SCIENCE NOTES (2ND QUARTER)

WHAT IS A FAULT?
EARTHQUAKE -is a fracture or break in the
● Movement of the ground Earth’s crust where earthquakes
● Vibration of the land are most likely to occur
● Shaking of the ground repeatedly.
caused by the movements
of the earth’s crust. HOW DOES FAULT FORM?
● Can damage or destroy ● Fault forms when rocks of
property the crust are:
a. Compressed or
WHAT CAUSES AN b. Stressed by a plate
EARTHQUAKE? WHERE DO movement
THEY HAPPEN?
● Rocks are brittle, they don’t
● TECTONIC PLATES bend
-a massive, irregularly shaped ● Rock breaks along the
slab of solid rock, generally areas where they are weak.
composed of both continental ● Break are called fault zones
and oceanic lithosphere. if there are many faults
spread over a wide area.
● PLATE BOUNDARIES
-edges where two plates meet.

WHY DOES THE EARTH SHAKE

WHEN THERE IS AN
EARTHQUAKE?

● ELASTIC ENERGY
(POTENTIAL ENERGY)
-when the material is
compressed or stretched.

● SEISMIC WAVES
-when waves of energy caused
by the sudden breaking of rock
within the earth or an explosion.
 SCIENCE NOTES (2ND QUARTER)
TYPES OF FAULTS ● STRIKE SLIP FAULT
(shearing)
● DIP-SLIP FAULT -special type of movement called
-Fault moves or “slip” along the shear
dip -a fault which rock strata are
displaced mainly in a horizontal
● NORMAL FAULT (tension) direction parallel to the line of
-a kind of dip slip fault the fault.
-the hanging wall moves -movement is always horizontal
downward with respect to the
footwall along the dip direction.
-the rock body becomes longer.

● LEFT LATERAL STRIKE

SLIP FAULT
-the opposite block appears to
● REVERSE FAULT have moved to your left
(compression) -the same if you were to stand on
-forms when rocks are the other block.
compressed ________________________
-the hanging wall moves up with ● NORMAL FAULT formed
respect to the footwall. when the hanging wall
-causes the length of the rock drops down.
body to shorten ● REVERSE FAULT formed
when the hanging wall
moves up. The forces
creating reverse fault is
compressional or pushing
the sides together
● STRIKE SLIP FAULT have
walls that move sideways

2 TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE
 SCIENCE NOTES (2ND QUARTER)
● TECTONIC -a number, which is a measure of
-earthquake produced by sudden ENERGY released in an
movement along faults and plate earthquake
boundaries.
● INTENSITY
● VOLCANO -a measure of the STRENGTH of
-earthquakes produced by shaking during the earthquake.
movement of magma beneath
volcanoes DESCRIBING THE STRENGTH
OF EARTHQUAKE
EPICENTER AND FOCUS
● SEISMOLOGISTS
-Focus is the point (focus of SCIENTIST who study
movements) which the rock earthquakes, their causes
moves. and effects.

-Seismic waves start at the focus An earthquake may be described

in 2 ways:
-Epicenter (visible to us/we can
see it) is directly above the focus ● INTENSITY AND
on the earth surface. MAGNITUDE
-The Philippine Institute of
-FOCUS is where the movement Volcanology and Seismology
start directly above the focus is (PHIVOLCS) - In charge of
the EPICENTER. Research and study of
volcanoes, earthquakes and
-The closer you are to the faults all over the Philippines.
epicenter the stronger the
earthquake you will experience
than the others who is far from
the epicenter.

● MAGNITUDE INTENSITY - Extent of Damage

caused by an Earthquake
 SCIENCE NOTES (2ND QUARTER)
-The intensity of an earthquake is INTENSITY
determined by observing the -Measures the strength of
effects of the earthquake in shaking produced by the
different places. Houses, earthquake at a certain location.
buildings, and other structures -Determined from effects on
are inspected. People are people, human structures and
interviewed about what they saw, the natural environment
how they felt or what they did. -Based on relative ground
shaking effect to people and
MAGNITUDE - Amount of energy structure generally higher near
released by an earthquake. the epicenter (Reported in
Roman Numerals e.g. I, II, IV, IX)
RICHTER SCALE - Developed by ____________________________
Charles Richter to indicate ACTIVE FAULT
magnitude of an earthquake. -A fault is defined as a ACTIVE
FAULT when it has moved within
On the Richter Scale magnitude the last 10 000 years (Holocene
is expressed in whole numbers Period)
and decimal fractions. Although
the richter scale has no upper BASES OF MOVEMENT
limit, the largest earthquake ever 1. Historical and
recorded was in 1960 in Chile. It contemporary seismicity
measured 9.5 on the Richter (earthquake activity)
scale. 2. Fault slip (displacement)
based on displaced rock or
MAGNITUDE soil units of known age
-Measures the energy released at 3. Displaced landforms
the source of the earthquake. (active fault
-Determined from measurements geomorphology)
on seismographs.
-Based on instrumentally derived Earthquakes are associated with
data: measure of the amount of faults. When a fault suddenly
total energy released at the moves, an earthquake suddenly
earthquake's point of origin. occur. A fault is a break in the
earth’s crust and along the break
significant movements has taken
place. The word “break” refers to
a crack in the ground. While
crust refers to the outermost
layers of the earth. We live on the
 SCIENCE NOTES (2ND QUARTER)
surface of the crust and TSUNAMI
significant movements means -giant waves caused by
that the rock has been displaced earthquakes or volcanic
or shifted considerably. eruptions under the sea.
____________________________ _________________________
MAIN TYPE OF SEISMIC WAVES TYPHOON

