RECENT DEVELOPMENT ON

SEISMIC ISOLATION,
ENERGY DISSIPATION,
AND CONTROL FOR STRUCTURES
IN CHINA

Wenlihhan・Heisha
EERTC, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou CHINA
08 Feb. 2007
1
 2
Earthquake and Engineering Research and Test Center (EERTC)
 Content
1. Severe threat of earthquakes for China
2. Seismic Isolation
3. Energy dissipation
4. Semi-active control
5. Suggestion for future development

3
1. Serious Threat of Earthquake for China

China -- a very Frequently seismic country

◆ Located in the Cross Area of
Two main seismic circus in the world
◆ Over 60 % of national land is seismic area
◆ 80 % of large cities are located in seismic area
◆ Most of EQ are stronger, over prediction
◆ Many buildings and bridges are lack of capacity
for anti- Earthquake,

People urgently require living in houses,

that are ensured to be safe in strong EQ 4
Problems existed in tradi. anti-seismic technique
(1) It is not very safe:
◆ difficult to control the structural damage level
◆ dangerous in severe over predicted EQ.
80% of severe EQ were over prediction:
(2) It is limited to be used:
◆ important structures, require elastic, protect inside,
(3) It is Limited for Architectural design
◆ irregulative plan,
◆ weak stories
(4) It is more expensive: people do not pay more money
Intensity Ground motion rise cost
7--9 0.10 g — 0.40g 5- 30 %.
It causes dangerous state of many buildings at present
5
 New technique – Seismic Control of Structures

The urgent task is to find out a new technique:

(1) Safe: ensure safety in strong earthquake.
(2) Wide range of application: Civil structures and others
(3) Inexpensive
The Seismic Control is one of the best way to be satisfied
• Base Isolation : 570 buildings, bridges
• Energy Dissipation : 25 buildings
• TMD or other Passive : 12 buildings
• Active and Semi- Active control: 5 bridge

6
 2. Seismic Isolation
2.1 Isolator devices and testing research
2.2 Different locations of isolation layer
2.3 Stories isolation
2.4 Three directions (3D) isolation
2.5 Composite isolation
2.6 Isolation structures in near fault
2.7 Smart isolation
2.8 Application of isolation in China (Bld & Bridges)
2.9 Design code, rules and standards in China

7
2.1 Isolator devices and testing research

Five kinds of material used for isolators

(1) Sand layer: 5 buildings
(2) Graphite lime mortar layer: 12 buildings
(3) Slide friction layer: 14 building
(4) Roller: 2 buildings
(5) Rubber bearing: over 570 civil buildings

8
Isolator devices
z The Reasons of widely using
RB or LRB
z ▶ Effecting, decrease
response to 1/4 - 1/12
z ▶ Durability, working life 70
years
z ▶ Recover the displacement
after EQ
Graphite lime mortar
Slide friction layer z ▶ With Vertical tension
layer characteristics
z ▶ Earthquake experiences

Steel bar ( Damper) in the Slide friction devices

Graphite lime mortar layer Laminated Rubber
Bearing (RB or9LRB)
Mechanics Test for
Rubber bearings
Vertical compression
10-15 Mpa,
Horizontal shear
± 400 mm

10
Compression failure tests Tension failure tests

Durability testing for isolators

1 . low cycle fatigue test (180 cycle). 2.Ozone Ageing test ( ask for 60ys) 3. Creep
test (full scale testing 2001-2050)

fatigue test Ozone Ageing test 11

Creep test
2.2 Different locations of isolation layer
Six kinds of location of rubber bearings
(1) Base isolation
(2) Basement isolation ( building with basement)
(3) First story isolation (building without basement)
(4) Storied isolation
(on the stories which irregularly changing structural
shape, mass or stiffness)
(5) Over bridge between two building using isolation joint
(decouple the different model shapes of two buildings)
(6) Isolation bearings for long span space structures

12
 2.3 Stories isolation EERTC
层间隔震
Background:
Weak stories are existed in
buildings
Sudden Change of Mass or
Stiffness are existed in
buildings
Damage in Stories of
Buildings in Shaking table
Tests
So Stories Isolation is
Effective and necessary.

