Electronic Distance Measuring Instrument

 ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASURING INSTRUMENT (EDMI) :
Electronic distance measuring instrument is a surveying instrument for measuring

distance electronically between two points through electromagnetic waves.
Electronic distance measurement (EDM) is a method of determining the length between
two points, using phase changes, that occur as electromagnetic energy waves travels from
one end of the line to the other end.
Above all other distance measuring instrument EDMI has accuracy of 1 in 10^5 and
having a distance range of 100 km.
 PARTS OF EDMI:
 list given below indicates major components constitututing a typical EDMI:
1. carrier signal
2. modulation signals and modulator
3. signal transmitter and signal receiver
4. beam splitter
5. reflector
6. filter
7. amplifier
8. phase discriminator
9. display unit
(i) Carrier Signal:
This this the guiding factor for many of the characteristics of EDMI that follow.
Three very distinct types of frequencies are used giving rise to three groups of instruments.
a) Long radio waves of the hundreds of meters
b) Micro radio waves of the order of a few centimeters
c) Wavelength near the visible spectrum of the order of micrometers
(ii) Modulator and modulation signals:
Modulation is defined as the process of varying the amplitude (amplitude modulation),

frequency (frequency modulation), phase (phase modulation) or the polarization (polarization
modulation) of a carrier wave in accordance with other signals. The long wave instruments are
unmodulated and the carrier signal itself is the measurement signal.
(iii) Signal transmitter and receiver:
For long waves the most efficient radiator is a straight vertical wire of effective length λ /4
operating as one half of a dipole. In case of microwave, the signals can be radiated by dipoles of
the appropriate dimensions. These approximate to point sources of radiation and are located at
the focus of the sheet metal parabolic reflector, which produces a well directed beam. For
visible spectrum wavelength, high degree of collimation is achieved making use of optical lens
system.
(v) Reflector:
Reflectors are required to return the signal to the point of comparison (at the master station)
and have different requirements for different types of EDMIs. Some EDMI measure distance
without using reflecting prism - the measuring surface itself acts as reflector. In such
instruments, the range of measurements is small (usually 100 to 300 m).
(vi) Filter:
The internal beam passes through a variable-density filter and is reduced in intensity to a level
equal to that of the returned external signal which enables a more accurate measurement.
Both internal and external signals pass through an interference filter, which eliminates
undesirable energy.
(vii) Amplifier:
These filtered signals are converted to electrical energy while maintaining the phase-difference.
These signal are weak and are amplified by an amplifier.
(viii) Phase discriminator:
Phase discrimination is carried out by this component. A phase meter converts the phase
difference into direct current with magnitude proportional to the differential phase which is
subsequently displayed as the distance measured.
(ix) Display unit:
The display unit provides results of range measurement on LCD panel.
 WORKING:
In the electronic distance-measuring system,the length of a linear interval is determined by
the use of equipment that sends out an electronic impulse of some sort, such as a radar
microwave or a modulated light wave,and measures the time required for the impulse
to travel the length of the interval.The velocity or rate of travel of the impulse is
known. Therefore, once the time is also known, the length of the linear interval can
be determined by applying the well-known equation “distance = rate x time.”
 FIELD PRECAUTIONS:
1. Never point the instrument at the sun without a filter.
2. Never store the instrument in extreme temperatures and avoid
sudden changes of temperature.
3. When not using the instrument, place it in the case to avoid shock,
dust, and humidity.
4. If there is a great difference in temperature between the work site
and the instrument storage location leave the instrument in the case until it
adjusts to the temperature of the surrounding environment.
5. Please remove the battery for separate storage if the instrument is to
be in storage for an extended time. The battery should be charged once a
month during storage.
6. The instrument should be placed in its carrying case during
transportation. It is recommended that the original packing case be used for
cushioning during extended transportation.
10. Check the battery, functions, and indications of the instrument as
well as its initial setting and correction parameters before operating.
11. Unless you are a maintenance specialist do not attempt to
disassemble the instrument for any reason.
12. The EDMI emit an electronic impulse during operation. DO NOT stare into
the beam or laser source when instrument is operation.

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 ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASURING INSTRUMENT (EDMI) :

Electronic distance measuring instrument is a surveying instrument for measuring

(ii) Modulator and modulation signals:

Modulation is defined as the process of varying the amplitude (amplitude modulation),

(ix) Display unit:

The display unit provides results of range measurement on LCD panel.

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