanned requests go through logistics channels and all immediate requests go through operational channels.

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19 TSC
Request/Confirmation Coordination Adjudication

CFC CTB

ACC

Logistics Channels

Command Validated Request

Theater Validated Request

DIRMOBFOR-K CAMD

Requesting Units TALO

Field Army

CALO
DTACC

BCD Airlift

KALCC

ROKLOG

Emergency Request Notification

Figure 5-2: Planned Fixed Wing Airlift Request Flow b. Unit planned requests for fixed wing airlift support, Figure V-2, travel through logistic channels or operational channels to the CALO. Once the CALO validates a request, it is passed to the CAMD for ITO integration. If the CAMD cannot support the request it is returned to the CALO for further review and management decision. c. When a unit submits a planned request for rotary wing airlift support, Figure 5-3, it travels through logistics or operational channels to its airlift validator. The validator forwards the request to the CALO. Once the CALO validates a request, it sends it to C3 Aviation Division. CJ3 Aviation Division coordinates with and tasks a rotary wing Aviation unit if assets are available. If C3 Aviation Division cannot support a request, it is returned to the CALO for further review and management decision.

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Request / Confirm ation Adjudication

CFC CTB

Requesting Unit

Field CALO Army Command Theater Logistics Validated Validated

Channels Request Request

CJG3 AVN

RW AVN UNIT

Figure 5-3: Planned Rotary Wing Airlift Request Flow d. When a unit submits an airlift request for fixed or rotary wing airlift that requires rigging support, Figure 5-4, its major command validator submits the support request to the 19th TSC EOC or ROK Army Logistics Command (ALC-ROKA). Once rigging requirements are coordinated, the command validator forwards the request to the CALO as a standard airlift request.

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19th TSC EOC

Request/Confirmation Coordination Adjudication

CFC CTB

ACC

US Rigging

KAME
Command Validated Request Fixed Wing

Requesting Logistics Field Unit Channels Army

ROK Rigging

CALO
Theater Validated Request Rotary Wing

CJG3-AVN

ROK ALC

RW AVN UNIT

Figure 5-4 Planned Airlift Request with Rigging Requirements e. Immediate airlift requests for fixed/rotary wing aircraft, and rigging follow the same process as planned requests with one exception. When a fixed wing request reaches a validator with a TALO or LDO, the TALO or LDO notifies the CAMD so that planning can begin. However, the immediate request is not executed until the CALO forwards a validated request through the appropriate channels.

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SECTION II ELECTRONIC WARFARE (EW) OPERATIONS. 1. ELECTRONIC WARFARE: a. Electronic Warfare is made up of three components. Electronic Attack (EA), Electronic Protect (EP) and Electronic Support Measures (ESM). These components are supportive and must be coordinated to provide the best possible support to all forces. (1) Electronic Attack can be either destructive or non-destructive. Non-destructive EA includes jamming, deception and directed energy. Destructive EA consists of antiradiation missiles and directed energy. (2) Electronic Protect is made up of emission control, frequency deconfliction, electromagnetic interference resolution and electronic hardening. (3) Electronic Support Measures are threat warning, collection and collection support and direction finding. Early employment of ESM can significantly improve EP and EA efforts by supporting the Intelligence Preparation of the Battlespace (IPB) and related IO functions. b. Targeting is a wide-ranging issue and inputs need to be worked through all channels so that vital (and limited) resources are not wasted. It is also important that targeting ensures that potential information sources are not lost at critical times. For more detailed information on targeting as it applies to Electronic Warfare and Information Operations see CFC Publication 3-4.2 Information Operations Korea. 2. REQUEST INFORMATION a. Most EA support will be provided by assets assigned to your organization. However, the EW assets of other services can provide additional support. Figure 5-6 shows the information flow for all cross-service EA requests. b. Components will typically rely on EA support from their inherent assets. In the case of the GCC, EA assets assigned to the Corps and/or division will provide EA support to GCC operations. The ACC, NCC and MCC will provide EA support to the GCC when priorities permit. The primary ACC, NCC and MCC EA assets are airborne; therefore they will fall under the CFACC when not being utilized for NCC and MCC missions. On rare occasion, GCC assets may support ACC operations. Route immediate cross-service EA support requests (or any requirements during ITO execution) directly to the Battlefield Coordination Detachment (BCD) and 7AF/IWF with information copies to the HQ UNC/CFC/USFK IO Cell. Also contact the EWO on the ACC Combat Operations Floor (i.e. PIT Floor) for help with time-sensitive EA support.

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c. Route projected pre-planned EA support needs that can be incorporated into the CTB/ITO process (more than 72 hours in advance) directly to the BCD and 7AF/IWF with an information copy to the HQ UNC/CFC/USFK IO Cell via the appropriate service liaisons in the Combined Targeting Center (CTC). Results of the CTB targeting deliberations will be provided to the requesting organization. d. The best support for air-ground operations can be provided for preplanned requests. The limiting factor for either type of cross-service EA request is the availability of supporting technical data to focus the EA effort. Preplanned requests allow the intelligence staff more time to collect the necessary enemy technical data. Immediate requests may have the greatest probability of success if they include detailed targeting information (e.g. target identification and frequencies). Every effort should be made to submit cross-service EA requests as soon as the need is known.

CFC-ACC Electronic Attack (EA) Request Coordination Process Diagram

GCC Field Units

NCC

CMFC

CUWTF

HQ CFC C/J3 PLANS - IO ACC

CTB Combat Plans

7AF/IWF

ITO

Immediate Request, CFC Form 4010EK Air Assets Information Copy

Figure 5-5: Preplanned/Immediate EA Requests

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d. As mentioned previously, forward pre-planned cross-service EA requests to the BCD and 7AF/IWF, and send an information copy of the request to the HQ UNC/CFC/USFK IO Cell. The 7AF/IWF will evaluate the request, and the HQ UNC/CFC/USFK IO Cell will provide a measure of synchronization by reviewing all cross-service requests in terms of the CINC's daily guidance, the effect the request may have on component and supporting command operations, the priority for mission support, and the payoff (i.e. the probable effectiveness of the requested EA mission). The HQ UNC/CFC/USFK IO Cell will, by exception, mediate EA priorities with 7AF/IWF. The end result is a prioritized, pre-planned EA request list that is passed to the CTB for inclusion in the next Integrated Tasking Order (ITO) cycle. Provide results of the CTB targeting deliberations to the cross-service EA requesting organization. e. The form used to coordinate all cross-service EA requests is CFC Form 4010EK, Combined/Joint EA Support Request (Figure 5-6). This form details the information the requesting organization must provide when requesting EA support. The more information that the requester can provide about the target, the more likely the request can be satisfied.
The best support for air-ground operations can be realized through pre-planned requests. A major limiting factor in supporting cross-service EA requests is the availability of current adversary technical data. The EWO can increase the probability of success of their request by tasking the intelligence community (in advance) to provide this data. Conduct a detailed analysis of adversary forces that you expect to encounter, then, identify the critical targets within these forces that should be targeted for EA. Once this is done, establish standing collection requirements (requests for information) regarding the location, status and operating characteristics of these targets. There is no guarantee that the necessary information will be available when needed, however, by coordinating your requirements with the intelligence staff in advance, you will have optimized system responsiveness. 3. FREQUENCY DECONFLICTION a. Friendly EA activities can and will interfere with other friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum. With careful planning, this interference (also known as electronic fratricide) can be minimized. Frequency deconfliction must be an essential element of the overall EW planning and execution effort. Its purpose is two-fold. First, EW planning maximizes friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum by coordinating operations and intelligence-related frequency usage. Second, it reduces the possibility of conflict with friendly spectrum use and provides a means for resolving conflicts should they occur. b. Through centralized planning and decentralized execution the UNC/CFC/USFK Information Operations (IO) strategy aims at denying our adversaries effective C2 of their forces while retaining effective C2 of friendly forces. The EW aspect of our IO strategy uses the electromagnetic spectrum to temporarily disrupt and/or deny the enemys use of the spectrum.

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c. Only limited portions of the entire electromagnetic spectrum are used for military C2 operations. These small sections of the spectrum are used by both the adversary and by friendly units, which poses a dilemma for the EW planner. EA operations should not jam a frequency at a time or in a location where doing so will interfere with critical friendly C2 communications. Stated another way, how do you effectively deny the enemy use of the electromagnetic spectrum without simultaneously hindering friendly use? d. With prior planning and coordination we can maximize EW support to the tactical commander, while minimizing the potential for interference with critical friendly operations. This planning and coordination process requires the concerted effort of staff operations, intelligence, and communication-electronics personnel. The product of the planning and coordination process is a C/JRFI.

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SECTION III TACTICAL AIR RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE (TARS) 1. TACTICAL AIR RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE (TARS) provides CFC with timely and accurate information on enemy locations, composition, activities, and movement. TARS also monitors the results of friendly operations and provides BDA. 2. TARS REQUEST PROCEDURES (Figure 5-7). TARS requests should include sufficient information to ensure that the requesters intentions are understood. TARS requests are either preplanned or immediate, and are time dependent. Preplanned requests are known requirements coordinated with KAOC Combat Plans Division via, Collection management Team and scheduled on the ITO. Immediate requests outside the ITO cycle are coordinated through the Reconnaissance Duty Officer (RECCEDO) and the KAOC. a. Preplanned Requests. (1) C2 Collection Management (CM) receives intelligence requests through intelligence channels from components in CFC Requirement Control Form (RCF) format (See Chapter VII). (2) C2-CM validates and analyzes component TARS requests and determines if requested information is available in intelligence databases. If available, requests are passed to C2 analytical elements who respond directly to the requesting component. The remaining validated requests are tasked to different units/assets depending on collection capability and information required. (3). C2-CM forwards the validated, prioritized lists to KAOC Collection Management Team NLT 0600 (I) hrs daily (12 hours prior to ITO publication) (4). Collection Management Team forwards TARS requests to CACC Combat Plans NLT 1200 (I) hrs (6 hours prior to ITO publication) for inclusion on the ITO. (5) KAOC Collection Management Team monitors ITO execution and provides C2 mission feedback in a daily message.

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ACC

GCC

NCC

CMFC

CUWTF

CJG2 - CM

Component Liaison

KRC INTEL DIV CM

ASOC RECCEDO

CIAD - A

Combat Plans

Preplanned Immediate

ITO

RECCE Units

Figure 5-6 TARS Request Procedures

b. Immediate Requests. (1) There are two ways components can submit TARS requests. One way is for components to submit requests through their respective CACC liaison elements who coordinate directly with the KRC for validation and scheduling. A second method is to submit requests up Air Force channels to the ASOC. The ASOC then forwards the request the KAOC Collection Management Team. (2) KAOC validates, consolidates and prioritizes the requests and sends them to the RECCEDO for mission tasking. (3) The RECCEDO assigns or diverts assets and informs KAOC Collection Management Team of the action.

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(4) To complete the request, KAOC Collection Management Team of the mission tasking and execution. (5) Once TARS aircraft take off, there is still the possibility of retasking while in flight. Communications through the systems ground processor can contact the aircraft and either change collection priorities, move an orbit, or add new requirements. This is done through the KAOC RECCEDO in coordination with the collection management team. 3. MISSION RESULTS (preplanned or immediate) are forwarded via inflight report (if requested) to the requester (through Air Force channels). Upon mission completion, the reconnaissance unit forwards a Reconnaissance Exploitation Report (RECCEXREP) to the requesting headquarters. The RECCEXREP provides an abbreviated imagery interpretation for tactical reporting; normally NLT 1 hour after engine shut down.

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CHAPTER VI AIRSPACE MANAGEMENT 1. AIRSPACE MANAGEMENT coordinates, integrates and regulates airspace of defined dimensions. It increases operational effectiveness by promoting safe, efficient, and flexible use of airspace. Airspace management within the Korean Area of Operations is achieved using positive and procedural controls within approved airspace control areas/sectors. a. Positive Control a method of airspace control, which relies on positive identification, tracking, and direction of aircraft within a defined airspace using electronic means by an agency having the authority and responsibility. For a commander to exercise positive control, he must have continuous communications with airspace users, and the means to identify, locate, and track airspace users. b. Procedural Control a method of airspace control, which relies on a combination of previously agreed and promulgated orders and procedures. Procedural control is used when positive control is not available. Army aviation relies primarily on procedural control. Procedural control measures are coordinated at the KAOC through the ACC Combat Plans Airspace Coordination Cell. The Airspace Coordination Cell coordinates airspace areas, routes, and procedural control measures that apply to airspace users, and ensures that these measures are deconflicted and published in the Airspace Control Order (ACO). 2. THE AIRSPACE CONTROL AUTHORITY (ACA). CINCCFC has designated CACC as the ACA. As the ACA, CACC: a. Coordinates, integrates, and regulates airspace use within the Area of Responsibility (AOR). The AOR is airspace that is laterally defined by theater boundaries. The AOR may be further sub-divided into sub-areas AORs. b. Establishes an airspace control system. c. Develops the Airspace Control Plan (ACP) and if required, executes the ACO.