深圳市长大厦13
Theoretical Research for Stories Isolation

Design optimize:
● Relation of stiffness (刚度关系)
between supper and sub-structure
● Relation of mass (质量关系)
between supper and sub-structure
● Choose the stiffness and damping for
isolation layer (隔震层的刚度和阻尼)

Compute Analysis for Stories Isolation (计算分析)

● Mathematical model (质点模型)
● 3D analysis (三维有限元分析)

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Shaking table tests for Stories isolation systems
（Guangzhou University EERTC) 2005

Models for Stories isolation systems

15
Acceleration and Shear Force 加速度和剪力变化
Results：Effectively to reduce the response
8度中震(天津波X向输入）
8度中震(天津波X向输入）

8 8

7 7

6 6
固结
固结
5 1层底
5 1层底
2层底

楼层号
楼层号

2层底
4 4 3层底
3层底
4层底
4层底 3
3 5层底
5层底
6层底 6层底
2 2

1 1

0 0
0 0.4 0.8 0 200 400
加速度(g) 剪力（KN）

Acceleration Shear Force

16
Seismic Isolation Seismic Isolation
Houses buildings Museum
in southern China in southern China

Isolator: Top
of 1st Story
17
 Guangzhou City E.Q. Observing Center
in southern China
with isolation layer at the top of 1st story
首层隔震 广州市地震监测指挥中心 2000年

Isolators 首层隔震
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 Isolated buildings group---- Stories Isolation
-- The largest area of isolation in the world in 2003

Isolation House Buildings group on Subway Hub in Beijing

♦ Large platforms (2 storie RC frame)
with 1500m wide × 2000m long
cover a railway area in Beijing City
♦ 50 isolationed house buildings (7～9 stories RC frame)
built on the top floor of the platforms
♦ floor area of all isolation buildings is
approximately 480,000 M2
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New system of Isolated buildings structures

Isolation RB Layer ：located on

the top floor of the platform

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 Technical and economical comparison of
isolation with no-isolation

Comparison isolation, energy dissipa. & traditional design

Seismic shear force Construction cost

Traditional design 100 % 100 %

Energy dissipation 80 % 95 %

Stories Isolation 25-35 % 75 %

21
Shaking table tests– 1/25 scale model

22
model of rubber bearings
 (M) 17p04 BJ ISO 01
Stories-isolation Shaking table tests

Isolation 隔震
El Centro (N-S)
(Transverse) X
Ground Motion
地面 Ag= 0.366 g

Isolation
Structural Acc.
结构 As= 0.122 g

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 Stories-isolation
Isolation 隔震
No damage

El Centro wave
Tianjing wave
Local Site wave
Ground Motion
地震 Ag= 0.60 g

Isolation
Structural Acc.
结构As= 0.11～0.16 g

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 (M) 17p04 BJ ISO 07
Stories no- isolation Shaking table tests ）

No- Isolation 不隔震

Damage, Collapse
El Centro (N-S)
(Transverse)
Ground Motion
地震 Ag= 0.366 g

Structural Acc.
结构 As= 0.834 g
Comparison:
隔震/不隔震 = 1/4
25
 Shaking table tests – Compare testing

Isolation no-isolation
Input 300 gal Input 300 gal
Response 140 gal Response 720 gal
Input 600 gal input 400 gal
no any damage Damage, nearly collapse
26
2.4 Three directions (3D) isolation
(Guangzhou University EERTC)
Background and mathematics model
・Seismic isolation, Horizontal only
・Vertical vibrations always occur by highway, railway,
mechines or others make people not comfortable
・mathematics model for 3D isolation

27
 Patent 专利：200420083525.8
3D Isolator: Device and design
剪切应变
5 -167% -125% -83% -42% 0% 42% 83% 125% 167%
300 1.06
三维支座
4 200 水平隔震支座 0.71

剪应力（MPa)
100 0.35
3

水平力(kN)
0 0

2 -100 -0.35

-0.71
-200
1 -1.06
-300
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
水平变形(mm)

Test for 3D Rubber bearings

Kvv=1131 Kvh=2525 Kv=774
(kN/mm)
4000

3200

竖向荷载(kN)
2400

Design:
1600

●Couple of Horiz. -- Verti. Vibra. 三维支座

800 竖向减振支座
rubber pad
●Effect of isolation in Hori. And Verti. 水平隔震支座
lead rubber bearing

●Cost,install easily 0 2 4
竖向位移(mm)
6 8
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10
 Application of 3D Isolation in China
---北京地铁 地面枢纽平台上 隔震住宅楼
三维隔震减振结构

地 铁 传统结构

Records：
●If no-isolation, Vibra. be ampified
传统结构对地铁振动放大，人感明显

3D isolator ●3D reduce 50% of Verti. Vibra.

