and integrity, 8. To maintain national international understanding etc.

Explain the
 Pedagogy: The term pedagogy boils down to the study of different teaching methods.
function of teacher. 1. Planning: Planning is the first duty of the teacher. While
Generally, each teacher has their pedagogical approach to teaching and learning in their
the teacher is making plans, annual, monthly, unit plans and daily lesson plans,
classroom. However, it's crucial that they also consider the most effective content delivery
educational materials and Teaching: The most important task of a teacher is
and mastery evaluation based on individual student needs.
teaching. The teacher should prepare the appropriate materials for teaching,
Peda+gogy(children+study).Nature: Knowledge
determine and use methods and methods and make the teaching fruitful by making
transformation,Psychological,Scientific,curricular nature.Objectives/Imp: Improves quality
the students active as needed to achieve.3. Organization: The third important task
of teaching:
of teaching is to organize the teaching-learning activities. As part of such tasks
 Improves quality of teaching:If a well-thought pedagogy is implemented in the related to organization or management, such tasks as maintaining the order of
classrooms, the quality of education can show a drastic improvement. curriculum and co-curricular activities, organizing the school's physical resources,
managing classrooms, managing furniture in the classroom. 4. Evaluation and
 Eliminates monotonous learning :Pedagogy and child development work hand in
record keeping: whose condition in the teacher directions follower Educational of
hand. It helps the student to think in different ways and move beyond the traditional learning How much is the teacher available to the students in the subject they are
methods of memorization and comprehension for learning. teaching? 5. Direction and guidance: Direction and guidance is another key
 Student can follow their ways of learning :A well thought pedagogy can help the strategy. The teacher can help the students to find the right path by giving them the
students to grasp education in various ways. It caters to the learning abilities of correct instructions on time. The main task of the teacher is to know about the
different students. physical, mental, social emotional and financial problems of the students. 6.
Supervision: This is another major duty of the teacher. The teacher should
 Convenient learning approach for all:Students with special needs require
supervise the various actions and behaviors of the students and give support for
different ways of learning and teaching in the institutes. Implementation of a positive changes in them. Attendance of students in class work, homework,
suitable pedagogical approach will help them learn better and encourage them to be experimental work, etc., should be regularly supervised and nurtured for progress.
a part of the mainstream learning community. 7. To establish relationship: As a leader of education management, teachers
 Improves teacher-student communication :The teacher understands the student should maintain a clean and harmonious relationship with students, teachers,
in a better way which helps them to focus on the student’s weaknesses and guide principals, management committees, inspectors, parents and the community. 8.
them. Other functions: a) Arranging educational visits. Should: b) Arranging sports
Characteristics of teaching: Student Centered,Specific nature, Behavioral nature, development and competitive programs. c) Organizing plays, films, monologues,
measurable, Observable, Achievable, Condition. cultural programs in schools from time to time. d) Masses on various occasions like
Principle of teaching methods: Women's Day, Education Day Arranging the program. .Ways of Teaching in a
1.Principle of selection 2.Motivation 3.correlation with environment 4.feedback 5.Individual diverse classroom While teaching diverse issues, one should be aware of their
differences 6.child all round development 7.variety 8.Maxim of teaching 9. Principle of identity, fear and discrimination./ It is the presentation of an emotional style on any
Experiences. subject or creating a discriminatory situation. /Think about the purpose of the hunt
Two Teachers personality and quality:Teachers who educate children and what your purpose will be in the classroom It is necessary to distinguish
deserve more honour than parents .(Aristotle).The teacher is the prophate of the true god and the between them. As much as possible, a plan should be made to develop high-level
usherer of the kingdom of god(John Dewey) Personal Charecteristics: thinking skills in the learner/. Selection of lessons and teaching strategies should be
Expert communication skills/Superior listening skills/Deep knowledge and passion for their subject done keeping in mind the growth of the learner's ability./ A safe, inclusive and busy
matter/The ability to build caring relationships with students/Friendliness and environment should be created in the classroom. /Teaching and learning programs
approachability/Excellent preparation and organization skills/Strong work ethic/Community- should be conducted by creating different parts so that diversity issues are
building skills/High expectations for all Knowledge related: content knowledge, general addressed.
pedagogical knowledge, curriculum knowledge, pedagogical content knowl- edge, knowledge of
learners, knowledge of educational contexts, and knowledge of educational aims, purposes, and
values.Social quality:..
The role that a teacher: has to play is outlined here in order to formulate educational
policies, implement objectives and fulfill them 2. To participate in curriculum
development and implementation, 3. Creation of schedule and action plan and all-
round development of learning to do Qualified 4. To reduce social tension and
conflict and bring about social innovation, mainly 5 class management as well as to
speed up the effective teaching and learning process is: of the teacher Earn below 6.