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3. THE AIRSPACE CONTROL ORDER (ACO) is an order implementing the airspace control plan that provides the details of the approved requests for airspace control measures. It is published either as part of the Integrated Tasking Order or as a separate document. Also called the ACO. The ACO provides detailed airspace control information to all theater airspace users. The ACO informs Air-Ground Operators of the effective times, altitudes, distances, and controlling authorities for all airspace and airspace control measures. As a minimum, it outlines airspace geometry, airspace control measures, fire support coordination measures, and air defense measures. Identification measures (IFF/SIF codes) can be found in the Special Instructions (SPINS). The ACO is published at 1800 (I) hrs daily, and is effective for a 24-hour period from 0600 (I) hrs to 0559 (I) hrs the next day. Components receive the ACO via, AFATDS, ADOCS, TBMCS, SIPRNET and/or GCCS-K. 4. AIRSPACE COORDINATION/CONTROL AGENCIES. a. The Airspace Specialty Teams are a KAOC element that coordinates and integrates airspace use. The ACC consists of an Airspace Control Center Chief, Air Traffic Control Duty Officers, BCD A2C2 personnel, liaison officers provided by 164th ATS Group (US), other component airspace representatives, and Korean Airspace Management personnel. (1) Within ACC, Airspace C2 Planning Team in Combat Plans Division is the plans element of the Airspace Specialty Team. This element coordinates, deconflicts, and approves, based on ACA guidance, future airspace use requests. (2) Within ACC, Airspace element of combat operation division is the execution element of the Airspace Specialty Team. This element supervises ACO execution (in the Combined Execution Cell), and coordinates, deconflicts and integrates real-time changes to the current ACO. b. The Master Control and Reporting Center (MCRC) provides airspace control and assists in theater air defense operations. Additionally, the MCRC provides a centralized control capability for air surveillance, identification, and tactical air control. c. Component Airspace Liaison Duty Officers interact with ACC Combat Operations and Plans. They deconflict operations and air taskings, resolve airspace issues, and pass threat alerts to their respective components.

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d. Air Traffic Services (ATS) provides an enroute system comprising 21 air-ground communications facilities. Within this system (Figure 6-1), There are 4 Flight Operations Centers (FOCs), 12 Air Information Centers (AICs), and 3 Tactical Flight Coordination Centers (TAC AICs). ATS provides airspace management information, flight following services, and immediate airspace/air operations deconfliction. The MCRC interfaces with the FOC/FCC system to provide real time airspace control data required for the safe operation of aviation assets. Initially, MCRC coordination with FCCs is conducted through the Guardian Control FOC. (1) FOCs are the primary procedural control facility for all aircraft below the coordinating altitude in the GCC's Area of Operation. Guardian Control (FOC-K) serves as the master FOC and is responsible for coordinating the activities of all theater FOCs (including TPFDL FOCs). FOCs broadcast warnings and effect immediate deconfliction. They assist aircraft in crossing unit boundaries, offer flight following and flight plan services, receive and relay position reports and flight plan changes to their respective FCCs, and coordinate combat search and rescue. (2) AICs are subordinate to the FOCs and perform similar airspace control functions within their assigned sectors. (3) TAC AICs are mobile, and are activated to assist Guardian Control in coordinating airspace.

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MCRC

FOC-K GUARDIAN

FOC FROKA

FOC SROKA

FOC TROKA

Yongsan
AIC
NORTH

Wonju
AIC
LEE

Daegu
AIC
LIGHT HOUSE

Yongin

AIC
SOUTH

AIC
SUN

AIC
CRANE

AIC
GRANT

AIC
AZALEA

AIC
DONGHEA

AIC TATICAL AIC TACTICAL AIC TACTICAL AIC TPFDL AIC

GONEE

AIC
KIROKI

AIC
BONG HWANG

Figure 6-1 Air Traffic Services FOC/AIC System

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e. Terminal Facilities and Forward Area Support Services. (1) Terminal Services (Control Towers and Precision Approach Radars). Air Traffic Services (US Army) and Air Traffic Control (US Air Force) personnel provide terminal services at air bases, airfields, and established landing areas. (2) US Army Tactical Air Control Teams (TACTs) provide forward area support services. These teams support landing, pickup, drop zone, airhead, and lager operations, forward aviation refueling points, and other similar operations. TACTs are mobile and highly deployable, and can operate either mounted or dismounted. Special Tactic Teams conduct similar missions for US Air Force operations. 5. AIRSPACE DECONFLICTION. Ground Component airspace deconfliction begins when requesting units submit an Airspace Control Measures Request (ACMREQ) through their airspace liaison chain, to the CGCC for Airspace Control Cell approval. ACMREQs are either pre-planned or immediate. ACMREQ request formats are found in the appendix. Other components will go through their respective coordination channels. a. Preplanned ACMREQs. Ground component forward requests to their airspace liaison element to the CGCC for coordination and input onto the ITO/ACO. The GCC conducts direct coordination with the Airspace Control Center and ACC Combat Plans Section to ensure that the request arrive before noon the day before execution and are placed on the ITO/ACO. b. Immediate ACMREQs are requests that must be implemented during the current ITO (but do not appear on the current ITO), or those requests that arrive after 1200 (I) hrs. Ground Component airspace liaison officers receive these requests and pass them to the GCC for coordination with the Airspace Control Cell. The Airspace Control Cell, in concert with the Combined Execution Cell, resolves the majority of immediate component airspace conflicts. The Combined Execution Cell Director (through the affected components) refers unresolved airspace conflicts impacting current operations up the chain of command to the CJG3 Operations Branch for resolution. (For example, an Apache Helicopter deep attack forward of the FSCL conflicting with ACC AI missions.)

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ROZ

FLOT

Figure 6-2: Restricted Operations Zones (ROZ) 6. AIRSPACE CONTROL MEASURES are procedural methods of controlling airspace. They are Airspace Control Plan (ACP) defined rules, mechanisms, and directives governed by ROK/US doctrine and published in the ACO portion of the ITO. A discussion of major theater airspace control measures follows. a. Restricted Operations Areas (ROAs)/Restricted Operations Zones (ROZs) (see Figure 6-2) are the most frequently used theater airspace control measures. ROAs and ROZs are synonymous terms for defining a volume of airspace set aside for a specific operational mission or requirement. These areas or zones restrict some or all airspace users until mission termination. Any shape or size can define a ROA/ROZ, but they are usually established by a radius around a point, or by designating a series of points that establish an area. Altitude is based on operational requirements. Requesters submit requests for ROAs/ROZs through their component airspace control channels to the ACC for coordination. For example, a field army would submit a request through the GCC, who would forward the request to BCD for coordination with the ACC. b. Minimum Risk Routes (MRRs) are temporary corridors of defined dimensions used by high-speed, fixed wing aircraft that present minimum known hazards to aircraft transiting the theater airspace. MRRs are generally used for crossing the FLOT by AI aircraft. In the Korean Theater, MRRs can be bi-directional. Each MRRs direction is specified in the ACO. MRRs will extend from the Corps rear boundary to the FB (Figure 6-3).

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(1) MRR's will be nominated by the Component Commander and submitted to the GCC A2C2 section at the CESC before 1200 (I) hours each day to be routed to the BCD for CACC approval and inclusion in the next days ACO. MRRs will be updated during the current ACO to reflect all FB changes. Reference OPORD for additional information.

GCC FB

MRR

GCC FB

CORPS REAR AREA

Figure 6-3: Minimum Risk Routes (MRR) c. Standard Army Aircraft Flight Routes (SAAFRs) are routes established below the coordinating altitude (para VI-6d) to allow rotary wing element commanders safe movement of his aviation assets (Figure 6-4). They are normally located in corps through brigade rear areas, and are established by Field Army A2C2 elements. In the Korean AOR there is an established Theater SAAFR structure that extends from approximately the forward Corps rear boundaries South through the entire peninsula. SAAFR routes are included in the OPLAN and published in each ACO. Units requiring additional SAAFRs to tie into the Theater Structure will coordinate with the GCC through their respective airspace liaison elements. SAAFRs will be 3NM wide to accommodate two directional traffic - "rules of the road apply. When necessary SAAFRs extended to the brigade rear boundaries may be 2km wide for one-way traffic.

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X X X

SAAFR
XX

XXX

Figure 6-4: Standard Use Army Aircraft Flight Routes (SAAFRs) d. Coordinating Altitude (CA) separates fixed and rotary wing aircraft by determining an altitude below, which fixed wing aircraft normally will not fly, and above which rotary wing aircraft normally will not fly (Figure 6-5). The ACA selected and CINC approved CA is specified in the ACO. The CA does include a buffer zone for small altitude deviations, and extends though out the theater to the FB. (1) FOCs (Guardian Control) provide procedural control on a see and avoid basis for aircraft operating below the CA, and obtain clearance for rotary wing aircraft required to operate above the CA. The MCRC (Airedale/Sa-na-i) provides advisories to the FOCs on flight activities, which could potentially conflict with their activities. (2) The following GCC airspace requirements will be coordinated with ACC: (a) GCC airspace requirements that penetrate the coordinating altitude, from the southern tip of the peninsula to the forward boundary (FSCL) across the width of the peninsula. (b) GCC airspace requirements forward of the FSCL.

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Buffer Zone FSCL

X XX

CORPS REAR AREA

FSCL

Figure 6-5: Coordinating Altitude (CA) e. Identification Friend-or-Foe/Selective Identification Feature (IFF/SIF) Procedures. When operational situations permit the use of IFF/SIF, Modes I through IV will be used and set IAW ACCR 55-3 or as specified in the ITO. When IFF/SIF equipment is inoperative, aircraft are required to use airspace control procedures (e.g., MRRs, Korean Air Defense Identification Zone (KADIZ) penetration procedures, or damaged aircraft procedures). IFF/SIF On/Off lines are established on either side of the FLOT to prevent enemy radar detection and to facilitate friendly radar identification. When developing IFF/SIF On/Off lines, the location and capabilities of both friendly and nemy radar detection capabilities are considered. f. Killboxes. The purpose of implementing a Killbox is to allow for the rapid focusing of combat power on high-value emerging targets. For more information on Killboxes refer to CFC Publication 3-1Joint Fires-Korea. g. Korean Common Grid Reference System is used to designate areas for the Korean Air Area of Operations (KAAO). For more information see CFC Publication. 31Joint Fires-Korea.

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7. AIRSPACE SPECIAL MISSION PROCEDURES. a. Airspace Coordination Area (ACA). The ACA is a block of airspace in the target area which friendly aircraft are reasonably safe from friendly surface fires. In the KTO, ACA's are normally short of the FSCL. The purpose of an ACA is to allow the simultaneous attack of targets near each other by multiple fires support means, one of which normally is air. There are two types of ACAs; formal and informal. For more detailed information see CFC publication 3-1 Joint Fires Korea.

a. Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS) airspace deconfliction is either preplanned (e.g., on the ITO) or immediate (e.g., deconflicted through the Combined Execution Cell). To support an ATACMS launch, pre-planned or immediate airspace requests will include two Restrictive Operations Zones (ROZs), surface-to-unlimited altitude (Figure 6-6). The first is over the ATACMS firing position (see Annex V to ACC OPLAN), and the second is placed at the point of impact, 2500 meters radius, surfaceto-unlimited. These ROZs will contain a specified (date-time group) execution window. (1) Pre-planned ATACMS requests (ACMREQs) for airspace control measures are forwarded through the A2C2 and/or operational channels to the GCC. The GCC then coordinates with KAOC Combat Plans Division (ITO integration) and the Airspace Specialty Teams for deconfliction, approval, and inclusion in the ACO.

ROZ #2

GCC FB

FSCL
ROZ #3

FLOT

GCC FB

FSCL

FLOT

ROZ #1

Figure 6-6: ATACMS Restricted Operations Zone (ROZ)

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(2) Immediate airspace deconfliction requests are forwarded to the BCD Operations Section located in the KAOC). The BCD Operations Section effects coordination through the BCD A2C2 Section and fires section and the Targeting duty officer. The BCD A2C2 Section coordinates with the Execution Cell Director to ensure deconfiction with airborne assets. All affected aircraft of the pending ATACMS fire mission will be informed via AWACS, ABCCC, or JSTARS and CAS representative (for ASOC coordination) in the execution cell. The grid box reference system is used to rapidly identify the two locations for ROZs. The first is called the Platoon Area Hazard (PAH) and is over the ATACMS firing unit and the second is called the Target Area Hazard (TAH) and is placed over the target. (3) UAV Airspace Requirements (a) Purpose, This tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) describes actions for the planning, synchronization, deconfliction of airspace for the execution of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) employment in the Korean Theater of Operation (KTO) by armed forces of the Republic of Korea (ROK)-US Combined Forces Command. NOTE: All altitudes associated in the diagrams within the UAV section are examples. Only for the purpose of demonstrating the example. (b) Issues concerning UAVs for the Ground Component Commander should be directed through the 3rd Battlefield Coordination Detachment, Unit 2098, APO AP 96278-2098. (c) Background information (1) The development of TTP is based on joint, combined and service doctrine. Future updates will incorporate new doctrine and lessons learned from exercises and other practical applications of unmanned aerial vehicles. (2) Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) is defined in JP 3-52 as a powered, aerial vehicle that does not carry a human operator, uses aerodynamic forces to provide vehicle lift, can fly autonomously or be piloted remotely, can be expendable or recoverable, and can carry a lethal or nonlethal payload. Ballistic or semi ballistic vehicles cruise missiles, and artillery projectiles are not considered unmanned aerial vehicles. (3) UAV Operations: UAVs are remotely operated or autonomous aircraft that provide commanders the capability to conduct reconnaissance, intelligence, surveillance, and target acquisition (RISTA); battle damage assessment (BDA); and special operations missions. UAV systems include vehicles, ground control stations, and support elements.

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FIGURE 6-7 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System Diagram (4) UAVs may be theater assets or assigned to tactical units. It is projected in the Secretary of Defense Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Roadmap dated April 2001 that UAVs will be at the Brigade size element. UAVs may be launched from and recovered on improved airfields, ships, or a forward launch and recovery site (LRS). Some UAVs may use more than one LRS. UAV mission profiles vary, depending on the type of air vehicle; however, like other aircraft, UAVs require airspace deconfliction. See Figure below for a sample tactical UAV mission profile.

Figure 6-8 UAV Sample Mission Profile. Figured from Integrated Combat Airspace Command and Control June 2000.