● BODY WAVES travel within ● HURRICANES are tropical

the body of the earth. storm that formed over the
Moves in the earth’s north atlantic ocean and
interior. northeast pacific
● P WAVE / Primary Wave ● CYCLONES are formed
-cause the ground to compress over the south pacific and
and expand. Fastest moving indian ocean
wave. First to arrive in ● TYPHOONS are formed
seismograph readings. Can over the northwest pacific
travel through liquid, solid, gas ocean
● S WAVE / Secondary Wave
-shake the ground in a shearing CORIOLIS EFFECT is a
or crosswise phenomenon that causes water
● SURFACE WAVES which and air to curve as they travel
travels along the surface of across or above the earth’s
the earth. Only travels surface.
through solid media. ______________________
● LOVE WAVE TYPHOON CLASSIFICATION
-have a horizontal motion that ● TROPICAL DEPRESSION
moves the surface from side to -up to 61 kph
side perpendicular to the ● TROPICAL STORM
direction the wave is traveling -62 to 88 kph
● RAYLEIGH WAVE ● SEVERE TROPICAL
-cause the ground to shake in an STORM
elliptical pattern -89-117 kph
● TYPHOON
-118-220 kph
● SUPER TYPHOON
-more than 220
 SCIENCE NOTES (2ND QUARTER)

PUBLIC STORM WARNING

SIGNAL

● PSWS NO. 1
-Tropical cyclone winds of 30-60
kph are expected within the next
36 hours.
● PSWS NO. 2
-Tropical cyclone winds of 61-120
kph are expected within the next
24 hours
● PSWS NO. 3
-Tropical cyclone winds of 121-
170 kph are expected within the
next 18 hours
● PSWS NO. 4
-Tropical cyclone winds of 171-
220 kph are expected within the
next 12 hours
● PSWS NO 5
-Tropical cyclone winds of more
than 220 kph are expected within
12 hours
 SCIENCE NOTES (2ND QUARTER)

(NOTES FROM YT VIDS) INTENSITY is the strength of an

earthquake as perceived and felt
EPICENTER is the part of the by people in a certain locality. It
earth’s surface directly above the is a numerical rating based on
focus of an earthquake. the relative effects to people,
objects, environment and
SEISMOGRAPH is an apparatus structures in the surrounding.
to measure and record vibrations The intensity is generally higher
within the earth and of the near the epicenter. It is
ground. represented by Roman numerals

EARTHQUAKE is a shaking or In the Philippines the intensity of

trembling of the earth that is an earthquake is measured by
volcanic or tectonic in origin. PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity
Scale (PEIS). PHIVOLCS has 107
MAGNITUDE is a measure of an seismic monitoring stations.
amount of energy released as
estimated from seismogram
readings.

INTENSITY refers to the strength

of an earthquake as perceived
and felt by people in a certain
locality.

