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4 Quadratic Equations
Solving a Quadratic Equation
Completing the Square
The Quadratic Formula
Solving for a Specified Variable
The Discriminant
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1.1
Quadratic Equation in One
Variable
An equation that can be written in the
form ax bx c 0
2
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Second-degree Equation
x 2 25, 4 x 2 4 x 5 0, 3 x 2 4 x 8
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Zero-Factor Property
If a and b are complex numbers with
ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0 or both.
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Example 1 USING THE ZERO-FACTOR
PROPERTY
Solve 6 x 2 7 x 3
Solution:
6x 2 7x 3
6X 7X 3 0
2
Standard form
(3 x 1)(2x 3) 0 Factor.
Zero-factor
3x 1 0 or 2x 3 0 property.
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Example 1 USING THE ZERO-FACTOR
PROPERTY
Solve 6 x 2 7 x 3
Solution:
3x 1 0 or 2x 3 0 Zero-factor
property.
3x 1 or 2x 3 Solve each
equation.
1 3
x or x
3 2
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Square Root Property
If x2 = k, then
x k or x k
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Square-Root Property
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Example 2 USING THE SQUARE ROOT
PROPERTY
Solve each quadratic equation.
a. x 17
2
Solution:
By the square root property, the solution set
is
17
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Example 2 USING THE SQUARE ROOT
PROPERTY
Solve each quadratic equation.
b. x 2 25
Solution:
Since 1 i ,
is 5i .
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Example 2 USING THE SQUARE ROOT
PROPERTY
Solve each quadratic equation.
c. ( x 4) 12
2
Solution:
Use a generalization of the square root
property.
( x 4)2 12
Generalized square
x 4 12 root property.
x 4 12 Add 4.
x 42 3 12 4 3 2 3
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Solving A Quadratic Equation
By Completing The Square
To solve ax2 + bx + c = 0, by completing the square:
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Example 3 USING THE METHOD OF
COMPLETING THE SQUARE a = 1
Solve x2 – 4x –14 = 0 by completing the
square.
Solution
Step 1 This step is not necessary since a = 1.
Step 2 x 2 4 x 14 Add 14 to both
sides.
x 4 x 4 14 4
2
Step 3 2
1
2 ( 4 ) 4;
add 4 to both sides.
Step 4 ( x 2) 18
2
Factor; combine
terms.
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Example 3 USING THE METHOD OF
COMPLETING THE SQUARE a = 1
Solve x2 – 4x –14 = 0 by completing the
square.
Solution
Step 4 ( x 2) 18
2
Factor; combine terms.
4
x x 1 0
2
Divide by 9. (Step 1)
3
4
x x 1
2
Add – 1. (Step 2)
3
4 4 4 2
x x 1
2 1 4
2 3
4
9
; add
4
9
3 9 9
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Example 4 USING THE METHOD OF
COMPLETING THE SQUARE a = 1
Solve 9x2 – 12x + 9 = 0 by completing the
square.
Solution
4 4 4 1 4 4 2
x x 1
2
2 3
9
; add
4
9
3 9 9
2
2 5
x Factor, combine
3 9 terms. (Step 4)
2 5
x Square root property
3 9
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Example 4 USING THE METHOD OF
COMPLETING THE SQUARE a = 1
Solve 9x2 – 12x + 9 = 0 by completing the
square.
Solution 2 5 Square root property
x
3 9
2 5 a i a
x i Quotient rule for
3 3 radicals
2 5
x i Add ⅔.
3 3
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Example 4 USING THE METHOD OF
COMPLETING THE SQUARE a = 1
Solve 9x2 – 12x + 9 = 0 by completing the
square.
Solution
2 5
x i Add ⅔.
3 3
2 5
The solution set is i .
3 3
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The Quadratic Formula
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Quadratic Formula
b b 4ac
2
x .
2a
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Caution Notice that the fraction bar
in the quadratic formula extends under
the – b term in the numerator.
b b 4ac
2
x .
2a
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Example 5 USING THE QUADRATIC
FORMULA (REAL SOLUTIONS)
Solve x2 – 4x = – 2
Solution:
x 4x 2 0
2 Write in standard
form.
Here a = 1, b = – 4, c = 2
b b 2 4ac
x Quadratic formula.
2a
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Example 5 USING THE QUADRATIC
FORMULA (REAL SOLUTIONS)
Solve x2 – 4x = – 2
Solution:
b b 4ac
2
x Quadratic formula.
2a
( 4) ( 4)2 4(1)(2)
The fraction
2(1)
bar extends
under – b.
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Example 5 USING THE QUADRATIC
FORMULA (REAL SOLUTIONS)
Solve x2 – 4x = – 2
Solution:
( 4) ( 4) 4(1)(2)
2
The fraction
2(1)
bar extends
4 16 8
under – b.
2
42 2
16 8 8 4 2 2 2
2
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Example 5 USING THE QUADRATIC
FORMULA (REAL SOLUTIONS)
Solve x2 – 4x = – 2
Solution:
42 2
16 8 8 4 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 Factor out 2 in the numerator.
2
Factor first,
then divide.
2 2 Lowest terms.
The solution set is 2 2 .
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Example 6 USING THE QUADRATIC FORMULA
(NONREAL COMPLEX SOLUTIONS)
Solve 2x2 = x – 4.
Solution:
2x 2 x 4 0 Write in standard form.
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Example 6 USING THE QUADRATIC FORMULA
(NONREAL COMPLEX SOLUTIONS)
Solve 2x2 = x – 4.
Solution:
1 1 32
4
1 31
x 1 i
4
1 31
The solution set is i .
4 4
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Cubic Equation
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Example 7 SOLVING A CUBIC EQUATION
Solve x 3 8 0.
Solution
x 80
3
x 2 x 2x 4 0
2 Factor as a sum of
cubes.
x 2 0 or x 2 2x 4 0 Zero-factor property
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Example 7 SOLVING A CUBIC EQUATION
Solve x 3 8 0.
Solution
2 12
x Simplify.
2
2 2i 3
x Simplify the radical.
2
x
2 1 i 3 Factor out 2 in the
numerator.
2
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Example 7 SOLVING A CUBIC EQUATION
Solve x 3 8 0.
Solution
x 1 i 3 Lowest terms
The solution set is 2,1 i 3 .
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