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(D) Airspace Management and Deconfliction. The established principles of airspace management used in manned flights apply to UAV operations. Airspace deconfliction to support UAV operations will be no different than any other air support request. This includes integration into deployed local base procedures, local air base defense procedures, coordination with Korean theater ACA and integration into the theater ITO. Some UAVs do not have any voice relay capability; all communications from the GCS to C2 authorities beyond Line of Sight will be made through ground telecommunications. The air vehicles will navigate via waypoints using GPS, with navigation accuracy consistent with IFR requirements. Some UAVs have built in redundancy and predictable autonomous contingency modes of flight, allowing safe operations in the event of system failures. Some UAVs are mode IIIC capable (no mode IV) to assist with air traffic deconfliction in peacetime and wartime. IFR flight will be required when operating outside of exclusive use airspace because of the air vehicleoperating regime and lack of see and avoid capability required for VFR flight. Accordingly, it is envisioned that IFR vertical and horizontal flight separation from other aircraft, both in civil and special use airspace, will be required at all times; additionally, some form of exclusive use airspace may be required for launch and recovery operations. (1) Airspace Integration Due to specific requirements of certain UAVs, there is a necessary requirement of 5000 ft of prepared surface. Most must operate from an established airfield. Airfield traffic control area associated with a UAV staging base will be used to provide positive control airspace for UAV Launch and recoveries and to deconflict manned and unmanned flights in and out of required traffic patterns and air corridors. UAVs will transition from the airport traffic area or field site to its mission area via established corridors. Corridors will be constructed to facilitate an eastern, central and western operation area. Operation areas will be stated in the daily ITO in the mission remarks section. If mission tasking requires additional or alternate airspace, all changes will be coordinated through airspace control agencies prior to departure from scheduled airspace. Once a UAV staging base has been selected, details concerning UAV corridors will be included in this TTP and the airspace control plan. (2) Lateral and Vertical Dimensions UAV operation areas are designated by vertical and lateral dimensions. The vertical component is a product of the performance capabilities, the mission payloads capabilities, and the imagery scale desired. Vertical separation is preferred over lateral separation, therefore, whenever possible, altitude separation should be maintained while the UAV is in transit and in the mission area. The lateral component of the operating area can be defined using the KCRGS as outlined in Appendix of this document. This information is then passed via the UAV LNO or Aviation Reconnaissance Officer to the BCD and ACA for coordination.

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(3) Operating Area UAV operating areas, as approved by the ACA and defined in the ITO, are the KTO airspace control measure to deconflict UAV operations with other battlefield air traffic. UAV operations can either be pre-planned or immediate. Preplanned operating areas are strategically placed to support present or future operation, for example, along the avenues of advance for enemy offensive operations. Preplanned Predator operating areas must be requested in sufficient time for inclusion in the ITO through KCGRS, and activated or deactivated as needed. Immediate operating areas are requested whenever the UAVs must fly outside the pre-planned zones. As mentioned before, the ACA must approve/disapprove such request using the KCGRS procedures. Any movement outside preplanned operating areas when normal coordination avenues are impractical, will be handled via direct coordination between the UAV LNO and the Master Control and Reporting Center Battle Director. This process is further defined in the ITO process listed below. (4) Deconfliction Some UAVs are equipped with UHF/VHF radio communications and can be deconflicted like other airspace users. For UAV systems not equipped with direct communication between the UAV mission crew and other airspace users, procedural ACMs are a necessary part of operations. The following are reflected in the daily ITO, ACO, or SPINS and are disseminated to appropriate aviation and ground units or agencies: UAV missions; changes in LRS locations; UAV altitudes; operating areas; identification, friend or foe (IFF) squawks and check-in frequencies. (5) Restricted Operation Zones (ROZ) To deconflict the UAVs and manned aircraft in the operation area, a UAV ROZ may be established. A UAV ROZ (blanket or blanket altitude) is a block of airspace with defined lateral boundaries. These boundaries are designed to cover the operating area as required to allow flexibility in mission changes by not restricting the UAV and other aircraft that also must operate in the area, i.e. close air support (CAS) and reconnaissance. To reduce potential conflicts with rotary-wing aircraft, the UAV blanket altitude should be above the coordinating altitude. Aircraft penetrating the UAV ROZ to accomplish their missions will fly under see-and-avoid principles and accept the risk.

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UAV Corridor 6,000 10,000 MSL 1NM Wide

UAV Corridor 8000 10000 MSL 1 NM Wide

UAV ROZ 6,000 MSL 10,000 MSL

UAV ROZ 8000 MSL 10000 MSL

UAV Launch & Recovery Site SFC 10000 MSL 5 NM Radius

Figure 6-9 Sample Airspace Control Measures. (6) Flight Routes UAV flight routes and transit altitudes may be established and approved by the ACA based on the UAVs mission and in accordance with the ACP. Airspace control agencies advise all affected aircraft of UAV status. The figure listed above, is a simplistic version of appropriate Airspace Coordination Measures involved. The figure listed below shows the real-time concept of the operation for deconflicting UAVs and other airspace users.

Figure 6-10 Sample Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Protocols Figure from Integrated Combat Airspace Command and Control June 2000

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(e) ITO Process The implementation of UAVs into the Korean theater operations is the ITO. The ITO will include the UAV tracks, targets, specific supported unit, sensor preference, etc. in the ITO itself and the special instructions (SPINS) portion of the ITO. The BCD provides input to the AOC during all stages of the ITO process. The ITO is valid for a specified time period. The BCD and airspace control authority (ACA) in coordination with the UAV LNO, will determine the UAV orbit location based on prioritized request for information, communications connectivity with supported units, and survivability considerations. While the ITO itself covers a specific period of time, the ITO planning, coordination, and execution process is a continuous cycle. Due to some characteristics of specific UAVs, a single UAV mission may transcend several ITO days. This is the essence of preplanned UAV missions. However, not all UAV missions are pre-planned. To assist the GCC an immediate request will be address for the rapid and dynamic changes occurring in the GCC fight. (1) Preplanned Missions requests for standard ITO. Preplanned Mission request will follow the normal Airspace Coordination Measure Request in the Appendix of this document. Requests must be submitted to the BCD on or about the 96 hours but no later than 72 hours prior to the execution of the specific ITO cycle the user is requesting. (2) Immediate Mission requests. Immediate UAV mission are very similar to an immediate ATACMs mission in terms of airspace procedures. The only difference being the size of the ACM's and the length of time they would be active. The following procedures will be utilized to coordinate airspace for UAV missions on short suspense (already within the current ITO cycle). Less than 24 hours notice. 1. Submit an Airspace Coordination Measure Request Form through assigned A2C2 channels to the BCD. This form is listed in the appendix with detailed instructions. 2. When GCC A2C2 receives the request, they forward it to the BCD 3. The BCD deconflicts this airspace and receives approval from the ACA 4. The BCD notifies the GCC A2C2 if request is approved or disapproved 5. The CGCC A2C2 passes request status through A2C2 channels to originator 6. If there are no conflicts, then this whole process should take less than 30 minutes. If there are conflicts, then the best option would be to modify the ACM's involved to best accommodate all parties requesting airspace. 7. UAV blankets can be used for immediate requests, however the requesting unit increases the chance for confliction. For best results, a specific track should be requested for immediate UAV missions.

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(3) Dynamic Re-Tasking. During mission execution, commanders or units being supported by UAVs may request changes in coverage area and items (dynamic retasking). Changes that require modification of the established orbit must be coordinated with the KAOC via the UAV LNO through to the BCD Airspace Cell. The CACC is the final approving authority for dymanic re-taskings and changes to airspace requests. (f) Coordination. The effective and efficient use of UAVs will require coordination and consultation between the KAOC and component liaisons with the KAOC. The coordination is essential to ensure UAVs are used where and when they best synchronized battlefield operations.

(a) Communications Network. GCC units will coordinate with the Battlefield Coordination Detachment through TBMCS, SIPRNET, Secure DSN (STU-III), GCCS-K, or ADOCS to relay request for airspace. A Unit UAV LNO is recommended as a common link between the designated end user and the BCD for conducting priority missions. The figure listed below is a way of establishing the communications network.
Korean Air Operations Center

Preplanned Mission Requests Procedures

Follow normal Airspace Control Measure Requests Must be submitted to BCD on or about the 96-hour mark, but no later than the 72 hours prior to execution of the specific ITO cycle the user is requesting.

Figure 6-11: Field Army Corps Division Brigades ACM Request through A2C2 Channels To appropriate HQ GCC CESC Sends request Electronically through ADOCS & Telephonically To BCD

Battlefield Coordination Detachment

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Immediate Mission Requests Procedures

1. Send request through appropriate channels to GCC CESC to BCD 2. BCD deconflicts airspace and receives clearance from ACA or Airspace Control Authority 3. BCD notifies GCC CESC A2C2 or the originator of request if it is cleared or not 4. GCC CESC A2C2 passes request status through A2C2 channels to originator 5. IF, No airspace conflicts, then the whole process should take a matter of minutes. 6. If conflict, BCD and ACA work to accommodate all organizations requesting the same airspace 7. UAV request, best results are requests that ask for a specific track or two grid coordinates for the UAV to fly a track

Korean Air Operations Center

Figure 6-12

Battlefield Coordination Detachment GCC CESC Sends request Electronically through ADOCS & Telephonically To BCD

Field Army Corps Division Brigades ACM Request through A2C2 Channels To appropriate HQ

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g. Safety of Flight 1. Flight Termination. The redundancy provided by the full duplex satellite command and control data link and the full duplex LOS data link should ensure adequate monitoring and control of the air vehicle is always available. However, the air vehicle will also have an automatic return to base recovery mode, as well as a nonexplosive mission termination feature, which will, utilizing fail-safe procedures, be programmed to prevent vehicle termination from occurring over densely populated areas. These capabilities are provided for range safety and operation use to prevent the air vehicle from becoming a hazard or penetrating prohibited airspace should contact with control elements be lost or the air vehicle deviate from the programmed flight profile. While these features are designed to prevent problems, the automatic return to base recovery mode could potentially become hazard within the KADIZ. The UAV LNO advises the Master Control and Reporting Center (Airedale), AWACS and air defense elements of UAV operating in emergency recovery mode, to deconflict airspace and avoid engagement by friendly air defense system. 2. Launch and Recovery Weather Minimums. Missions will not be canceled based solely on forecasted visibility, crosswinds, or surface winds at scheduled launch times. When the weather at launch time is out of limits, the mission will delay launch until it is released by CAOC or until scheduled launch plus three hours. If forecast recovery weather for scheduled landing time is out of limits, the mission will plan to land before forecast recovery weather is below minimums. Missions will not be launched if diverting is the only recovery option. Until formal guidance is received, the following interim guidance will apply: a. Launch and recovery for operational missions require a minimum of 800 foot ceiling and 2 nautical mile visibility. Functional check flights will require a 2,500 foot ceiling and 3 nautical mile visibility for launch and recovery. b. Maximum crosswind for launch and recovery is 16 knots. Maximum surface wind for ground operations, launch and recovery is 30 knots. c. Environmental Considerations. Salt, sever temperatures / air qualities or humidity on the peninsula may also have adverse effects on the safe operation of UAVs. Long endurance operations at high altitude offer additional challenges, since most UAVs are not equipped with de-icing capabilities. The lack of tolerance to icing and cold temperatures (-9 C / 15 F) restrict operations of the UAV in the Korean Theater, especially during winter months. Coordination will be required to avoid areas of icing and severe cold weather that could interfere with UAV control surfaces (icing may be encountered in climb or descent.) Precipitation, crosswinds, and landing conditions can also significantly impede operations. Certain components are particularly vulnerable due to the fact that they are not waterproof. Beyond visual range, severe weather penetration by the UAV and clear air turbulence at altitude also pose safety challenges in terms of control of the air vehicle.

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d. Other issues to consider. Eventually, all UAVs will be fully capable of operating in ICAO controlled airspace under IFR conditions. Currently, by strict interpretation of the rules, these air vehicle are not currently a true IFR participant due to limited mode III readability/reliability and lack of direct ATC communications / voice relay capability. However, future modifications include a full duplex integrated UHF / VHF radio system that will allow air to air and air to ground connectivity through the air vehicle on board radio. Ultimately, IFR flight will be required due to the air vehicles operating regime and its lack of see and avoid capability required for VFR. Issues that are unique to the Korean Theater of operations that must be addressed include Bandwidth issues, Available Launch Sites, Line of Sight Issues, Laser designation protocol, Payload Hazards, The availability of ABCSS and AWACS to relay e. UAV Capabilities and Arrival Dates into Theater: 1. A website link will be added to the 3BCD GCCS-K web page that will show two Excel Spreadsheet explaining the latest updates to Peninsula wide UAVs Capabilities and Arrival Dates in country. www.gccsacfc.korea.smil.mil/bcd%20plans/ 2. UAVs will play a major role in the increasingly dynamic battlefield control that will evolve in this century. Only out imagination will limit the potential of UAVs in the 21st century.

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CHAPTER VII
ARMISTICE AIR SUPPORT TRAINING PROCEDURES USAFK CLOSE AIR SUPPORT PEACETIME SCHEDULING PROCEDURES

1. General. Joint training is critical to the overall effectiveness of Close Air Support
(CAS) during wartime. However, training requirements and scheduled aircraft maintenance limit the flexibility of air assets during peacetime. The procedures outlined below provide guidance for the scheduling of 7AF Close Air Support missions during peacetime. Wartime request procedures are outlined in CFC Pub 3-2.2, Air Ground Operations Korea.

2. Coordination. Missions conducted in the joint and combined environment require

detailed coordination and scheduling. During peacetime, direct interaction and coordination between flying units, Air Liaison Officers (ALO) and Air Support Operations Center (ASOC) personnel are highly encouraged. Additionally, the importance of Wing Ground Liaison Officers (GLO) interaction and liaison between US Army units and Wing/Unit schedulers cannot be overemphasized. Wing GLOs should be each Wings Army point of contact, advocate support of US Army training, and attend monthly flying wing scheduling meetings.

