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    lab6انسجة مترجمة

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    1. Cartilage is a connective tissue that consists of cells, fibers, and ground substance. It comes in three main types: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. 2. Hyaline cartilage is the most common type and makes up articular surfaces. It contains type II collagen and has a glassy appearance. 3. Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers in addition to components of hyaline cartilage, giving it a flexible structure found in places like the ear. 4. Fibrocartilage incorporates type I collagen fibers, making it denser but less flexible than other cartilages. It provides firm connections between tendons and bones.

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    lab6انسجة مترجمة

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    123 views12 pages
    1. Cartilage is a connective tissue that consists of cells, fibers, and ground substance. It comes in three main types: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. 2. Hyaline cartilage is the most common type and makes up articular surfaces. It contains type II collagen and has a glassy appearance. 3. Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers in addition to components of hyaline cartilage, giving it a flexible structure found in places like the ear. 4. Fibrocartilage incorporates type I collagen fibers, making it denser but less flexible than other cartilages. It provides firm connections between tendons and bones.

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    1. Cartilage is a connective tissue that consists of cells, fibers, and ground substance. It comes in three main types: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. 2. Hyaline cartilage is the most common type and makes up articular surfaces. It contains type II collagen and has a glassy appearance. 3. Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers in addition to components of hyaline cartilage, giving it a flexible structure found in places like the ear. 4. Fibrocartilage incorporates type I collagen fibers, making it denser but less flexible than other cartilages. It provides firm connections between tendons and bones.

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    123 views12 pages

    lab6انسجة مترجمة

    Uploaded by

    Azof
    1. Cartilage is a connective tissue that consists of cells, fibers, and ground substance. It comes in three main types: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. 2. Hyaline cartilage is the most common type and makes up articular surfaces. It contains type II collagen and has a glassy appearance. 3. Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers in addition to components of hyaline cartilage, giving it a flexible structure found in places like the ear. 4. Fibrocartilage incorporates type I collagen fibers, making it denser but less flexible than other cartilages. It provides firm connections between tendons and bones.

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    of 12

    (‫دعم النسيج الضام )الغضروف والعظام‬

    Supporting Connective tissue


    (Cartilage and Bone)

    Lab.6
    A. L. Halah Amer
    ‫الغضروف هو األوعية الدموية وخالياها تعتمد على‬
    ‫غضروف‬ ‫ فإن الغضروف‬، ‫ وبسبب هذا‬.‫نشر املواد الغذائية‬
    Cartilage .‫التالف يشفي بشكل سيء بعد اإلصابة‬