To build supervision and support, 7. To preserve professional competence, ethics
Learning Styles:1.Lingustic(learn from teachers)2.Naturalist thinking approach. According to this phase,
3.Musical4.Kinestnestic5.Vidual6.Logical(learn from logic) Components of classroom after the lesson gets started, the teaching leads students to inquire, find out,
management:Planning,Organization,staffing, learning, controlling, Types of instructional make sense of the materials, answer their prior questions, and find out new
organization: Grade teaching,Subject teaching,Multi-grade Teaching,Mix teaching. Advantages questions and answer. The overriding purposes of this phase include of the
of multigrade teaching:fosters independence,encourages cooperation and collaboration,allows following. They are to: compare expectations with what is being learned/ revise expectations or
children to work at their own pace, promotes responsibility, and teaches organisational and time raise new ones/indentify the main points/ monitor personal thinking/ make inferences about the
management skills. Instructional Planning:  material
Instructional planning: It is a process of deciding what to teach and how to teach during the Consolidation:This is the final step of critical thinking approach to teaching. This phse or step
teaching-learning process. Instructional planning helps the teacher to construct goals, objectives, is also known as evaluation step. At this step, the following purposes will be
and instructional and assessment methodology for the classroom. It is systematic planning that sought. They are to: summarize the main ideas/interpret the ideas/share opinions/make personal
helps in developing, evaluating, and managing the instructional process during the classroom
responses/ test out the ideas
process.
PRINCIPLES OF INSTRUCTIONAL PLANNING:1.Instructional planning is important
for understanding the basis of the course in the context of the educational institution.2.To
determine what content to be included in the course concerning set objectives.3.To
complete the subject matter at the specified time.
Types of instructional planning:Yearly operation calendar,Annual work plane,Unit
plan,Dailu lesson plan,Schedule. Teacher centered Methods:1. Lecture Method:The word ‘lecture’ is derived from Latin word
1. Course plan/Annual work paln: A course plan is a plan of instruction in which planning of ‘lectus’, which means “that which is read.” It wasn’t until the 16th century that the word was
the whole content can be done before the commencement of the course. The course plan used to describe oral instruction given by a teacher in front of an audience of learners. Presently,
provides the details of the content, skills, and sometimes, values to be taught for the entire teacher uses lecture method that involves, primarily, an oral presentation given him/her to a
course. It is a long-range teacher guide.2. Unit Plan: After the course plan, the unit plan can be group of learners. Many lectures are supplemented by some sort of visual aid, such as a
prepared by the teacher. A unit plan consists of many lessons and is longer than a lesson plan. A slideshow, a word document, an image, or a film. Some teachers may even use a whiteboard or a
unit plan has five sections i.e., introduction, objectives, contents, hints for teachers, and chalkboard to emphasize important points in their lectures. It is the most conventional teacher
evaluation. The topic is the smallest unit of a unit plan.3. Lesson Plan: A lesson plan is a centered instructional method wherein teacher transmits the knowledge and learners are the
teacher's plan for teaching an individual lesson. The lesson plan is the guide of the teacher which passive recipients of it. All the activities related to teaching-learning process in the classroom
includes the aims, objectives, subject matter, materials, devices to be used, etc. during the and beyond the classroom, are under the control of the teacher.. ADVANTAGES:a)Teacher
teaching-learning process. A lesson plan also helps in deciding the teaching methods and control: Because the lecture is delivered by one authoritative figure – a teacher, a professor, or
techniques and evaluation for achieving the desired results.. an instructor, s/he has full control over the transaction of the lesson and the tone of the
Imp: It provides for adequate lesson summaries, ensures a definite assignment for class, and classroom. S/he is able to shape the course of the lecture. So, lectures remain highly
availability of materials for lesson when needed./It stimulates the teacher to introduce pivotal consistent.b) New material: Lectures are literally just long-winded explanations of information,
questions and illustrations./ Since lesson planning establishes proper connections between deemed important by the lecturer.As such, learners can absorb large quantities of new
different lessons or units of study, it provides and encourages continuity in the teaching provides information.c) Effortless: The lecture method makes the learning process mostly effortless on
and encourages continuity in the teaching process./ It ensures association between various the part of learners, who need only to pay attention during the lecture and take notes when they
lessons in the same main, unit, the selection and organisation of subject-matter, materials and feel necessary. Because so little input is required from learners, it’s the most clear,
activities.It has certain definite functions to perform which are indispensable in good teaching. straightforward and uncomplicated way to impart learners to large quantities of information – as
Differentiate anticipation building knowledge and consolidation from personalized system of explained above – and in a way that is controlled and time sensitive. Learners just need to know
instruction: Anticipation:It is the first step of ABC framework. It refers to the fact that if any how to take good notes.DISADVANTAGES :a) One-way communication: People, who are