3. Annual/Quarterly Scheduling. The key to providing air in support of US Army

peacetime requests begins early during each calendar year. By August 15th of each year, ALOs working with US Army units desiring CAS, will provide an initial list of exercises planned for the following year to the Battlefield Coordination Detachment Korea (BCD-K). The BCD-K will provide this list to the MAAP CAS Planner, who will forward to 8FW and 51FW schedulers for consideration in building their annual flying schedule. While full details of each army exercise may not be known at this time, approximate dates and times (i.e. week of operation and night vs. day), general description of the exercise and type of support requested should be detailed. This schedule will be updated quarterly and forwarded to the CAS Planner.

4. Request Prioritization. In order to maximize USAFK support, the BCD-K will

ensure all requests are prioritized using the following scale: Priority 1 Brigade / Regiment level or higher field training exercise or live fire exercise. AF support critical; general officer involvement highly possible if no AF support. ACC requires valid reason for non-support regardless of training value.

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 Priority 2 Battalion level field training exercise or live fire exercise with clear and achievable training objectives with AF integration. AF support not critical and is based upon pre-established unit flying window (i.e. if the request matches the unit flying window, unit will support). Six week prior notice is required. Priority 3 Echelons below battalion field training exercise or live fire exercise. AF support provides good opportunity for joint interaction, but with limited AF training objectives. Other than having all players involved, AF support not important to overall army training objectives. AF support is voluntary based upon unit flying windows and training objectives. Six week prior notice required.

5. U.S. Army Request Processing Timeline. Reference Figure 1 below for a flow of
the CAS request process and timeline. In general, the flow and timeline are the same for all requests. However, the priority with which the requests are processed, and the flexibility with which USAFK units are required to support vary.

G3 Air TACP

BDE S3 Air TACP

BN S3 Air TACP

Figure 7-1 USAFK CAS Request Process (1) Not later than seven weeks prior to the date CAS is required, units submit

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their request to the BCD-K using ACC Form 1/DOD Form 1972 (reference CFC Pub 3-2.2 Air Ground Operations -Korea). While it is highly desired that Priority 1 requests are submitted a minimum of seven weeks prior, it may be possible to support Priority 1 requests up to the week prior. Submitters should be prepared to provide justification for late requests. (2) As soon as possible, but NLT six weeks prior to the date CAS is required, the BCD-K prioritizes requests and forwards to the USAFK MAAP Team 607CAS Planner and 8FW and 51FW Ground Liaison Officers. (3) As soon as possible, but NLT four weeks prior to the date CAS is required, the USAFK MAAP Team CAS Planner passes the requests electronically to 8FW and 51FW scheduling (using an Excel spreadsheet titled Form I Tracking). The 25 FS/DO, 36 FS/DO, 80 FS/DO, 35 FS/DO, Ground Liaison Officers (GLOs) and 607 ASOG receive a courtesy copies of the requests. The CAS Planner will coordinate with AFOC/DOP and 1MAW for ROKAF and/or USMC support as needed. (4) As soon as possible, but no later than two weeks prior, 8FW and 51FW scheduling will provide detailed information to the USAFK MAAP Team CAS Planner on requests they are able to support (unit, time on target and type of aircraft). In the event 8FW and 51FW are unable to support Priority 1 or 2 requests, they must provide justification. Wing schedulers should elevate non-support of Priority 1 requests to their Wing Operations Group Commander, as these requests generate General Officer interest. If the USAFK / A3 CAS Planner is unable to support Priority 1 requests with other assets, 8 FW and/or 51 FW should expect tasking from theUSAFK. Wing GLOs will work directly with Squadron and Wing Scheduling to help facilitate requests. Units should solicit their help in coordinating with U.S. Army Units. (5) As soon as received, the CAS Planner will inform the BCD-K of request status. Once a request has been filled, mission time on target may not change by greater than 15 minutes, unless by mutual agreement. BCD-K will discuss unfilled requests with USAFK as required. (6) The ITO is the official tasking for all CAS mission requests. The ITO is published Thursday/Friday the week prior to execution. Except for safety of flight or maintenance non-delivery, the USAFK / A3 must approve all Priority 1 and 2 mission cancellations. Squadrons will notify the Senior Operations Duty Officer (SODO) and the Air Support Operations Center (ASOC) of all unplanned cancellations (i.e. weather, MND, air abort, etc.). Approved cancellations or additional missions will be published as a change to the Weekly ITO.

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6. Request Non-Support. Once the USAF-K MAAP Team and 607 DOJ CAS Planner
has exhausted all options for supporting a Priority 1 CAS request (8FW, 51FW, 1MAW, ROKAF, Navy, etc.), the issue will be elevated to the USAFK A3 with a recommendation to support the request or remain unfilled. USAFK A3, after discussion with BCD-K, will determine whether or not to formally task a Wing. Formal tasking will be sent through the units chain of command. 7. CUWTF CAS Training Request Procedures a. Preplanned CAS requests are submitted through the SOCC to the KAOC CAS planner on DD Form 1972 or ACC Form 1 no later than six weeks before mission execution. Originating unit request numbers are retained throughout all processing. b. Units desiring Immediate CAS (ICAS) missions to promote training realism should request these missions using the guidelines for preplanned CAS requests. Units will designate a mission as ICAS in Item 8 of DD Form 1972 or ACC Form 1. 8. CMFC CAS Training. CMFC CAS operations by CMFC units in support of exercises in Korea are flown IAW applicable CACC directives and airspace management procedures. 9. CNCC Air Support Training a. Requests are submitted through the CNCC liaison officer at the KAOC to the CAS planner no later than six weeks before mission execution using DD Form 1972 or ACC Form 1 (see chapter VII). Originating unit request numbers are retained throughout all processing. b. Naval fleet initiated air training requests are forwarded to Headquarters at Chinhae CNCC. CNCC Headquarters will consolidate requests from the naval fleets and forward them to the CNCC liaison in the CAOC. No later than six weeks the Navy Liaison will submit the request to the CAS planner for sourcing at the KAOC 10. Procedures for CACC Support of CNCC Exercises

a. The exercises will be called MAROPS (year)-xx (sequential number). Normally there will be two exercises per month. CACC will do their best to support the exercises with a goal of providing a minimum of two sorties per exercise. b. The objectives of these exercises are: (1) To increase CACC/CNCC interoperability. (2) To allow CNCC to practice requesting CACC assets.

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(3) To allow CNCC to practice controlling and directing CACC aircraft to simulated nK naval targets. c. Procedures to request and approve CACC support are: (1) CNCC will forward request dates, times and locations to AFOC/DOP and USAFK MAAP Team NLT six weeks prior to mission execution on DD Form 1972 or ACC Form 1 (see chapter VII). An alternative date will also be included in the request. (2) USAFK MAAP Team will relay the requests to the squadrons. AFOC/DOP will also relay the requests to AFOC/DOT for approval. (3) USAF units will attempt to fill one of the requests and ROKAF units will attempt to fill the other request. USAF units will inform USAFK MAAP Team no later than four weeks from mission execution if they will be able to support the request. AFOC/DOT will inform AFOC/DOP by the following Thursday of any serious conflicts with the request. (4) KAOC CNCC Liaison (NADO) will contact AFOC/DOP and USAFK MAAP Team to get information on approval or disapproval of the request. AFOC/DOP and USAFK MAAP Team will inform NADO by the Friday following the range meeting, or not later than ten days before the exercise, if the request has been approved. NADO will relay information to CNCC. (5) CNCC will use normal CAS request system to get mission information (DD Form 1972 or ACC Form 1) MAAP Team Combat Plans. (6) Combat Plans and AFOC/DOP will incorporate information from DD Form 1972 or ACC Form 1 on the weekly ITO. TACAIR call signs will be published in the weekly ITO and ship call signs will be from AKAI-6. Ship's frequency will be as directed in the weekly ITO. In case of no contact between aircraft and ship, MCRC and NADO will coordinate to insure CACC TACAIR and CNCC ship are on the same frequency. If there is confusion as to call signs, the backup call sign for CACC TACAIR will be MAROPS backup call sign for CNCC ship will be DOLPHIN. (a) USAFK MAAP Team in Combat Plans and AFOC/DOT are the focal point for resolving any conflicts that arise concerning approval or disapproval of CACC support for these exercises. Acting under the authority of the CACC/A-3 and CACC/AA-3 they can publish the weekly ITO and task USAF and ROKAF units to participate in these training events.

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d. Exercise scenarios will include: (1) Blue Forces discovering nK SOF forces attempting to infiltrate ROK by sea. CFC then directs CNCC to counter the threat. Blue Forces will consist of 2-3 combatant ships, various patrol boats, maritime helicopters, P-3s, coastal radar stations, shore defense forces and CACC assets. Orange forces will consist of 2-3 patrol boats. These exercises will be held off both coasts of South Korea. (2) Once Blue Forces discover nK forces, CNCC unit's request CACC support. (3) This request is forwarded to NADO and will include applicable elements f the DD Form 1972 or ACC Form 1 filled in. (4) Once the aircraft takes off the NADO will pass mission data to the requesting agency. e. Aircraft will takeoff and contact MCRC for control until released to CNCC control ship. CNCC control ship will act as GFAC and direct aircraft to target. Use of AFAC is also possible, if required. f. CNCC FAC using procedures described below and in CACC/CNCC Joint Operations Training Document, will: (1) Pass information on enemy ships location and friendly ship location to MCRC, if possible within the capability at the UHF circuit. If not capable on UHF, pass the information to NADO via any means available. NADO will then pass the information to MCRC. (2) Provide TACAN bearing and distance (from control ship) to target or lat/long target coordinates to aircraft, or designate a killbox using the Korean Common Grid System, whichever is most appropriate. (3) Establish communication with aircraft when aircraft comes within 30-50 NM of control ship, or when handed off by MCRC. (4) Pass the following information to the aircraft: (a) Control ships location, Lat/Long, ONC or TACAN (b) Enemy ships location, Azimuth and distance, TACAN, Lat/Long or Kill Box (c) Enemy situation, type numbers, capabilities

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(5) Use the following equipment to assist pilots in identifying the control ship: (a) Ship air or surface search radar (b) TACAN (c) Radio homing beacon (d) Air warning light (e) Search light (f) IFF (g) Panels (h) Smoke (6) Designate an orbit point if necessary, using terrain features if available. In the absence of good terrain features, TACAN azimuth and distance will be used. Aircraft will use standard holding procedures. (7) Identify the enemy ships by providing the aircraft with the J-Fire briefing. (8) Clear aircraft to attack the target. Provide close control as required when ship are in close contact. Aircraft will conduct attacks only after the pilots positively identify enemy ships and declared hostile by the FAC. g. CACC aircraft can expect to be vectored overhead the friendly ships first then directed to the targets. On check in with the FAC they should provide: (1) Type and number of aircraft (2) Type of ordnance (3) Estimated time on target (4) Available loiter time

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h. Targets will be one or more patrol gunboats simulating nK ships. (1) Fighters will develop tactics, and determine best ordnance loads for the mission. (2) All attack passes will be dry. (3) Flight leads will terminate maneuvering and climb to a safe altitude at anytime they are unsure of tasking or determine that safety is at risk. (4) If time allows, after completion of simulated orange target attack, CACC aircraft can simulate red air and do simulated attacks against blue forces. This will allow blue forces to practice anti-air procedures. i. Weather minimums are: (1) USAF Day/Night 3000 and 5 miles visibility, or as determined by OG/CCs. (2) ROKAF (a) Day 8000 and 5 miles visibility. (b) Night 10,000 and 5 miles visibility j. Exercise ships will have TACAN and a qualified English speaking FAC onboard. k. CNCC will arrange for exercise airspace with ROKAF. l. Changes to these procedures can be made after coordination and agreement of all parties involved. 11. TARS Training Request Procedures. a. Purpose 39th Tactical Reconnaissance Group (39th TRG/ ROKAF) will fly training air reconnaissance sorties in support of CFC in RKP-518. CFC units may request intelligence and intelligence products. The objectives are to exercise: (1) Planned and immediate request procedures in the exercise or training maneuver area. (2) Tasking through a weekly RECCE air tasking order. (3) Immediate communication of information to finalize target coordinates when applicable. (4) Inflight reporting. (5) RECCEXREP and photos as requested.

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b. SCOPE: (1) The 39th Tactical Reconnaissance Group (39th/ROKAF) flies RC-4C & RF-5A reconnaissance aircraft. Their primary peacetime mission is reconnaissance support to the Republic of Korea. Limited sorties will be available for CFC intelligence training requests. (2) Any CFC ground unit can, through their S2/G2 chain of command, request intelligence in support of field exercises or field training using CFC AGO-K request procedures. Actual imagery intelligence (IMINT) should be identified in the request. c. Training Request Procedures: (1) CFC units will provide CFC-C2-CM weekly request for intelligence using Requirements Control Form Format (See Chapter VII), to include negative response no later than 1700 hours Wednesday. Intelligence requests will not identify targets no closer than seven nautical miles to the MDL for preplanned missions. Intelligence requests will not identify targets no closer than ten nautical miles to the MDL for immediate missions. TOTs will be during daylight hours, specifically between sunrise plus 30 minutes and 2 hours before sunset. (2) CFC-C2-CM will identify training targets for tactical air reconnaissance and forward requests to Collection Management Team for ITO planning. (3) CACC Combat Plans will publish weekly RECCE ITO with 39th TRG sorties included. The ITO is normally published Thursday, for mission beginning the following week. (4) KAOC Recon Duty Officer will provide mission feedback to CFC-C2-CM each Friday. CFC-C2-CM will inform requesting unit of approval/disapproval of request. Approved request will not have a specific TOT.