    ‫ في حني أن‬، ‫ توفر األلياف قوة الشد‬.‫تتكون من خاليا وألياف ومواد عالية الترطيب‬
    .‫البروتيوغليكان في املادة تجعل الغضروف مرنًا عن طريق حبس املاء‬
    Composed of cells, fibers, and a highly-hydrated ground substance. The
    fibers provide tensile strength, while proteoglycans in the ground
    substance make cartilage resilient by trapping water.
    • Cartilage is avascular and its cells rely on diffusion for nutrients.
    Because of this, damaged cartilage heals poorly after injury.
    Three types of cartilage are recognized based on differences in fiber
    composition:
    ‫ ﻛﻮﻻﺟﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬- ‫• ﻏﻀﺮوف زﺟﺎﺟﻲ‬
    • Hyaline cartilage - type II collagen
    ‫ اﻷﻟﯿﺎف اﻟﻤﺮﻧﺔ واﻟﻜﻮﻻﺟﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬- ‫• اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف اﻟﻤﺮن‬
    • Elastic cartilage - elastic fibers and type II collagen
    ‫ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻷول واﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻮﻻﺟﯿﻦ‬- ‫• اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف اﻟﻠﯿﻔﻲ‬
    • Fibrocartilage - type I and II collagens
    :‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف ﻣﻦ‬
    Cartilage consists of:
    ‫ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف‬.‫أ‬
    A. Cartilage cells
    ‫( ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﻏﻀﺮوﻓﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺎﯾﻜﻮﻧﺪروم وﺗﺘﻤﺎﯾﺰ إﻟﻰ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﻏﻀﺮوﻓﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﻀﺎرﯾﻒ‬1)
    (1) Chondrogenic cells are located in the perichondrium and differentiate
    into chondroblasts to participate in appositional growth of cartilage
    ‫ وھﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﻒ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﻀﺮوﻓﯿﺔ وﺗﻮدﻋﮭﺎ ﺣﻮﻟﮭﺎ‬، ‫( ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻐﻀﺮوﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻐﻀﺮوﻓﯿﺔ‬2
    (2) Chondroblasts derive from chondrogenic cells, and They synthesize
    and deposit cartilage matrix around themselves
    ‫ اﺛﻨﺘﺎن أو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻐﻀﺮوﻓﯿﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﯿﺔ ﺳﻠﻒ واﺣﺪة‬، ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻔﻆ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻐﻀﺮوﻓﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم وﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻛﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬
    (3) Chondrocytes Retain the ability to divide and often present as an
    isogenous group, two or more chondrocytes arranged in a group that
    was derived from a single progenitor cell
    . lacunae: ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺎت ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻐﻀﺮوﻓﯿﺔ ﺑﺪاﺧﻠﮭﺎ‬.
    B. Lacunae: small spaces containing chondrocyte inside it.
    ‫ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ أﻟﯿﺎف وﻣﻮاد‬، ‫ ﻣﺎدة ھﻼم ﺗﻨﺘﺠﮭﺎ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻐﻀﺮوﻓﯿﺔ‬:‫ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‬.
    C. Matrix: gel material produced by chondrocytes, contains fibers and
    ground substances.
    Type of cartilage
    Hyaline cartilage is the most common and is found on articular
    surfaces of bone, trachea and bronchi. Most hyaline cartilage is covered
    by perichondrium, a dense irregular connective tissue sheath. Hyaline
    cartilage is composed of chondroblasts, chondrocytes, delicate
    collagen (type II collagen), and a homogenous ground substance
    (matrix), which makes it glassy in appearance.
    ‫ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻐﻄﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف اﻟﮭﯿﺎﻟﯿﻨﻲ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬.‫اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻲ ھﻮ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﯿﻮ ًﻋﺎ وﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻈﺎم واﻟﻘﺼﺒﺎت اﻟﮭﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬
