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    Micro Project Asu

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    Vishal Jadhav
    Electronic distance measurement (EDM) uses electromagnetic waves to measure distances. It works by transmitting waves from an instrument to a reflector and back, measuring the time or phase shift to determine distance. Common types are microwave, infrared, and light wave EDM, which can measure distances from meters to over 100km. EDM is used in total stations to measure horizontal and vertical distances. Sources of error include instrument calibration, atmospheric conditions, and improper use. Applications include construction layout, topography surveys, and structural monitoring.

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    Micro Project Asu

    Uploaded by

    Vishal Jadhav
    77 views17 pages
    Electronic distance measurement (EDM) uses electromagnetic waves to measure distances. It works by transmitting waves from an instrument to a reflector and back, measuring the time or phase shift to determine distance. Common types are microwave, infrared, and light wave EDM, which can measure distances from meters to over 100km. EDM is used in total stations to measure horizontal and vertical distances. Sources of error include instrument calibration, atmospheric conditions, and improper use. Applications include construction layout, topography surveys, and structural monitoring.

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    MICRO PROJECT ASU

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    Electronic distance measurement (EDM) uses electromagnetic waves to measure distances. It works by transmitting waves from an instrument to a reflector and back, measuring the time or phase shift to determine distance. Common types are microwave, infrared, and light wave EDM, which can measure distances from meters to over 100km. EDM is used in total stations to measure horizontal and vertical distances. Sources of error include instrument calibration, atmospheric conditions, and improper use. Applications include construction layout, topography surveys, and structural monitoring.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    77 views17 pages

    Micro Project Asu

    Uploaded by

    Vishal Jadhav
    Electronic distance measurement (EDM) uses electromagnetic waves to measure distances. It works by transmitting waves from an instrument to a reflector and back, measuring the time or phase shift to determine distance. Common types are microwave, infrared, and light wave EDM, which can measure distances from meters to over 100km. EDM is used in total stations to measure horizontal and vertical distances. Sources of error include instrument calibration, atmospheric conditions, and improper use. Applications include construction layout, topography surveys, and structural monitoring.

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    of 17

    INDEX

    1
    introduction

    2
    Electromagnetic waves

    3
    Principle of edm

    4 Distance measurement

    5 Edm in total station

    6 Precision and errors in edm

    7 Merits and demerits of edm

    8 applications
    Introduction

    • First introduced by Swedish Physicist Eric


    Bergstrand (Geodimeter) in 1948

    • Distance measurement by electronic method

    • Relay on propagation, reflection and subsequent


    reception of electromagnetic radiation or waves.

    Source : Civiljungle.com
    Electromagnetic Waves

    • Among waves of different length, micro, infrared


    and visible light waves are useful for the distance
    measurement

    • The nature of reflector in EDM is based on waves.


    Electromagnetic Waves contd…

    • If infrared wave or laser is used, the "reflector" is


    typically a passive medium which bounces the signal
    back

    • In case of microwave, the reflector captures the incoming


    energy and retransits it back to the originating instrument

    Source : theconstructor.org
    Principle of EDM
    • Electromagnetic waves from an instrument is transmitted
    to a retroreflector, which instantly returns them to the
    transmitting instrument

    • However, speed of light is very high and the time interval


    needs to be measured extremely accurately

    • Instend, the principle of EDM is based on following


    improvised relationship;

    L=Nλ+p L = Total distance travelled by the wave

    N = Integer number of wavelengths

    λ = Wavelength

    p = Partial wavelength
    Distance Measurement

    • Electromagnetic radiation has sinusoidal wave form and


    repeats every
    360°
    • The distance between wave form ends is the wavelength
    λ

    • EDM uses the signal structure and determines the phase


    shift between two waves for distance
    Distance Measurement contd…
    • The signal leaves the EDM at 0° phase, goes through N
    number of full phases on its way to and from the
    reflector, and returns to the some angle between 0° and
    360° creating a partial wavelength p

    Thus, Total Distance L= N λ + p


    EDM in Total Station
    • EDM only measures slope distance when at different
    elevation

    • To measure horizontal and vertical distance, EDM is


    combined with theodolite Total Station

    H= S x sin Z

    V=
    Sx
    co
    sZ

    Source : jerrymahun.com
    Types of EDM instruments

    Microwave Infrared wave Light wave


    Instruments Instruments Instruments

    • Make use of micro waves • Use of amplitude • Rely on propagation of


    modulated infrared modulated light waves
    waves • Range up to 2.5 km at
    • Range up to 100 km
    • Range up to 3 km night and 3 km at day
    • Tellurometer
    • DISTOMAT DI 1000 and • Geodimeter
    DISTOMAT DI
    55
    EDM Instruments

    Geodimeter
    • Light radio waves are used
    • Instrument setup at one end and
    reflector at other end

    • Can measure up to 25 km with an


    accuracy of +(2 to 10mm + 1 ppm)

    It is heavier

    Tellurometer

    • High frequency radio waves are used

    • Two identical instrument each at one

    end

    • Can measure between 30 to 80 km

    • with an accuracy of the order +(15 mm + 5ppm)


    • It is lighter
    Precision and Errors in EDM
    • Accuracy in measurement of (1mm+1ppm) to (5mm+5ppm)

    • Total error = ± (Constant error + scale error)

    The errors in EDM can be summarized as:

    1. Personal Errors

    • Careless centering of instrument and/or reflector

    • Faulty measurement of heights

    • Atmospheric pressures and temperature determination errors


    Errors in EDM contd…
    2. Instrumental errors

    • Calibration errors

    • Chances of getting maladjusted

    • Errors shown by the reflectors

    3. Natural errors

    • Atmospheric variations in temperature, pressure as well as


    humidity.

    • Multiple refraction of the signals


    Merits of EDM
    • Easy, effective and fast

    • Useful in measuring long distances

    • Automatic and digital

    • Online operation and direct transfer of data

    • Eliminate reading, writing and data transferring error


    Demerits of EDM
    • Weather affects working of instrument

    • Battery and electricity dependent

    • Loss of data is an important consideration

    • Typically heavier than a transit or tape

    • Initial cost is higher than Plane Table, Chain or Tacheometer


    method
    Applications
    • Used in total station for collection of large number of points

    • Construction layout

    • Topography and As-Built

    • Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)

    • Nondestructive Testing(NDT)

    • Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR)

    • Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR)

    • Military Laser Rangefinders

    • Pulsed Distance Meters for Surveying

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