三维隔震支座 29
 2.5 Composite isolation
复合隔震体系（Guangzhou Uni.EERTC）

Composite isolation devices:

Rubber bearings + Elastic Sliders + Dampers

Advances of Composite isolation:

◆ Large Compression capacity: from 10 to 20Mpa
◆ Effectively reduce response
◆ Make period Ts longer, using H.R. buildings
◆ low cost comparing with Rubber bearing

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 Mechanics Test for Elastic Slide isolator (EERTC)
Patent专利号：ZL200420043522.1; ZL200420043521.7

200 8000

150 7000

100 6000
水平力(kN/mm)

竖向力(kN)
50 5000
4000
0
3000
-50
2000
-100
1000
-150
20MPa、0.02Hz加载 0
-200
0 1 2 3 4
31
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
竖向位移(mm)
水平位移(mm)
Application for Composite isolation system
Office buildings of Guangzhou Uni. (广州大学城,办公楼)

传统结构

隔震结构

滑板支座

橡胶支座
32
 Analysis of Response for structure with
Composite isolation system
(广州大学城)
El Centro波双向作用：
8 8 8 8
tower 1 tower 1
7 tower 2 7 7
7 tower 2
tower 3
6 6 tower 3
6 6 tower 4
tower 5 tower 4
5 5 5 tower 5
5

Floor
层号
层号

层号
4 4 4
4

3 3 3
3

2 2 2
2

1 1 1
1
0 0
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
1 2 3 4 5
2 X向层间变形(mm) Y向层间变形(mm)
X向加速度反应(m/s ) Y向加速度反应(m/s2 )

8 8 tower 1
tower 2 0.08
7 7 tower 3
tower 4 0.06 Y向
6 6 tower 5
弹性限值 0.04 X向

基底剪力系数
5 5
0.02
Floor
层号

4 4
0
3 3
-0.02
2 2
-0.04
1 1
-0.06
0 0 -0.08
1 100 10000 1000000 1 100 10000 1000000
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300
X向层间位移角倒数(H/δ) Y向层间位移角倒数(H/δ) 水平位移(mm) 33
 2.6 Isolation structures in near faults
field (近场地面运动下隔震结构安全性研究)
(Guangzhou Uni. EERTC)

Shock wave
induce very large shear force
in first story Turkey 1999

Velocity history Acceleration history

Ground motion History in near faults field 34
 (M) Isolation structure is attacked by
Super large Earthquake (near faults)

近断裂带 特大地震(1,10g) 隔震结

构的安全,北京 8 部委办公楼
Xmax=950gal, Ymax=980gal,
Zmax=750 gal, MX, MY,MZ

Damage to
column of non-
isolated
building
35
 Different damage state of Shock-Resistant Capacity
RC str. in Near and Far E.Q. of Rubber Shock testing

C A SE 2
1

-1
0 2 4 6 8 10

C A SE 3
1

-1
0 2 4 6 8 10 36
T im e ( s e c )
 2.7 Smart isolation
Seismic isolation system control by Smart control device
(Guangzhou Uni. EERTC)

Isolation
1 1
floor
9 9
mounts
3 3 Load
2 2 cell
9 9
6 5 6
5 4
4

A B A B
7 8 7 8

9 9 9 9

1.gas accumulator 2. valve

1.Energy from g. m. in EQ 2. Control using E. 3.servo valve,
4. hydraulic cylinder 5.oil37tank
 Shaking Table tests
(Guangzhou Uni. EERTC) 5

Force (kN)
0

-5

-40 -20 0 20 40
D is plac em ent (m m )

Force displacement relationship

10

A c c e le r a tio n s ( m /s/s)
5

0
test control
-5 rubber isolation
w.o. control
-10
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

z Comparing Control and no Control

38
2.8 Application of isolation in China
(1) Projects in the Cities or Provinces： isolation
Buildings:16 Provinces or Cities
广东，福建，山西，陕西，云南，四川，宁夏，内蒙古，新疆，河北，河
南，江苏，北京，上海，天津 等
(2) Numbers of isolation buildings： 570 buildings have
been built in China, 80% are Residential house
buildings
(3) Numbers of isolation Bridges：Examples
河北(He bei) 石家庄新津桥 (1998), 南疆(xin jian)铁路布谷孜铁路隔震桥
(9孔,各32米), 2000年, 澳门(Maco)澳氹大桥(2004年通车), 西藏(xi zhan)柳
梧大桥(在建), 灵芝( lin zhi)八一大桥(在建), 晋江(jin jian)大桥引桥工程(在
建)

39
Application areas of using Isolation for
buildings in China (500 Buildings)
1993 – 2005

隔震技术应用分布图

40
 The 1st Isolation building in China
RC frame, 8 stories, Shantou City (1991)

Isolation

no Isolation
Two buildings (Isolation & no Iso.) 41
 Earthquake Experience (994.9.16)

Shantou project -- UNIDO, two buildings for comparing in EQ

Same structure ( 8 stories RC frame house) on same site
one is base isolated, another is base fixed
1994.9.16 Southern China sea Earthquake ( M 7.3 )
Shantou City: ground A = 0.11 g
◆ Building with base fixed
person difficult to stand
shaking severely in building
slip down on floor
people jump out of window
water in bucket, shaking, spatter out 1/ 3
◆ Building with base isolation
persons, no any feeling
42
Houses group Houses group
36 buildings, Floor area 38 buildings, Floor area
130.000 M2, western China, 140.000 M2, western China