    ، ‫ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﻏﻀﺮوﻓﯿﺔ‬، ‫ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف اﻟﮭﯿﺎﻟﯿﻨﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﻏﻀﺮوﻓﯿﺔ‬.‫ ﻏﻤﺪ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻀﺎﻣﺔ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﯿﺔ اﻟﻜﺜﯿﻔﺔ‬، perichondrium
    .‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺠﻌﻠﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻈﮭﺮ اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻲ‬، (‫ وﻣﺎدة ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ )ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‬، (‫ﻛﻮﻻﺟﯿﻦ دﻗﯿﻖ )اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻮﻻﺟﯿﻦ‬
    • Elastic cartilage is similar to hyaline cartilage but also contains rich
    network of elastic fibers, which gives its matrix a rough appearance.
    Elastic cartilage provides flexible support for tissue and is located in
    the areas where flexible stretching is required, such as the epiglottis,
    pinna of the ear
    ‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻌﻄﻲ‬، ‫ﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻏﻨﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻟﯿﺎف اﻟﻤﺮﻧﺔ‬ً ‫ﯾﺸﺒﮫ اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف اﻟﻤﺮن ﻏﻀﺮوف اﻟﮭﯿﺎﻟﯿﻦ وﻟﻜﻨﮫ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي أﯾ‬
    ‫ ﯾﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف اﻟﻤﺮن دﻋ ًﻤﺎ ﻣﺮﻧًﺎ ﻟﻸﻧﺴﺠﺔ وﯾﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬.‫اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﻈﮭ ًﺮا ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﯿًﺎ‬
    ‫ان اﻷُ ُذ ِن‬ َ ُ‫اﻟﺮﺑﺎط‬
    ِ ‫اﻟﺨ ْﻠﻔِ ﱡﻲ‬
    ِ ‫ﻟﺼ ْﯿ َﻮ‬ ‫ ﱢ‬، ‫ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﺴﺎن اﻟﻤﺰﻣﺎر‬، ‫اﻟﻤﺮن‬
    • Fibrocartilage lacks a perichondrium the chondrocytes are smaller
    and fewer in number in fibrocartilage than in the other types of
    cartilage. Because type I collagen fibers are present in its matrix, the
    matrix has a dense appearance. Fibrocartilage is less flexible than the
    other; it provides firm support, cushioning, and tensile strength. It is
    found where tendons attach to bones and intervertebral discs
    ‫ وﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻐﻀﺮوﻓﯿﺔ أﺻﻐﺮ وأﻗﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف اﻟﻠﯿﻔﻲ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻧﻮاع‬، ‫ﯾﻔﺘﻘﺮ اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف اﻟﻠﯿﻔﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﻤﺤﺎق‬
    .‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﻈﮭﺮ ﻛﺜﯿﻒ‬، ‫ ﻧﻈ ًﺮا ﻟﻮﺟﻮد أﻟﯿﺎف اﻟﻜﻮﻻﺟﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻷول ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‬.‫اﻷﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﻀﺎرﯾﻒ‬
    ‫ ﺗﻢ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ اﻷوﺗﺎر ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻈﺎم‬.‫اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف اﻟﻠﯿﻔﻲ أﻗﻞ ﻣﺮوﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻵﺧﺮ ؛ ﯾﻮﻓﺮ دﻋ ًﻤﺎ ﻗﻮﯾًﺎ وﺗﻮﺳﯿ ًﺪا وﻗﻮة ﺷﺪ‬
    ‫واﻷﻗﺮاص اﻟﻔﻘﺮﯾﺔ‬
    ‫اﻟﻌﻈﻢ‬
    BONE
    ‫ إﻧﮫ ﺻﻌﺐ وﺻﻠﺐ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬.‫ﯾﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم اﻟﺪﻋﻢ واﻟﺤﻤﺎﯾﺔ ﻷﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
    .‫ﻀﺎ ﻛﺨﺰان ﻟﻠﻜﺎﻟﺴﯿﻮم‬
    ً ‫ ﯾﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﻈﻢ أﯾ‬.‫ﺗﻤﻌﺪن اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬
    Bone provides support and protection for the organs of the body. It is
    hard and rigid because of mineralization of the extracellular matrix.
    Bone also serves as a reservoir for calcium.
    .(‫ﯾﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ إﻣﺪادات وﻋﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻏﻨﯿﺔ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف‬
    Bone has a rich vascular supply (unlike cartilage).
    :‫ﺗﺼﻨﻒ أﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم ﺷﻜﻠﯿًﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﯿﻦ‬
    Bone tissue is classified morphologically into two types:
    • Spongy bone ‫• ﻋﻈﻤﺔ أﺳﻔﻨﺠﯿﺔ‬