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APPENDIX AIR REQUEST FORMS 1. GENERAL. This chapter contains blank forms and instructions on requesting air support. The forms outlined in this Chapter are: DD Form 1972/ACC Form 1 for CAS; Request For Information (RCF) for TARS; CHQ Form 109EK for Airlift; CHQ Form 4010 for Electronic Warfare; and Airspace Control Measures Request (ACMREQ) for airspace deconfliction. 2. JOINT TACTICAL AIR STRIKE REQUEST (JTAR-- DD Form 1972/ACC Form 1) is used to request CAS. The use of this form is mandatory. Joint Pub 3-56.24, Tactical Command and Control Planning Guidance and Procedures for Joint Operations (Procedures and Formats), contains detailed instructions for reference only. The instructions in Section 1 reflect minor revisions to DD Form 1972 dated April 1975. Figure VII-1 shows the JTAR Request Form (DD Form 1972). Instructions for its use follow.

JOINT TACTICAL AIR STRIKE REQUEST

SECTION I - MISSION REQUEST 1. UNIT CALLED THIS IS REQUEST NUMBER

SEE UNC/ CFC AGO-K FOR PREPARATION INSTRUCTIONS DATE SENT TIME BY

RECEIVED

2.
_

PREPLANNED IMMEDIATE

A C

PRECEDENCE _______________ B PRIORITY __________________

PRIORITY ___________________

TIME

BY

3. TARGET IS/ NUMBER OF A PERS IN OPEN ________________ E AAA ADA _________________

B PERS DUG IN ________________ F RKTS MISSILE _______________

C WPNS/ MG/RR/ AT______________ G ARMOR ________________

D MORTARS/ ARTY ___________

H VEHICLES _________________ L SUPPLIES, EQUIP _______________

I BLDGS __________________ J BRIDGES ___________________

K PILLBOX, BUNKERS ______________

M CENTER (CP, COM) _______________ N AREA __________________ Q REMARKS ______________

O ROUTE ___________________ P MOVING N/ S/.E/ W ________________

4. TARGET LOCATION A _________________

(COORDINATE)

CHECKED B __________________ C ___________________

(COORDINATE) (COORDINATE)

D ____________________
(COORDINATE)

E TGT ELEV ___________ F SHEET NO. _____________ 5. TARGET TIME/ DATE

G SERIES __________

H CHART NO.__________

A ASAP ______________ B NLT ______________________ C AT _________________________

D TO ________________________

6. DESIRED ORD/ RESULTS B DESTROY ______________

A ORDNANCE __________________ C NEUTRALIZE ________________ D HARASS/ INTERDICT ________________

7. FINAL CONTROL A FAC/ RABFAC _______________

B CALL SIGN _______________________________

C FREQ ________________________________

D ASRT _____________________ C FREQ ________________________

F FIX/ CONT PT ______________________________________

8. REMARKS

ACKNOWLEDGED BDE/ REGT DIVISION OTHER SECTION II - COORDINATION 9. NFG 10. ARTY 11. AIO/ G - 2/ G - 3

12. REQUEST APPROVED DISAPPROVED 15. RESTRICTIVE FIRE/ AIR PLAN A IS NOT 17. LOCATION A ________________________
(FROM COORDINATES)

13. BY

14. REASON FOR DISAPPROVAL

16. IS IN EFFECT B NUMBER A (FROM TIME) __________________ 18. WIDTH B ___________________________

(TO COORDINATES) (METERS)

B (TO TIME) _________________

19. ALTITUDE/ VERTEX A ___________________

(MAXIMUM/ VERTEX)

B ___________________
(MINIMUM)

20. MISSION NUMBER 24. EST/ ACT TAKE OFF 28. FAC/ ASTR/ TAC (A) CALL SIGN FREQ

21. CALL SIGN 25. EST TOT 29.RESTRICTIVE FIRE/ AIR PLAN SEE 16-19

SECTION III - MISSION DATA 22. NO AND TYPE AIRCRAFT 26. CONT PT/ RDNVS
(COORD/ NAV FIX)

23. ORDNANCE 27. INITIAL CONTACT * 31. TGT COORD/ ELEV

30. TGT DESCRIPTION

ACKNOWLEDGED TUOC CRC TACP ASRT * TRANSMIT AS APPROPRIATE

Figure A-1 DD Form 1972/ACC Form 1 Close Air Support Request

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Instructions for DD Form 1972/ACC Form 1 Close Air Support Request a. SECTION 1. MISSION REQUEST. Line 1. Title and Elements Explanation UNIT CALLED sign/preassigned number. THIS IS Identifies the unit designation/call Identifies the request originator by unit designation/call sign/preassigned number. REQUEST NUMBER For preplanned missions, the originators request number indicates

In series. For immediate missions, this number is assigned by the ASOC/DASC. SENT Indicates the time and the individual who transmitted the request. 2. (Mission categories) PREPLANNED: a. PRECEDENCE b. PRIORITY For preplanned requests, enter precedence (block A) or priority (block B). Precedence is stated numerically in descending order of importance, as determined by the requester. Priority is expressed as shown below. IMMEDIATE: c. Priority For immediate requests, enter priority (block C). A precedence entry is not required for immediate requests because, all immediate requests are #1. Use the numerical designation below to determine priority (e.g., define the tactical situation) for preplanned (block B) or immediate (block C): 1. Emergency. Targets which require immediate action and supersedes all other categories of mission priority. Instructions for DD Form 1972/ACC Form 1 Close Air Support Request 2. Priority. Targets, which require immediate action and supersede routine targets.

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3. Routine. Targets of opportunity. Targets, which do not demand urgency in execution. 3. TARGET IS/ NUMBER HAVE Describes the type, approximate size, It is necessary to specify, even if a rough estimate, the number of targets (i.e., 10 tanks) or the size of the target area (i.e., personnel on a 500 meter front). Otherwise planners cannot accurately determine what force is required - aircraft numbers/type and ordnance amount/type. 4. TARGET LOCATION IS a. COORDINATES b. COORDINATES to ______ coordinates. c. COORDINATES a route. Locates the target by using the military grid system prescribed for the area concerned. Locates a point target or starting point. When used together with A, provides from When used together with A and B, provides

and mobility of the target to be attacked.

d. COORDINATES When used together with A through C, provides a route or describes a target area. e. TARGET ELEV. f. SHEET NO. g. SERIES h. CHART NO. Target elevation in feet above sea level. Self-explanatory. Self-explanatory. Self-explanatory. information

i. CHECKED. Indicates with whom target has been cross-checked. 5. TARGET TIME/DATE airstrike is requested. a. ASAP Indicates the time/date when the

As soon as possible.

Instructions for DD Form 1972/ACC Form 1 Close Air Support Request b. NLT The target is to be attacked before, than the time indicated. c. AT Indicates time at which target is to be but not later attacked.

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d. TO Denotes end of period of time in which support such as airborne alert or column cover is required. When D is used with C, B is unnecessary. 6. DESIRED ORD/ Indicates the requesters desired RESULTS airstrike results. This is essential information for the planner and must be carefully considered by the requester. a. ORDNANCE b. DESTROY c. NEUTRALIZE d. HARASS/ INTERDICT 7. FINAL CONTROL Identifies the final controller (e.g., FAC, FAC(A) who will conduct the briefing and control the release of ordnance a. FAC/ b. CALL SIGN c. FREQ. usable on the FEBA. Transmit the type of terminal controller. Call sign of terminal controller. Recommended TAD frequency that is Desired ordnance. Self-explanatory. Self-explanatory. Self-explanatory.

d. FIX/CONT PT Military grid coordinates and/or NA, fix of a control point which is the furthest limit of an attack aircrafts route of flight prior to control by the final controller. 8. REMARKS Allows incorporation of briefing information not included elsewhere in the data for the standard CAS Instructions for DD Form 1972/ACC Form 1 Close Air Support Request b. SECTION II. COORDINATION. Line 9. 10. Title and Elements NGF ARTY Explanation request. Enter brief.

Now known as NSFS. Artillery coordination.

11. AIO/G-2/G-3 Air Intelligence Officer, G-2, G-3, or other Service equivalent coordination.

12. REQUEST: request. a. APPROVED b. DISAPPROVED

Indicates the approval or disapproval of the

13. BY Indicates the individual who approved or disapproved the request. 14. REASON FOR DISAPPROVAL 15. AIRSPACE The ACA establishes airspace that is reasonably safe from friendly, surfacedelivered, non-nuclear fires. The ACA provides a warning to aircraft of the parameters of surface-delivered fire in a specific area. 16. IS IN EFFECT Establishes the time period that the applicable ACA plan will be in effect. b. TO TIME 17. LOCATION ACAs centerline. Grid coordinates of the start/end points of a. FROM COORDINATES the a. FROM TIME Self-explanatory.

VI

Instructions for DD Form 1972/ACC Form 1 Close Air Support Request b. TO COORDINATES 18. 19. WIDTH (METERS) ALTITUDE/VERTEX Defines the ACA. ACA altitude given in feet above MSL.

c. SECTION III. MISSION DATA. Line 20. 21. 22. Title and Elements MISSION NUMBER CALL SIGN Explanation Indicates mission number. Aircraft Call sign.

NO./TYPE AIRCRAFT Self-explanatory. Type of ordnance by code number or

23. ORDNANCE nomenclature. 24. 25.

EST/ACT TAKEOFF EST TOT

Estimated or actual time the aircraft take off.

Estimated time on target.

26. CONT-PT/RDNVS The furthest limit of attack aircrafts route (COORD/NAV, of flight prior to control by the final VAID FIX) controller. Same as Line 7, item D, when designated in request. 27. INITIAL CONTACT is to contact. 28. FAC/TAC(A) control agency. Call sign and frequency of final CALL SIGN FREQ. Indicates the initial control agency the flight

VII

Instructions for DD Form 1972/ACC Form 1 Close Air Support Request 29. AIRSPACE 19 for this data. 30. 31. 32. Refer to lines 15 through COORDINATION AREA

TGT DESCRIPTION TGT COORD/ELEV BDA REPORT LINE 1/CALL SIGN

Self-explanatory. Self-explanatory. Use to record BDA for each mission. Self-explanatory.

LINE 2/MSN NUMBER Mission number of the CAS mission for which results are being reported. LINE 3/REQ NUMBER Requesting units request number. LINE 4/LOCATION attacked. Location of the target when it was

LINE 5/TOT The time the aircraft began attack on the target/the time the aircraft completed the mission and departed the target. LINE 6/RESULTS REMARKS The specific results of the mission.

Other appropriate information

VIII

3. Requirement Control Form (RCF) format is used to request TARS support. Figure A-2 shows the request form and provides instructions for its use.

FROM: Unit TO: (SCI MESSAGES: USFK J2 ETUT//CM-O) (GENSER COLLATERAL MESSAGES: TUT 501MIBDE SEOUL KOR//CM- O//) (COMUSKOREA INTEL SEOUL KOR//FKJ2-CM-O//)

CLASSIFICATION QQQQ SUBJECT: INTREQUEST 1. Request Number 2. Priority 3. BE Number/TGT Name 4. Target Location 5. EEI 6. Date(s) Collection Required: a. Beginning Date b. Ending Date c. Periodicity d. YYMMDD 7. LTIOV 8. Justification 9. Special Instructions 10. Remarks 11. POC

Figure A-2 Requirements Control Form Format

Instructions for the Requirement Control Form (RCF) format is used to request TARS support. a. Line 1. Request Number in accordance with Chapter 5 of the AGO-K.

IX

b. Line 2. Priority: (1) 1- Immediate (2) 2- Important (3) 3- Routine c. Line 3. Basic Encyclopedia Number (BE)/Target Name d. Line 4.. Target Location: UTM coordinates preferred. d. Line 5. SIR: Enter essential elements of information customer requires. e. Line 6. f. Date(s) collection required: (1) Start: Start date in YYMMDD Format (2) End: Date Collection to end in YYMMDD Format. (3) Periodicity: Frequency of coverage required. (4) YYMMDD: f. Line 7. LTIOV: Enter the date the information is no longer of value (YYMMDD format). g. Line 8. Justification. Enter why the information is of value. A good justification addresses; what military operation the information supports, consequences if information in unavailable and what enemy course of action support the request. h. Line 9. Special Instructions. Exploitation, reporting and production instructions. i. Line 10. Remarks: Use this field to enter any message reference, tip-offs or background in support of your request. Include DTGZ of the message, originator and subject. j. Line 11. POC: Enter customer identification data, to include organization, name of individual(s) and phone number (STU III).