Seismic Isolation
Basement Isolation43
Seismic Isolation Library building
in Taiyuan City,northern China
Basement Isolation

44
 Isolation bearings for
long span space structures
To solve the Temperature deformation and E.Q problem
● 采用了组合隔震支座:盆式支座 + 橡胶支座
● 共采用 40个支座

隔震支座
Shanhai F1 Racing (Prof.Lu xilin) 45
Sport Stadium— Flexible Slide Isolation Joint
EERTC

柔性滑动支座
46
Guangzhou Sport stadium
大跨空间结构----广州体育馆
（EERTC 广州市设计院）

隔震支座
47
 Over bridge between two buildings
using isolation joint 连廊结构柔性（隔震）节点

Decouple the different

model shapes
of two buildings
由于两高楼振型不同
端节点受力复杂，严重破坏
宜采用柔性隔震节点

48
Shaking table test (EERTC, 广州市规划院)

Traditional Flexible
Rigid joint joint 49
Guangzhou Zhen Jia Plaza
广州正佳广场 志诚商场连廊 2005
（广州市设计院，广州大学）

50
 Seismic Isolation Bridge

9 - 32m railway bridge used isolation in Xinjian,

western China, experience Xinjiang EQ M6.2 2003.2.24
51
No damages
3 - 18m highway isolation bridge
in ShiJiaZuang, China
Isolation used in
Subway in
Guangzhou China
Vibration be
reduced to be 1/4

52
2.9 Observed response for
isolation building

Earthquake Bureau
building
of FuJian Province,
China.
Isolation Building
2005
RC Structure -1,+11 53
Results from shaking table test 广州大学 2003
国家地震局 陆鸣
0.4

（）
g
0.2

to
in
0.0

a
r
Minor

cl
ee
-0.2

c
a
-0.4
0 2 4 6 8

Isolated 2.0
time（s）

g）
1.0
acceleration（

0.0

-1.0

Non-Isolated -2.0
moderate
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
time（s）
2.0
g）

1.0
acceleration（

0.0

-1.0

-2.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
time（s）

El Centro wave 54
 Observed response
Earthquake Bureauof FuJian Province 福建省地震局隔震楼
Jianxi EQ( M 5.7) 2005.11.26
Isolat. no Isola. Iso / no iso.
12 story 0.14 0.59 1 / 4.2
(Observe) (Calcu.)

1st story 0.10 0.12

Ground 0.12 0.12

55
资料来自:福建省地震局.金星,福建市规划院 夏昌
 2.10 Design code, rules and standards
for isolation in China
Design Code for isolation
1. The Seismic Design Code for Buildings (GB 50011-2001)
2. Technical Rule for Seismic Isolation with
Laminated Rubber Bearing Isolators (CSCE 126:2001)

Standards for isolator products

1. Seismic Isolation Rubber bearings (JG 118- 2000)
2. Rubber Bearing (GB2005-101)

56
China could producing Large diameter RB
isolators
(1) Rubber Bearing
Diameter φ200～1200 mm
Ask to prod. φ200～1600 mm
(2) Rubber Bearings with
high quality also low price

(3) Provide to be used in

China and other countries
In the world
57
 3. Energy Dissipation

Office building in Shanhai

(Prof. Lu X.L.)

Lead Damper（EERTC）
58
Energy dissipation bracing using steel in
Henan, China 河南洛阳 厂房（1979）

Energy dissipaters using steel（1979）full scale59tests

 Energy Dissipation: friction
Application in China (EERTC 1996)

Energy dissipation
bracings in Guangzhou

28 stories high rise building in

southern China 60
RB Isolators Ф 800

high rise
building with
Oil Dampers oil damper

A large sport stadium

building in China
(Prof. W.Q.Liu） 61
 (M)Test of Oil Dampers
Testing is carried out
in the Energy
Dissipation
Testing System
EERTC
上海材料研究所

62
Smart Material (SMA) for retrofit
Seismic-Resistance retrofit by using smart material
(guangta mosque with 1200 years history)

63
４．Semi-Active Control
Shaking Table tests EERTC 1998

64
 主动控制技术：AMD
南京 TV Tower ( Prof. 李爱群,2000)

65
Semi Active Control
广州
A TV tower
高塔 618 M

61
（2008年建成）

8.0
0m
广州大学,哈工大,广州市院,ARUP

Guangzhou University EERTC

风振! 地震!
采用控制装置

66
 5. Suggestion for future
development

1. Compile the Design guideline:

Seismic Isolation for Structures
Energy Dissipation for Structures
2. Compile the Standard:
Energy Dissipation Device – Oil Damper

67
 Thank you !
ありがとうございました！
谢 谢!

68