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    Janice Eligio
    Respiratory acidosis occurs when high carbon dioxide levels in the body cause blood pH to decrease, while respiratory alkalosis is caused by rapid breathing that removes too much carbon dioxide and raises blood pH. Metabolic acidosis is an excessive accumulation of acid in the body due to renal failure or other causes, while metabolic alkalosis is caused by a primary increase in bicarbonate often due to diuretic use or vomiting. The respiratory system maintains acid-base balance by exchanging carbon dioxide and oxygen during breathing to regulate blood pH. Hydrogen ion concentration determines pH, with more hydrogen ions causing a lower pH. The kidneys also help control pH through reabsorbing bicarbonate, excreting hydrogen ions

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    Respiratory acidosis occurs when high carbon dioxide levels in the body cause blood pH to decrease, while respiratory alkalosis is caused by rapid breathing that removes too much carbon dioxide and raises blood pH. Metabolic acidosis is an excessive accumulation of acid in the body due to renal failure or other causes, while metabolic alkalosis is caused by a primary increase in bicarbonate often due to diuretic use or vomiting. The respiratory system maintains acid-base balance by exchanging carbon dioxide and oxygen during breathing to regulate blood pH. Hydrogen ion concentration determines pH, with more hydrogen ions causing a lower pH. The kidneys also help control pH through reabsorbing bicarbonate, excreting hydrogen ions

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    Respiratory acidosis occurs when high carbon dioxide levels in the body cause blood pH to decrease, while respiratory alkalosis is caused by rapid breathing that removes too much carbon dioxide and raises blood pH. Metabolic acidosis is an excessive accumulation of acid in the body due to renal failure or other causes, while metabolic alkalosis is caused by a primary increase in bicarbonate often due to diuretic use or vomiting. The respiratory system maintains acid-base balance by exchanging carbon dioxide and oxygen during breathing to regulate blood pH. Hydrogen ion concentration determines pH, with more hydrogen ions causing a lower pH. The kidneys also help control pH through reabsorbing bicarbonate, excreting hydrogen ions

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    13 views2 pages

    Untitled

    Uploaded by

    Janice Eligio
    Respiratory acidosis occurs when high carbon dioxide levels in the body cause blood pH to decrease, while respiratory alkalosis is caused by rapid breathing that removes too much carbon dioxide and raises blood pH. Metabolic acidosis is an excessive accumulation of acid in the body due to renal failure or other causes, while metabolic alkalosis is caused by a primary increase in bicarbonate often due to diuretic use or vomiting. The respiratory system maintains acid-base balance by exchanging carbon dioxide and oxygen during breathing to regulate blood pH. Hydrogen ion concentration determines pH, with more hydrogen ions causing a lower pH. The kidneys also help control pH through reabsorbing bicarbonate, excreting hydrogen ions

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    1.

    Differentiate respiratory acidosis from respiratory alkalosis


    - Respiratory acidosis refers to high levels of acid in the blood due to increased levels of carbon
    dioxide (CO2) in the body. The main concern in respiratory acidosis is an increased arterial
    partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and a decreased ratio of arterial bicarbonate to arterial pCO2,
    which causes the blood pH to decrease. On the other hand, when high levels of carbon dioxide
    disrupt the blood's acid-base balance, respiratory alkalosis occurs. It usually happens to patients
    who have rapid, uncontrollable breathing (hyperventilation). As a result, an increase in HCO3
    (bicarbonate) or decrease in CO2 will cause the blood to become more alkaline. The opposite is
    also true, where a decrease in HCO3 or an increase in CO2 cause the blood to become more
    acidic.

    2. Differentiate metabolic acidosis from metabolic alkalosis

    - Metabolic acidosis is the accumulation of acid in the body caused by renal disease or failure. When
    your body fluids contain an excessive amount of acid, it implies that your body is either not excreting
    enough acid, producing an excessive amount of acid, or unable to balance the acid in your body.
    Whereas, a primary increase in bicarbonate (HCO3) with or without a compensatory increase in carbon
    dioxide partial pressure is described as metabolic alkalosis. The use of diuretics, hypovolemia, prolonged
    vomiting, and hypokalemia are common causes. In any case, regardless of initial cause, persistence of
    metabolic alkalosis indicates that the kidneys have increased their HCO3− reabsorption, because HCO3−
    is normally freely filtered by the kidneys and hence excreted.

    1. How does the respiratory system maintain acid-base balance within the body?
    - In the respiratory system, the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen takes place in the alveoli
    of the lungs. As we breathe, they take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. Red blood cells
    transport oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body, then accumulate carbon dioxide and
    transport it back to the lungs to be expelled. This gas exchange is how the respiratory system
    oxygenates the blood and organ systems. The respiratory system regulates the flow of carbon
    dioxide (CO2) to help maintain acid-alkali balance. Respiration can directly affect pH status by
    eliminating or conserving CO2. When there is an excess of acidity, bicarbonates will try to
    eliminate the excess CO2 by neutralizing the fluids. On the other hand, if the pH is too alkaline,
    ventilation is inhibited, and the respiratory rate decreases to try to maintain lower CO2 levels.

    2. Discuss briefly the relationship of pH and hydrogen ions.

    - The concentration of hydrogen ions in an acidic solution relies on the concentration or molarity of the
    acidic solution. An acid with a higher molarity will have a higher concentration of hydrogen ions and
    hence a lower pH value. However, in an alkaline solution, the concentration of hydrogen ions depends
    on the concentration or molarity of the alkaline solution. By increasing the molarity of an alkaline
    solution, concentration of hydrogen ions increases and its pH value increases. To put it briefly, acid
    strength is reflected in how many hydrogen ions are in solution. The more hydrogen ions the lower the
    pH and vice-versa.
    3. Explain briefly how the renal system helps maintain acid-base balance.

    - The kidneys have two very important roles in maintaining the acid–base balance: reabsorb bicarbonate
    from urine and excrete hydrogen ions into urine. The physiology of renal system has several powerful
    mechanisms to control pH by the excretion of excess acid or base. By adjusting the amounts reabsorbed
    and secreted, renal system balance the bloodstream’s pH. In reaction to acidosis, tubular cells reabsorb
    more bicarbonate from the tubular fluid, collecting duct cells release more hydrogen and create more
    bicarbonate, and ammonia genesis increases NH3 buffer production. Alternatively, kidneys may expel
    more bicarbonate in response to alkalosis by decreasing hydrogen ion release from tubular epithelial
    cells and slowing glutamine metabolism and ammonium excretion.

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