COMBINED AIRLIFT REQUEST

1. DATE/ TIME OF REQUEST

2. REQUESING UNIT

3. REQUEST NUMBER

4. OVERALL CLASSIFICATION

5. VALIDATED (YES/ NO)

6. PRIORITY

7. MISSION TYPE

8. MISSION SUPPORT RQRD

9. R O U T E

ONLOAD (COORDINATES)

ENROUTE

OFFLOAD COORDINATES

10. MISSIONS TIMES

DLT

TOT/ OAT

EAL

TOT/ EAT

LAL

TOT/ LAT

11. PASSENGGERS UA/ NON US CITIZENS

PAX WEIGHT

BAGGAGE WEIGHT

12. AIRLAND CARGO QTY EACH

AIR DROP CARGO QTY EACH

R/S

PALLETS

CDS

HVY EQP PLATFORM

NOMENCLATURE (DESCRIPTION OF CARGO)

HEIGHT

WEIGHT

TOTAL WEIGHT

PAX

CARGO

BAGGAGE

13. HAZARDOUS CARGO

SHIPPING NAME

LSG

QUANTITY

WEIGHT

NEW

EXPLOSIVE CLASS

14. AIRDROP ZONE

COORDINATES

TYPE MARKER

COLOR SMOKE

RADIO FREQUENCY (PRIMARY)

RADIO FREQUENCY (SECONDARY)

CALL SIGN

15. CONTACT

REQUESTER/ TELEPHONE NUMBER

ONLOAD/ NUMBER

ENROUTE/ TELEPHONE NUMBER

DESTINATION/ TELEPHONE NUMBER

16. REMARKS (ALTERNATE INSTRUCTIONS)

17. INFORMATION PASSED TO FOLLOWING ORGANIZATIONS: NAME/ DATE/ TIME

KALCC C3 AVN 19 TSC (AIRDROP ONLY) CHQ FORM 109EK, 1 MAR 95

SEE REVERSE FOR INSTRUCTIONS Edition of 1 Aug 91 obsolete

Figure A-3 Combined Airlift Request Form CHQ Form 109EK

CHQ FORM 109EK, is used to request tactical airlift. Figure A-3 depicts the request form and provides instructions for its use. a. Line 1. DATE/TIME OF REQUEST-Self-explanatory (CALO) personnel completes)

XI

b. Line 2. REQUESTING UNIT-specific unit requesting airlift support c. Line 3. OVERALL CLASSIFICATION-Self-explanatory d. Line 4. REQUEST NUMBER-Indicate number 5 (air land) or 6 (airdrop) e. Line 5. VALIDATED (YES/NO)-Self-explanatory (CALO personnel completes) f. Line 6. PRIORITY-I, II, III, IV, V per para 8-5. g. Line 7. MISSION TYPE-AIREV (Aeromedical evacuation), Airld (Air land), CDS (Container Delivery System), Hvy (Heavy equipment airdrop, Per (Personnel airdrop). h. Line 8. MISSION SUPPORT REQUESTED-CCT required, Forklift required etc.. i. Line 9. ROUTE-ONLOAD, ENROUTE, OFFLOAD (COORDINATES) locations- Selfexplanatory j. Line 10. MISSION TIMES- submitted in Date-Time Groups- DESIRED LOADING TIME (DLT); TIME OVER TARGET (TOT); TIME OVER DROP ZONE (DZ); DESIRED ARRIVAL TIME (DAT); Air land arrival time; EARLIEST AVAILABLE FOR LOAD (EAL). If DLT cannot be met, earliest unit can be unloaded, TOT/EAT; If DAT/TOT cannot be met the Earliest Arrival Time (EAT) the unit/cargo can arrive at download/DZ location, Latest Available for Loading (LAL). If DTL cannot be met, latest time unit/cargo available for loading, TOT/IAT; if DAT/TOT cannot be met latest time unit/cargo can arrive at download/DZ location.

XII

Instructions for the Form CHQ, Combined Airlift Request. Figure 7-3 depicts the request form. k. Line 11. PASSENGERS US/NON-US CITIZENS/PASSENGER (PAX) WEIGHTStandard pax weights can be used. BAGGAGE WEIGHT-Do not include baggage weight included in standardized pax weight. l. Line 12. CARGO QTY EACH- Includes number of pieces of Rolling Stock (R.S.) and number of pallets. Specifically, identify the number and configuration of pallet trains e.g., a two pallet train would be: 1-2T. AIRDROP CARGO- Number of Container Delivery System (CDS) bundles and or Heavy Equipment Platforms (HVY EQP PLATFORMS) for mission (Info, to include rigged cargo weight and height, provided by 19th TSC RIGGERS). NOMENCLATURE- Brief description of cargo. HEIGHT- Provide data on only the tallest piece of cargo. WEIGHT- Self-explanatory. TOTAL WEIGHT- Add Pax, Baggage, and Cargo weights for TOTAL WEIGHT. m. Line 13. HAZARDOUS CARGO-Reference AFR 71-4, TM 38-250, NAVSUP Pub 505, Preparation of Hazardous Cargo for Airlift on Military Aircraft. Supply points and or airlift requester will provide the unit validator documents with SHIPPING, NAME LOAD AND STORAGE GROUP (LSG), QUANTITY, WEIGHT (of haz material), EXPLOSIVE CLASS, and NET EXPLOSIVE WEIGHT (NEW). n. Line 14. AIRDROP ZONE-COORDINATES/TYPE MARKER/COLOR SMOKE/RADIO FREQUENCY (PRIMARY & ALTERNATE)/CALL SIGN- Self-explanatory. o. Line 15. CONTACT: Self-explanatory p. Line 16. REMARKS- (ALTERNATE INSTRUCTIONS)- Specific information not previously addressed in this request. q. Line 17. INF PASSED TO FOLLOWING ORG Self-explanatory r. NOTE: Requests may be submitted by telephone, message, FAX, GCCS-K, or mail. Electronic message address is: RHJPCTC/CDRCTMC Deployed Seoul KOR/CALO//.

XIII

COMBINED/ JOINT EA SUPPORT REQUEST

(See AGO-K )

DATE/ TIME OF REQUEST

SECTION I - MISSION REQUEST 1. REQUEST NUMBER: 2. A. POC: C. POC RADIO CALL SIGN/ FREQUENCY: 3. POC: 4. PRIORITY UNIT DESIGNATOR & TARGET LINK OR STATION LOCATION JAM TIME (DIG) B. POC TEL NO: D. STOP BUZZER COORDINATOR/ TEL NO/ RADIO CALL SIGN/ FREQUENCY:

5. FIELD ARMY LNO:

SECTION II - COORDINATION 6. BCD PLANS:

7. FREQUENCY DECONFLICTION

8. A. GUARDED

FREQUENCY RESTRICTIONS B. PROTECTED

C. TABOO

9. A. REQUEST APPROVED

B. DISAPPROVED

C.REASON FOR DISAPPROVAL

10. MISSION NUMBER:

SECTION III - MISSION DATA 11. HR/ TYPE AIRCRAFT:

12. TAKE OFF TIME:

13. LANDING TIME

14. ORBIT TIME:(SECRET WHEN FILLED IN)

SECTION IV - MISSION TECHNIC AL DATA (SECRET WHEN FILLED IN) 15. FREQUENCY: 16. CALL SIGN: 17. LOCATION:

18. MODULATION:

19. JAMMING PERIOD:

20. PRIORITY:

21. REMARKS:

CHQ FORM 4010EK

Figure A-4 Combined Electronic Warfare Request Form CHQ Form 4010EK

XIV

5. COMBINED ELECTRONIC WARFARE REQUEST FORM CHQ FORM 4010EK, is used to request electronic warfare assets. Figure A-4 depicts the request form. Instructions for its use is below. a. Line 1. REQUEST NUMBER from originating unit request, see Chapter 5, section 3. b. Line 2. (1) POC: Requesting Unit POC name/rank. (2) POC TEL NO.: Number for requesting unit. (3) POC RADIO CALL SIGN/FREQUENCY: Requesting POC radio call sign and frequency, if applicable. c. Line 3. REMARKS: Any information necessary to facilitate contact between requesting element and all servicing elements. d. Line 4. (1) PRIORITY: Requesters priority ranking of support requests. (2) UNIT DESIGNATOR & TARGET: Unit Designator (Order of Battle Title) LINK OR STATION for target unit and specific communications link or terminal to be jammed. (3) LOCATION: Target location in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid coordinates (always specify DATUM). (4) JAM TIME (DTG): Time (date time group) during which jamming is to be conducted. e. Line 5. FIELD ARMY LNO: Initials or name of person in element signifying completed coordination. f. Line 6. BCD PLANS: Initials or name of person in element signifying completed coordination. g. Line 7. FREQUENCY DECONFLICTION: Initials or name of person in element signifying completed coordination.

XV

Instructions for the Combined Electronic Warfare Request form CHQ 4010EK below.

h. Line 8. FREQUENCY RESTRICTIONS: (Transmit secure) Frequencies against which intentional jamming or other forms of EW activity are prohibited. These frequencies will be guarded or protected for duration of activity requested in item 4(d) unless otherwise specified by requester. (1) GUARDED: Frequencies used by enemy C-E systems, which are being exploited by friendly intelligence collection/ESM/SIGINT activities. (2) PROTECTED: Frequencies used by friendly tactical forces for a particular operational requirement.7 (3) TABOO: Frequencies used by friendly tactical forces that are of such importance they may never be deliberately jammed or interfered with (i.e. CT nets and fire control nets). i. Line 9. (1) REQUEST APPROVED: Indicates approval by CFC C3CM through applicable component liaison in TACC to ACC ECD. (2) DISAPPROVED: Indicates disapproval by CFC C3CM through applicable component liaison in TACC to ACC ECD. (3) REASON FOR DISAPPROVAL: Self-explanatory. j. Line 10. MISSION NUMBER: Indicates sortie number for ECM Asset tasked to provide support. k. Line 11. NR/TYPE AIRCRAFT: Self-explanatory. l. Line 12. TAKEOFF TIME: Self-explanatory. m. Line 13. LANDING TIME: Self-explanatory. n. Line 14. ORBIT TIME: Beginning and ending times of orbit. Instructions for the Combined Electronic Warfare Request form CHQ 4010EK below. o. Line 15. FREQ: Target operating frequency (must specify KHZ/MHz).

XVI

p. Line 16. CALL SIGN: Target call sign. q. Line 17. LOCATION: Last known UTM Grid coordinates for target to be jammed. r. Line 18. MODULATION: Type of signal modulation used by target, i.e., FM, AM. s. Line 19. JAMMING PERIOD: Specific times for jamming. t. Line 20. PRIORITY: Target priority as determined by EWLNO/CFC C3CM. u. Line 21. REMARKS: Any information or instructions necessary to guide ECM support by airborne personnel.

XVII

6. PSYOP REQUEST SAMPLE FORM is provided to assist units in requesting PSYOP COMMANDO SOLO or Leaflet Requests. a. Sample COMMANDO SOLO Transmission Request Form SECRET WHEN FILLED IN/TRANSMITTED FROM: (Requesting Unit) THRU: CFC/CINC Korea, Seoul KOR//CFB-PD// TO: Osan AB KOR//607 COMBAT PLANS SQUADRON/DOJ 1. Date/Time of Request 2. Request number (HQ plus sequential request) 3. POC (m) 4. POC call sign (m) 5. Message address (m) 6. Message system (m) 7. Radio/TV transmission mission: a. Priority (m) b. When needed (DTG) (from-to) (m) c. Frequency (m) d. Type mission: PSYOP/NEO/Civil Support/etc. (m) e. Target box (Geo UTM coordinates of corners of the box) or circle. f. Power restrictions (o) g. Tape broadcast (m if appropriate) 1. Type 2. Duration 3. Pickup point 4. Ground to air h. Live broadcasters (m if appropriate) 1. Number 2 2. Pickup point 3. DTG 4. Special requirements/stations i. Ground to air broadcasts 1. Frequency: (uplink & downlink if different)

XVIII

2. Test time 3. Location of Uplink Station (UTM Coordinates) j. Special coordinating instructions 8. Frequency restrictions a. Guarded b. Protected c. Taboo 9. Competing station (o) a. Other stations broadcasting on same frequency b. If so, 1. Location 2. Watt output 3. Broadcast schedule 4. Antennae orientation 10. Status (m) a. Request approved b. Request disapproved c. Reason of disapproval NOTE (m) = Mandatory (o) = Optional

b. Sample PSYOP Leaflet Request Form SECRET WHEN FILLED IN/TRANSMITTED FROM: CFC/CINC KOREA, SEOUL KOR //CFB-PD// TO: Osan AB KOR//607 COMBAT PLANS SQUADRON/DOJ ATTN: PSYOP Staff/Cell 1. REQUEST ACC PROVIDE SUPPORT FOR PSYOP LEAFLET DROP ON __________(date). 2. THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION IS PROVIDED FOR THE MISSION: (m) A. CLASSIFICATION: LEAFLET PROJECT/DEVELOPMENT (m) B. ON LOAD PLAN: ENGINES RUNNING, LOAD ON RAMP IN CARGO DOOR, LEAFLETS AT OSAN AB. (m)

XIX

C. UTM GRID COORDINATES OF DROP AREA (m) D. DTG OF DROP: E. TIME ON TARGET/ALTITUDE OF DROP F. ESTIMATED WEIGHT: (m) G. VOLUME H. CALIBRATION DATA: LEAFLET SERIAL #, GROUND RATE(S) OF DESCENT, AUTO-ROTATION FACTOR (m) I. POC FOR ON LOAD: (m) J. REMARKS: ADDITIONAL PERSONNEL REQUIRED: REQUEST 4 PAX TO ACCOMPANY LEAFLETS ON C-130 (o) 3. POC: (NAME), (unit), (phone number). (m)

NOTE (m) = MANDATORY (o) = OPTIONAL

XX

7. AIRSPACE CONTROL MEASURES REQUEST (ACMREQ) FORM is used to deconflict/coordinate airspace usage with a requesters higher air-ground element. Depicted is an ACMREQ Voice Template. For a more detailed discussion refer to the ACC Airspace Control Order (ACO). ACMREQ VOICE TEMPLATE _________ THIS IS: _________AIRSPACE CONTROL MEASURE REQUEST OVER. addressee originator

addressee answers, then originator responds: THIS IS: originator FLASH IMMEDIATE PRIORITY ROUTINE precedence of this message.) (Underline and transmit the

TOP SECRET SECRET CONFIDENTIAL UNCLAS (Underline and transmit the security classification of message.) AIRSPACE CONTROL MEASURES REQUEST LINE 1 (OR) NAME (Name of command or region responsible for controlled airspace.) LINE 2 (OR) UNIT airspace.) LINE 3 (OR) TYPE LINE 4 (OR) AIRSPACE LINE 5 (OR) PURPOSE LINE 6 (OR) TRANSIT (continued on next page) (Name of unit or agency requesting (Type of airspace.) (Type of airspace.) (Purpose of special use airspace.) (Transit instructions)

this

XXI

LINE 7 (OR) FROM LINE 8 (OR) UNTIL LINE 9 (OR) AREA defined; boundary, circle, etc.) LINE 10 (OR) COORDINATES necessary to define the area.) LINE 11 (OR) WIDTH/RADIUS dimensions) LINE 12 (OR) LOWER nearest 100 feet, or GROUND LINE 13 (OR) UPPER nearest 100 feet.) LINE 14 (OR) CONTACT LINE 15 (OR) PRIMARY frequency designator.) LINE 16 (OR) SECONDARY frequency designator.) LINE 17 (OR) NARRATIVE LINE 18 (OR) TIME when required to identify the

(Time area is to be established) (Time is to be disestablished) (Description of the area to be (Position/point repeated as (Width or radius of airspace, with (Lower altitude of designated area to LEVEL.) (Upper altitude of designated are to (Call sign of control agency.) (Primary radio frequency or (Secondary radio frequency or

(Day-hour-minute-zone-month-year message time of origin.)