2 WAYS TO MEASURE
EARTHQUAKE:

MAGNITUDE is proportional to
the energy released by an
earthquake at the focus. It is
calculated from earthquakes
recorded by an instrument called
seismograph. It is represented by
Arabic numbers.
 SCIENCE NOTES (2ND QUARTER)
4. MODERATELY STRONG
PHIVOLCS EARTHQUAKE ● Felt generally by people
INTENSITY SCALE (PEIS) indoors and by some
people outdoors
1. SCARCELY PERCEPTIBLE ● Light sleepers are
● Perceptible to people only awakened
under favorable ● Vibration is felt like the
circumstances passing of a heavy truck
● Delicately balanced objects ● Hanging objects swing
are disturbed slightly considerably
● Still water in containers ● Dinner plates, glasses,
oscillate slowly windows, and doors rattle.
● Floors and walls of wood-
2. SLIGHTLY FELT framed buildings creak
● Felt by a few individuals at ● Standing motor cars may
rest indoors. rock slightly
● Hanging objects swing ● Liquids in containers are
slightly slightly disturbed
● Still water in the container ● Water in containers
oscillates noticeably. oscillate strongly
● Rumbling sound may
3. WEAK sometimes be heard.
● Felt by many people
indoors, especially in the 5. STRONG
upper floors of buildings. ● Generally felt by most
● Vibration is felt like the people indoors and
passing of a light truck. outdoors
● Dizziness and nausea are ● Many sleeping people are
experienced by some awakened
people. ● Some are frightened/ Some
● Hanging objects swing run outdoors
moderately ● Strong shaking and
● Still water in containers rocking felt throughout any
oscillates moderately. building
● Hanging objects swing
violently
● Dining utensils clatter and
clink/some are broken
● Small, light, unstable
objects may fall or overturn
 SCIENCE NOTES (2ND QUARTER)
● Liquid spills from filled ● Heavy objects and furniture
open containers overturn and topple
● Standing vehicles rock ● Big church bells may ring
noticeably ● Old or poorly built
● Shaking of leaves and structures suffer
twigs are noticeably considerable damage
● Shaking of leaves and ● Some well-built structures
twigs are noticeable are slightly damaged
● Some cracks may appear
6. VERY STRONG on dikes, fish ponds, road
● Many people are surface or concrete hollow
frightened/ Many run block walls
outdoors ● Limited liquefaction, lateral
● Some people lost their spreading and landslides
balance are observed
● Motorists feel like driving ● Liquefaction is a process
with flat tires by which loose saturated
● Heavy objects or furniture sand loses strength during
move or may be shifted an earthquake and behaves
● Small church bells may like liquid.
ring
● Wall plaster may crack 8. VERY DESTRUCTIVE
● Very old or poorly built ● People panic
house and man-made ● People find it difficult to
structures are slightly stand even outdoors
damaged although well- ● Many well-built buildings
built structures are not are considerably damaged
affected ● Concrete dikes and
● Limited rockfalls and foundation of bridges are
rolling boulders occur in destroyed by ground
hilly to mountainous areas settling or toppling
and escarpments ● Railway tracks are bent or
● Trees are noticeably broken
shaken ● Tombstones may be
displaced, twisted or
7. DESTRUCTIVE overturned
● Most people are frightened ● Utility posts, towers, and
and run outdoors monuments may tilt or
● People find it difficult to topple
stand in upper floors
 SCIENCE NOTES (2ND QUARTER)
● Water and sewer pipes may ● Boulders are commonly
be bent, twisted or broken thrown out
● Liquefaction and lateral ● River water splashes
spreading cause man-made violently on stops over
structures to sink, tilt or dikes and banks
topple
● Numerous landslides and 10. COMPLETELY
rockfalls occur in DEVASTATING
mountainous and hilly ● Practically all man-made
areas structures are destroyed
● Boulders are thrown out ● Massive landslides and
from their positions liquefaction
particularly near the ● Large-scale subsidence
epicenter and uplifting of land forms
● Fissures and faults rupture ● Many ground fissures are
observed
9. DEVASTATING ● Changes in river courses
● People are forcibly thrown and destructive selches in
to the ground large lake occur
● Many cry and shake with ● Many trees are toppled,
fear broken and uprooted
● Most buildings are totally ____________________________
damaged Strength of an earthquake may
● Bridges and elevated be described in two ways:
concrete structures are Magnitude that can be described
toppled and destroyed using the Richter scale and
● Numerous utility posts, written in Hindu Arabic. Intensity
towers, and monument are that can be described using the
tilted, toppled or broken Modified Mercalli and written in
● Water sewer pipes are Roman Numerals.
bent, twisted or broken
● Landslides and liquefaction
with lateral spreading and
sand boil are widespread. RICHTER SCALE
● The ground is distorted -Measures energy waves emitted
into undulations by earthquakes
● Trees are shaken very
violently with some toppled 0 - 1.9 can be detected only by
or broken seismograph
 SCIENCE NOTES (2ND QUARTER)
2 - 2.9 hanging objects may
swing
3 - 3.9 comparable to the
vibrations of a passing truck
4 - 4.9 may break windows,
caused small or unstable objects
to fall
5 - 5.9 furniture moves, chunks of
plaster may fall from walls
6 - 6.9 damage to well-built
structures severe damage to
poorly built ones
7 - 7.9 buildings displaced from
foundations; cracks to the earth
underground; underground pipes
broken
8 - 8.9 bridges destroyed, few
structures left standing
9 and over near total destruction
waves moving through the earth
visible with naked eye
___________________________
TECHNIQUES TO FIND OUT IF A
FAULT IS ACTIVE OR NOT:
● Reviewing past recordings
● Analyzing the oscillations
● Inspecting the fault and its
surroundings
SCIENCE NOTES (2ND QUARTER)