    • Compact bone ‫• اﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮط‬

    Most bones are composed of both compact and spongy bone


    ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم ﻣﻦ ﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻀﻐﻮط وإﺳﻔﻨﺠﯿﺔ‬
    :‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي أﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ أرﺑﻊ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ رﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ھﻲ‬
    ‫ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬.‫ ھﻲ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﺟﺬﻋﯿﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﺎﯾﺰ إﻟﻰ ﺑﺎﻧﯿﺎت اﻟﻌﻈﻢ‬Osteoprogenitor ‫( ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬1
    Bone tissue contains four major cells are: .‫ ﻣﮭﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ إﺻﻼح اﻟﻜﺴﻮر‬Osteoprogenitor
    1) Osteoprogenitor cells are stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.
    Osteoprogenitor cells are important in the repair of fractures. ‫ وﺗﻮﻟﯿﻒ وﺗﻔﺮز اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﯾﺔ وﻏﯿﺮ‬، ‫ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم‬:‫( ﺑﺎﻧﯿﺎت اﻟﻌﻈﻢ‬2
    2)Osteoblasts: produce the bone matrix, synthesize and secrete the organic and .‫اﻟﻌﻀﻮﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﯿﺞ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ‬
    inorganic components of the bone tissue.
    3) Osteocytes: it is the main cells in bony connective tissue; these cells cannot
    divide. Osteocytes maintain normal bone structure by recycling the mineral salts in
    the bony matrix. ‫ ﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﯿﺔ‬.‫ ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ھﺬه اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬.‫ وھﻲ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺴﯿﺞ اﻟﻀﺎم اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ‬:‫( اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﯿﺔ‬3
    .‫اﻟﻌﻈﺎم اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ إﻋﺎدة ﺗﺪوﯾﺮ اﻷﻣﻼح اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﯿﺔ‬
    4) Osteoclasts: are large bone cells with up to 50 nuclei. They remove bone
    structure by releasing lysosomal enzymes and acids that dissolve the bone matrix.
    ‫ ﯾﺰﯾﻠﻮن ﺑﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ إطﻼق اﻹﻧﺰﯾﻤﺎت‬.‫ ﻧﻮاة‬50 ‫ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﻋﻈﻤﯿﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﺗﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ‬:‫( ﻧﺎﻗﻀﺎت اﻟﻌﻈﻢ‬4
    .‫واﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﻠﯿﺰوزوﻣﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ إذاﺑﺔ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم‬
    1. Compact bone (or cortical): is dense and highly mineralized bone tissue
    consists of inorganic (calcium phosphate) responsible for skeleton
    strength and organic components (collagen fibers) which offers elasticity.
    Compact bone forms the outer layer of all bones. Compact tissue consists
    of osteons or Haversian systems. Which consists of lamellae that
    surround a central Haversian canal. The Haversian canal contains blood
    vessels and nerve fibers. Volkmann's canals interconnecting haversian
    canal ‫ ھﻮ ﻧﺴﯿﺞ ﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﻛﺜﯿﻒ وﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ )ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﯿﻮم( ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻌﻀﻮي اﻟﻤﺴﺆول ﻋﻦ ﻗﻮة اﻟﮭﯿﻜﻞ‬:(‫اﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮط )أو اﻟﻘﺸﺮي‬
    .‫ ﯾﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم‬.‫اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ واﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﯾﺔ )أﻟﯿﺎف اﻟﻜﻮﻻﺟﯿﻦ( اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ‬
    ‫ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻗﻨﺎة‬.‫ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﺗﺤﯿﻂ ﺑﻘﻨﺎة ھﺎﻓﺮس اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ‬.Haversian ‫ أو أﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬osteons ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﺪﻣﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
    ‫ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﻗﻨﻮات ﻓﻮﻟﻜﻤﺎن ﻗﻨﺎة ھﺎﻓﺮس‬.‫ھﺎﻓﯿﺮﺳﯿﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ أوﻋﯿﺔ دﻣﻮﯾﺔ وأﻟﯿﺎف ﻋﺼﺒﯿﺔ‬
    • 2) Spongy bone (or trabeucular or cancellous): It has a lower density
    than compact bone and consists of bony trabeculae within a marrow-
    filled cavity. Spongy bone forms the inner layer of all bones.
    Cancellous bone displays irregular because osteocytes in the matrix
    are arranged in an irregular pattern rather than in circular rings
    ‫ ﻟﮫ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮط وﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮاﺑﯿﻖ ﻋﻈﻤﻲ داﺧﻞ ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ‬:(‫( ﻋﻈﻢ إﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ )أو ﺗﺮﺑﯿﻮﻗﻲ أو إﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ‬2
    ‫ ﯾﻈﮭﺮ اﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻹﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻷن اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬.‫ ﯾﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻹﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم‬.‫ﻣﻠﻲء ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺨﺎع‬
    ‫اﻟﻌﻈﻤﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻂ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ وﻟﯿﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻠﻘﺎت داﺋﺮﯾﺔ‬

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