LINE 19 (OR) AUTHENTICATION (Message authentication in accordance with established procedures.)

XXII

8. ITO AIRCRAFT VOICE TEMPLATE is used to place aircraft onto the Integrated Tasking Order. ITO AIRCRAFT VOICE TEMPLATE (SECRET WHEN FILLED IN) *LINE1- MISSION ID *LINE 2- MISSSION TYPE *LINE 3- ALTERT STATUS LINE 4- MISSION SCHEDULE LINE 5- BASE (AIRFIELD/ FIELD SITE) LINE 6- UNIT LINE 7- NUMBER OF AIRCRAFT LINE 8- TYPE OF AIRCRAFT LINE 9- CALL SIGN LINE 10- POC NAME LINE 11- POC TELEPHONE NUMBER *Indicates fields to be filled in by BCD

XXIII

SECRET-ROKUS
(when filled out)

AIRSPACE CONTROL MEASURE REQUEST

I. Requestor's Information Rank/Name : ______________________ Duty Position: ______________________

(ACMREQ)

Phone : ____________ (DSN if outside AOC) Duty Location : .

II. ACM Information (Fill Out All Applicable Items) Type of Request: (check One) [ ] New [ ] Change [ ] Delete ACM Name: _________________________ ACM Type: _______________ Activation Period: From : (Date/Time) To : (Date/Time)

/ /

Z Z

ITO(s) Affected:

Coordinates: (Lat/Long Only, WGS84 Datum Only) 1. 5. 2. 6. 3. 7. 4. 8. Shape: Orbit/Track Width: Altitude(s): Remarks: NM (Bottom)

9. 10. 11. 12.

. . . .

Radius: NM Turn Direction: [ ] Left [ ] Right [ ] Center (Left is Standard) (Top) AGL [ ] MSL [ ] . .

III. This Section for Airspace Use Only ACMREQ QC: (initials) Airspace Conflicts NO [ ] ACM Approved: YES [ ] Conflicting ACMs:

Plans [ ]

Ops [ ] (initials)

DCO/DDO: (date)

(initials)

. . .V.
.

Airspace Coordination (Contacts, Action Taken to resolve conflicts, etc.)

V. Airspace Final Approval Section Conflicts Remain? NO [ ] ACM Approved: (initials) (date) YES [ ] ACM Disapproved [ ] Return to Requester YES [ ] Users Accept Risks [ ] ACM Approved by: SECRET-ROKUS
(when filled out)

(initials)

(date)

XXIV

GLOSSARY PART I ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AAAA A2C2 AADC AAGS AAW ABCCC ABCS ABDOC ACA ACA ACC ACC ACC ACCR ACE ACE CDR ACM ACMREQ ACO ACP ADA ADOCS ADS AETACS AFAC Army Airspace Command and Control Area Air Defense Commander Army Air Ground System Anti-Air Warfare Airborne Battlefield Command and Control Center Army Battle Command Systems Airbase Defense Operations Center Airspace Coordination Area Airspace Control Authority Air Component Command Airspace Control Cell Airspace Coordination Area Air Component Command Regulation Aviation Combat Element Aviation Combat Element Commander Airspace Control Measure Airspace Control Measures Request Airspace Control Order Airspace Control Plan Air Defense Artillery Automated Deep Operations Coordination System Airspace Deconfliction System Airborne Elements of the TACS Airborne Forward Air Controller

XXV

AFARN AFATDS AFB AFOC AI AIEL AIS ALO AMC AMCT AMS AO AO AOA AOR APS ARCT ASOC ATF ATS ATACMS AWACS BBBB BCD BCO BCWG BDA

Air Force Air Request Net Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System Air Force Base Air Force (ROKAF) Operations Command Air Interdiction Airborne Instrument Electronic Link Air Intelligence Squadron Air Liaison Officer Air Mobility Command Air Mobility Control Team Airlift Mission Schedule Area of Operation Air Officer Amphibious Objective Area Area of Responsibility Advanced Planning System Air Refueling Control Team Air Support Operation Center Amphibious Task Force Air Traffic Services Army Tactical Missile System Airborne Warning and Control System

Battlefield Coordination Detachment Battlefield Coordination Officers Battle Command Working Group Battle Damage Assessment

XXVI

BM/C4I Battle Management/Command, Control, Computers and Intelligence BSLE CCCC C2W C3I C4I Intelligence CA CACC CALCT CALO CAMD CAOC CAS CATF CCNCC CCT CDC CESC CFACC CFC CGCC CIAD CINC CINCCFC CINCPACFLT CINCROKFLT CINCUNC CLF CM CMEF CMFC CNCC Command and Control Warfare Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence Command, Control, Communications, Computers Coordinating Altitude Commander, Air Component Command Combined Airlift Control Team Combined Airlift Office Combined Air Mobility Division Combined Air Operations Center Close Air Support Commander of the Amphibious Task Force Commander, Combined Naval Component Command Combat Control Team Capital Defense Command Combined Effects Synchronization Cell Combined Forces Air Component Commander Combined Forces Command Commander, Ground Component Command Combat Intelligence Application Division Commander in Chief Commander in Chief, Combined Forces Command Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet Commander in Chief, Republic of Korea Fleet Commander in Chief, United Nations Command Commander, Landing Force Collection Management Combined Marine Expeditionary Force Combined Marine Force Command Combined Naval Component Command Battle Staff Liaison Element

Communication,

and

XXVII

COCOM COI COMCMFC COMCUWTF COMMZ CP CRC CRE CRP CSCT CTAPS CTB CTC CTB CTMC CTS CUWTF DDDD D3A DASC DASC-A DO DOCC DOP DOSC DTACC

Combatant Command Combat Operations Intelligence Commander, Combined Marine Forces Command Commander, Combined Unconventional Warfare Task Forces Communications Zone Commander, Seventh Fleet Command Post Control and Reporting Center Control and Reporting Element Control and Reporting Post Combat Support Coordination Team Contingency Theater Automated Planning System Combined Targeting Board Combined Targeting Cell Combined Transpiration Board Combined Transportation Movement Center Common Targeting System Combined Unconventional Warfare Task Force

COMSEVENFLT

Decide, Detect, Deliver, Assess Direct Air Support Center Direct Air Support Center-Airborne Director of Mobility Forces-Korea Deep Operations Coordination Cell Director of Plans Deep Operations Synchronization Cell Deployed Tanker Airlift Coordination Center Director of Operations

DIRMOBFOR-K

XXVIII

EEEE EA ECAS EP ES ETAC EUSA EW EWC FFFF FAAWC FAC FAC (A) FALNO FB FEBA FFCC FLOT FOC FROKA FSB FSC FSCC FSCL FSCM FSCOORD FSD FSE Force Anti-Air Warfare Commander Forward Air Controller Forward Air Controller-Airborne Field Army Liaison Officer Forward Boundary Forward Edge of Battle Area Force Fires Coordination Center Forward Line of Own Troops Flight Operations Center First Republic of Korea Army Fire Support Branch Fire Support Coordinator Fire Support Coordination Center Fire Support Coordination Line Fire Support Coordination Measures Fire Support Coordinator Fire Support Division Fire Support Element Electronic Attack Emergency Close Air Support Electronic Protection Electronic Warfare Support Enlisted Terminal Attack Controller Eighth US Army Electronic Warfare Early Warning Control

XXIX

GGGG GCC GFB GLO GSM HHHH HIMAD HMMWV HTACC IIII ICAS IMINT INT IFF ITO JJJJ JSOLE JSTARS JTAR Joint Special Operations Liaison Element Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar Systems Joint Tactical Airstrike Request Immediate Close Air Support Imagery Intelligence Interdiction Identification Friend or Foe Integrated Tasking Order High-Medium Altitude Air Defense High Mobility Multi-Purpose Wheeled Vehicle Hardened Theater Air Control Center Ground Component Command Ground Forces Branch Ground Liaison Officer Ground Station Module

KKKK KAAO KADIZ KALCC KCOIC KRC KTACS Korean Air Area of Operations Korean Air Defense Identification Zone Korean Airlift Control Center Korean Combat Operations Intelligence Center Korean Reconnaissance Center Korean Theater Air Control System

XXX

LLLL LAAWC LDO LF LNO LOC MMMM MACCS MAGTF MASOC MATCD MAW MCRC MLE MLRS MRR MSL NNNN NADO NALE NCC nK NSFS NTACS NTCC OOOO OPCON PPPP PAH PED PSYOP Position Area Hazard Processing, Exploitation, Dissemination Psychological Operations Operational Control HTACC NCC Liaison Naval Amphibious Liaison Element Naval Component Command North Korea Naval Surface Fire Support Naval Tactical Air Control Systems Naval Tactical Air Control Center Marine Air Command and Control System Marine Air Ground Task Force Maritime Air Support Operations Center Marine Air Traffic Control Detachment Marine Aircraft Wing Master Control and Reporting Center Marine Liaison Element Multiple Launch Rocket System Minimum Risk Route Mean Sea Level Local Anti-Air Warfare Coordinator Lift Duty Officer Landing Force Liaison Officers Line of Communication

XXXI

RRRR RAOC RCF RDD RECCEDO RECCEXREP ROA ROC ROK ROKA ROKAF ROKMC ROKN ROZ RTOC SSSS SA SAAFR SAAWC SACC SEAD SIF SOLL SPINS SPITL SROKA Strategic Attack Standard Army Aircraft Flight Route Sector Anti-Air Warfare Commander Supporting Arms Coordination Center Suppression of Enemy Air Defense Selective Identification Feature Special Operations Low Level Special Instructions Single Prioritized Integrated Target List Second Republic of Korea Army Rear Area Operations Center Requirement Control Form Required Delivery Date Reconnaissance Duty Officer Reconnaissance Exploitation Report Restricted Operations Area Rear Operations Center Republic of Korea Republic of Korea Army Republic of Korea Air Force Republic of Korea Marine Corps Republic of Korea Navy Restricted Operations Zone Rear Tactical Operations Center

XXXII

TTTT TAC(A) TACC TACC TAC FCC TACON TACP TACT TADC TAGS TAH TALCE TALO TAOC TARS TBMCS TMO TOC TOT TPFDL TRANSCOM TROKA TSC TTT Tactical Air Coordinator-Airborne Tactical Air Command Center Tanker Airlift Control Center Tactical Flight Coordination Center Tactical Control Tactical Air Control Party Tactical Aviation Control Team Tactical Air Direction Center Theater Air-Ground System Target Area Hazard Tanker Airlift Control Element Theater Airlift Liaison Officer Tactical Air Operations Center Tactical Air Reconnaissance and Surveillance Theater Battle Management Core System Theater Missile Operations Tactical Operations Center Time on Target Time Phased Force and Deployment List Transportation Command Third Republic of Korea Army Theater Support Command Time to Target

XXXIII

UUUU UAV UNC USA USAF USCINCPAC USFK USMC USN WWWW WOC XXXX XINT Air Interdiction Wing Operations Center Unmanned Aerial Vehicle United Nations Command United States Army United States Air Force United States Commander in Chief, Pacific United States Forces, Korea United States Marine Corps United States Navy

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PART II TERMS AND DEFINITIONS Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System (AFATDS): The AFATDS is the automated Fire Support command and control system within the ABCS. AFATDS provides fully automated support for the planning, coordination, control, and execution of tactical close, tactical deep, and operational fires using Close Air Support (CAS), Naval Surface Fire Support (NSFS), attack helicopters, rockets, missiles, cannons, and mortars. Air and Missile Defense Workstation (AMDWS): Provides automated command and control of air defense operations. AMDWS provides a near-real time picture, mission planning analysis, logistics status, terrain analysis and tactical planning. AMDWS is the primary air defense component of the ABCS. AMDWS is used to disseminate the ACO and weapon control status. It allows integration of the air and missile defense plan with the ground scheme of maneuver. Air-Ground Operations System (AGOS): An Army/Air Force System providing the ground commander with the means for receiving, processing, and forwarding the request of subordinate ground commanders for air support missions and for the rapid dissemination of information and intelligence. Airborne Battlefield Command and Control Center (ABCCC): 1. A US Air Force aircraft equipped with communications, data link, and display equipment, it may be employed as an airborne command post or a communications and intelligence relay facility. 2. An airborne aircraft equipped with necessary staff personnel, communications and operations facilities to function as an airborne Air Support Operations Center. Airspace Control Authority (ACA): CINCCFC has designated CACC as the ACA. As ACA he coordinates, integrates, and regulates airspace use within the airspace control area. Airspace Control Center (ACC): An AOC element that coordinates and integrates airspace use. Air Liaison Officer (ALO): An officer (aviator/pilot) attached to a ground unit who functions as the primary advisor to the ground commander on air operation matters.

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Air Support Operation Center (ASOC): The ASOC is a KTACS element, subordinate to the CAOC (HTACC), designed to coordinate and direct tactical air operations in support of ground forces. All Source Analysis (ASAS) Remote Workstation (RWS): is the automated support system for the Intelligence and Electronic Warfare (IEW) functional area of the ABCS. The RWS provides automated support of the six primary intelligence functions: Indications and Warnings, Intelligence Preparation of the Battlespace, Situation Development, Target Development, Battle Damage Assessment, Support to Targeting and Support to Force Protection. Allocation: The translation of the apportionment decision into total numbers of sorties by aircraft type available for each operation or task. Apportionment: The determination and assignment of the total expected effort by percentage and/or by priority that should be devoted to the various air operations and/or geographic areas for a given period of time. Army Air Ground System (AAGS): The Army system which provides for interface between Army and tactical air support agencies of other Services in the planning, evaluating, processing, and coordinating of air support requirements and operations. It is composed of appropriate staff members, including G-2 air and G-3 air personnel, and necessary communications equipment. Army Battle Command Systems (ABCS): The ABCS 6.X systems consist of Defense Information Infrastructure Common Operating Environment (DII COE) foundation software modules, running on Common Hardware System (CHS) computer platforms and the most current Battlefield Functional Area (BFA) application software. ABCS is the Standard Army Objective Systems which include AFATDS, AMDWS, ASAS, and GCCS-K. Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS): A surface-to-surface, terminally guided missile system mounted on an MLRS chassis. ATACMS is used to engage soft-skinned targets at unclassified ranges out to 150 kms carrying a 950 submunition bomb load. Automated Deep Operations Coordination System (ADOCS): A prototype automated system used to coordinate and launch Army aviation, rocket, and missiles at targets normally beyond the FSCL.

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Battlefield Coordination Detachment (BCD): A liaison element that facilitates the synchronization of air operations with GCC operations through the coordination of air support and the exchange of operational and intelligence data. This US lead ROK supported Army unit is collocated with the CAOC at Osan AB. The BCD receives guidance, objectives, and priorities from the CJG3 and ensures that the CACC is aware of the CGCCs intent, scheme of maneuver, and requirements for air support. Battlefield Coordination Officers (BCOs): ROKA (usually MAJs) who augment the BCD. They provide ROKAF Wing Operations Centers with ground order of battle information, and pass to the BCD post strike intelligence and bomb damage assessment. Close Air Support (CAS): Air action by fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft against hostile targets that are in close proximity to friendly forces and that requires detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and movement of those forces. Combatant Command (COCOM): The authority to perform functions of command involving organizing and employing subordinates forces, the assignment of tasks, the designation of objectives and giving authoritative direction over all aspects of military operations, joint training and logistics necessary to accomplish the mission. Combat Control Team (CCT): A team of Air Force personnel organized, trained, and equipped to establish and operate navigational or terminal guidance aids, communications, and aircraft control facilities within the objective area of an airborne operation. Combined Air Operations Center (CAOC): The principal air operations installation (land or ship-based) from which all aircraft and air warning functions of tactical air operations are controlled. In Korea, the CAOC is comprised of the HTACC and KCOIC. The HTACC executes todays war the KCOIC plans for tomorrows war. Control and Reporting Element (CRE): Subordinate to the MCRC. These radar control stations perform surveillance, identification, air defense, and air control functions in their assigned subsectors, and transfer radar data to the MCRC.

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Coordinating Authority: A commander or individual assigned responsibility for coordinating specific functions or activities involving forces of two or more services or two or more forces of the same service. The commander or individual has the authority to require consultation between the agencies involved, but does not have the authority to compel agreement. (JP 3-0, 9 Sep 93). Coordination Altitude: A procedural airspace control method to separate fixed and rotary wing aircraft by determining an altitude below which fixed wing aircraft will normally not fly and above which rotary aircraft normally will not fly. The coordinating altitude is normally specified in the Airspace Control Plan and may include a buffer zone for small altitude deviations. Deconfliction: A continuous coordination process designed to reconcile or resolve conflicts in targeting so as to avoid mutual interference, conflict, or fratricide. Direct Air Support Center (DASC): The DASC is the principal air control agency subordinate to the Marine tactical air command center (TACC) for the control of direct air support and assault support operation. The DASC coordinates direct support missions controlled by on-the-scene air controllers (either on the ground or airborne). Distribution: That portion of the air effort that the CINCCFC has given the CGCC to support land operations-- specifically, Close Air Support (CAS). Distribution is a CGCC responsibility. Upon receipt the CGCC determines CAS priorities and distributes sorties by percentage or number to the field armies. Divert: To change the target, mission, or destination of an airborne flight. These changes are normally initiated by the CAOC (HTACC) Combined Execution Cell, but may be directed by the HTACC, MCRC, ABCCC, or AWACS. Electronic Attack (EA): That division of electronic warfare involving the use of electromagnetic or directed energy to attack personnel, facilities, or equipment with the intent of degrading, neutralizing or destroying enemy combat capability.

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Electronic Warfare (EW): Any military action involving the use of electromagnetic and directed energy to control the electromagnetic spectrum or to attack the enemy. The three major subdivisions within electronic warfare are electronic attack, electronic protection, and electronic warfare support. Field Army (FA): Administrative and tactical GCC organization composed of a headquarters, certain organic Army troops, service support troops, a variable number of corps, and a variable number of divisions. Fire Direction Data Manager (FDDM): A US Army Automated system that provides enhanced tactical and technical fire control capabilities for Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) battalions and batteries, and supporting fire support elements. Fire Support Coordination: The planning and executing of fires so that targets are adequately covered by a suitable weapon or group of weapons. Fire Support Coordinator (FSCOORD): A technically and tactically proficient Field Artillery Officer provided to the maneuver Commander as his primary advisor and coordinator for fire support. Fire Support Coordination Center (FSCC): A single location in which there are centralized communications facilities and personnel incident to the coordination of all forms of fire support. Fire Support Coordination Line (FSCL): The FSCL is a permissive fire support coordinating measure. FSCLs are established and adjusted by appropriate land force commanders within their boundaries in consultation with superior, subordinate, supporting, and affected commanders. Forces attacking targets beyond an FSCL must inform all affected commanders in sufficient time to allow necessary reaction to avoid fratricide, both in the air and on the ground. FSCLs facilitate the expeditious attack of targets of opportunity beyond the coordinating measure. Supporting elements may attack targets beyond the FSCL provided the attack will not produce adverse effects on, or to the rear, of the line. The FSCL is not a boundary. Synchronization of operations on either side of the FSCL is the responsibility of the establishing commander out to the limits of the land force boundary.

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Fire Support Element (FSE): Representatives that target and plan fire support and electronic warfare support. Forward Air Controller (FAC): A qualified member of the tactical air control party who, from a forward ground or airborne position, controls aircraft in close air support of ground troops. Forward Boundary (FB): The forward boundary of the CGCC area of operation. The CINCCFC establishes the size, shape, and positioning of areas of operation based on his concept of operations and the component commanders requirements for depth to maneuver rapidly and to fight at extended ranges. The forward boundary (FB) clearly defines the geographic areas of responsibility of the GCC and ACC Commanders. Forward Edge of the Battle Area (FEBA): The foremost limits of a series of areas in which ground combat units are deployed, excluding the areas in which the covering or screening forces are operating. It is designed to coordinate fire support, the positioning of forces, or the maneuver of units. Forward Line of Own Troops (FLOT): A line that indicates the most forward positions of friendly forces in any kind of military operation at a specific time. The FLOT may be at, beyond, and short of the FEBA, depicting the nonlinear battlefield. Free Fire Area (FFA): An area into which any fire support means may deliver fires without coordination. Global Command and Control System - Korea (GCCS-K): This C4I system provides a seamless flow of information enabling a joint fused common operational picture (COP). It will exchange data relating to orders, the friendly and enemy situation, and battlefield geometry and air/sea tracks. Ground Alert: Status in which aircraft on the ground are fully serviced and armed with combat crews in readiness to take off within a specified short period of time after receipt of a mission order.

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Ground Liaison Officers (GLOs): US Army officers (usually MAJs) who are assigned to the BCD. GLOs provide USAF Wing Operations Centers with ground order of battle information, and pass to the BCD poststrike intelligence and bomb damage assessment. Integrated Tasking Order (ITO): The ITO is the final product of the integrated PD&E cycle, and CTB process. It is a formal tasking order from the CACC and contains detailed guidance and missions for each component to accomplish as part of the interdiction portion of the CFC campaign. Korean Theater Air Control System (KTACS): The organization and equipment necessary to plan, direct, and control tactical air operations and to coordinate air operations with other Services. It is composed of control agencies and communications-electronic facilities that provide the means for centralized control and decentralized execution of missions. Marine Air Command and Control System (MACCS): A Marine Corps tactical air command and control system which provides the tactical air commander with the means to command, coordinate, and control all air operations within an assigned sector and to coordinate air operations with other components. It is composed of command and control agencies with communications-electronic equipment that incorporates a capability from manual through semiautomatic control. Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF): A Marine Air-Ground Task Force is a task organization of Marine forces (Division, Aircraft Wing, and Service Support Groups) under a single command, structured to accomplish a specific mission. Marine Air-Ground Task Force components normally include command, ground combat, aviation, combat, and combat service support elements (including Navy support elements). Three types of Marine Air-Ground Task Forces, which can be task, organized as: Marine Expeditionary Units (MEUs) or Marine Expeditionary Force (MEFs). Master Control and Reporting Center (MCRC): The MCRC is operationally subordinate to the CAOC (HTACC) and provides automated, centralized control capabilities for air surveillance, identification, air defense and tactical air control. The functions of the MCRC include: providing navigational assistance, radar control, radar monitoring, and flight following to friendly aircraft as required. During Push CAS, the MCRC flight follows CAS sorties to the ASOCs Rear Orbit Point (ROP) and assigns an altitude to be maintained until directed otherwise by the ASOC, AFAC, or GFAC. The MCRC will also relay post-attack BDA to the ASOC and/or CAOC (HTACC) when required.

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Minimum Risk Route (MRR): A temporary corridor of defined dimensions recommended for use by high-speed, fixed-wing aircraft that presents the minimum known hazard to lowflying aircraft transiting the combat zone. Naval Tactical Air Control Center (NTCC): Primary air control agency from which all air operations supporting amphibious operations are controlled. Naval Tactical Air Control System (NTACS): TAGS subcomponent system. It is an organizational structure within which the Commander of the Amphibious Task Force (CATF) executes air operations in the AOA. Various elements of the system are activated based upon the CATFs needs for C2 of the force, forces assigned, and physical space limitations. When the NTACS is used in conjunction with the MACCS, it forms the amphibious tactical air control system. Neutralization: Neutralization temporarily knocks the target out of action, producing ten percent or more causalities. Most planned missions are neutralization fires. No Fire Area (NFA): An area into which no fire or effects of fires are allowed. Two exceptions to an NFA exist. First, when the establishing headquarters temporarily approves fire within the NFA on a mission-by-mission basis. Second, a commander may engage the enemy to defend his unit when an enemy force within the NFA engages friendly forces. The purpose of the NFA is to prohibit fires, or their effects in the area. When possible, it is established by a division or higher headquarters on identifiable terrain. It may be identified by grid, or by a radius from the center point. Operational Control (OPCON): The authority delegated to a commander to direct forces placed under his control so that he may accomplish specific missions or tasks which are defined in an approved combined OPLAN or OPORD. Positive Control: A method of airspace control that relies on positive identification, tracking, and direction of aircraft within an airspace, and is conducted with electronic means by an agency having the authority and responsibility therein.

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Preplanned Mission: An airstrike on a target which can be anticipated sufficiently in advance to permit detailed mission coordination and planning. Procedural Control: Used when positive control is not available. It relies on previously agreed upon and promulgated airspace orders and procedures. Army aviation relies primarily on procedural control. Restricted Fire Line (RFL): A line established between converging friendly forces (one or both may be moving) that prohibits fires or effects from fires across the line without coordination with the affected forces. It is established by the commander of the converging forces. Restricted Operations Zone (ROZ): A volume of airspace set aside for a specific operational mission or requirement. Zones restrict some or all airspace users until mission termination. Sortie: In air operations, an operational flight by one aircraft. The Special Operations Coordination Center (SOCC), located in the HTACC, performs SOF liaison and coordination with CACC during armistice and war. The SOCC is a combined organization consisting of the ROKA Special Operations Ground Liaison Element (SOGLE) and the SOCKOR Joint Special Operations Liaison Element (JSOLE). Standard Army Aircraft Flight Routes (SAAFR): Routes established below the coordinating altitude, which allow rotary-wing element commanders safe movement of their aviation assets. Normally, located in corps through brigade rear areas. Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD): That activity which neutralizes, destroys, or temporarily degrades enemy air defense systems in a specific area to enable air operations to be conducted successfully. Synchronization: The ability to focus resources and activities in time and space to produce maximum relative combat power at the decisive point.

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Tactical Air Command Center (TACC): The senior MACCS agency that serves as the ACE Commanders operational command post. Tactical Air Control Parties (TACPs): TACPs request, coordinate, and control ground forces air support. Located at ROK Army command headquarters through brigade, and US command headquarters through battalion, they assist ground commanders in air support planning (normally CAS), and use the Air Force Air Request Net (AFRN) to transmit immediate CAS requests to the ASOC. Tactical Air Coordinator (AIRBORNE)(TAC A): An officer who coordinates, from an aircraft, the action of combat aircraft engaged in close support of ground or sea forces. Tactical Air Direction Center (TADC): An air operations installation under the overall control of the tactical air control center (afloat)/tactical air command center, from which aircraft and air warning service functions of tactical air operations in an area of responsibility are directed. Tactical Air Operations Center (TAOC): A subordinate operational component of the MACCS designed for direction and control of all enroute air traffic and air defense operations, to include manned interceptors and surface-to-air weapons, in an assigned sector. It is under the operational control of the TACC. Wing Operations Centers (WOCs): WOCs are the air force wing commanders operational center. They control wing resources, direct operations, and receive orders from CACC through the CAOC.

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