activity or lesson is supposed to be started, it should anticipate target population' s desires against the lecture method, find it as a one-way communication. Professors dictate information
22and intentions. According to Crawford ,et al. ( 2005, p. 235) "It is the phase at to learners, who have little or no opportunity to provide their own personal inputs, or examine
the information being delivered. Learners just have to sit down and take information;
the beginning of a lesson in which activities done to remind students of what
sometimes, learners will even be forced to agree with the lecture if they want a passing grade. b)
they already know about a topic, encourage them to raise questions about the Passive listeners: Not only do people find the lecture method a biased, one-way
topic, and set the purposes for their learning." There are different purposes of communication, they also see it as a wholly passive experience for learners. This isn’t just
anticipation phase. They are to:call up the knowledge students already have/ informally assess harmful because of the ways we described above. Not being actively engaged in a discussion
what they have already know, including over certain learning experience can make the learning experience itself seem worthless to a
misconceptions/set purposes for learning..Building knowledge:It is the second step of critical learner. After all, the aim of education isn’t to programme learners to think a certain way
according to their instructor’s lectures but to critically analyze the information being provided cooperatively plan, teach and evaluate one or more class groups in an appropriate and agreed
and learn how to apply it in different contexts. c) Strong speaker expectations: The lecture teaching plan in given length of time, so as to take advantage of specific competencies of the
method can be disadvantageous to the professor as well. Not all academics can be expected to team members”.According to David Warwick (1971), team teaching represents “a form of
have the same level of public speaking skill. What if a teacher is a genius in his or her field,
organization in which individual teacher declared to pool resources, interests and expertise,
knows the material from every angle, and is enthusiastic about the subject…but has trouble
speaking in front of large groups?2. Demonstration Method:Demonstration method works on in order to devise and implement a scheme of work suitable to the needs of their learners and
the principle of activity centeredness and, to some extent, on child centeredness. Therefore, it is the facilities of the institution”.From the above definitions, it can be concluded that team
better off than the lecture method. Demonstration method is based on performing some activities teaching involves a group of teachers working cooperatively in a team to develop a programme
or experiments in front of learners and learners minutely observe them. Demonstration method of instruction and share among themselves teaching, evaluation and course
has dual purposes. One, it is in accordance to the maxim of teaching concrete to abstract i.e. improvement.CHARACTERISTICS OF TEAM TEACHINGi) Group of teachers: Team
concepts, which are abstract in nature and harder to understand, can be demonstrated through an teaching generally involves a group of teachers. The number of teachers depends upon nature
activity or experiment, which would facilitate the teacher to explain them easily and learners too
and objectives of the course, the size of the class and the facilities to be used.ii) Joint
can internalize them effectively. Second, learners can replicate the same demonstration wherein
they can also understand concepts by doing.Moreover, demonstration helps learners develop responsibilities: In team teaching, teachers work together and are jointly responsible for
their motor skills. Quality of demonstration method depends upon the following aspects:i) planning and instruction of a course.iii) Cooperative teaching: Team teaching is also referred
Demonstration should be planned and rehearsed: It is necessary for a teacher to identify the to cooperative teaching, as teachers cooperatively develop a programme of instruction and share
concepts that need to be demonstrated through activity or experiment. Therefore, initial planning in planning, organizing, teaching, evaluation and course improvement.
and rehearsal is must for a successful demonstration. During planning stage, it is necessary that iv) Specific competencies: In team teaching, each individual teacher has specific competencies
all the materials required for demonstration should be arranged beforehand and they should be and work is assigned based on these specific competencies. In team teaching, a teacher needs to
placed on the demonstration table in a sequential manner so that teacher while experimenting
be multi-tasking. Teachers, who are good in planning would get an appropriate chance for
needs not to worry about acquiring material as well as searching for it.After that, teacher needs
to practice that demonstration as many times as possible so that it leads to expected outcomes.ii) instruction and length of time so as to use special competencies of teaching content to a group of
Purpose of demonstration: Before demonstration, teacher should be clear about its purpose learners.v) Need-centered: In team teaching, teachers have to consider the needs, interests and
and make the aim of the demonstration clear to learners beforehand. Teacher should clearly state development level of their learners and they should teach cooperatively to satisfy learners’ needs
what specific things need to be observed while demonstration, based on which inferences can be and interest and to remove their difficulties and problems.
drawn or generalization can be made.iii) Active participation of learners: Teacher should vi) Autonomy to teachers: Team teaching provides autonomy to each of the teachers to choose
ensure that learners not only observe but also actively participate during the demonstration. It their teaching related activities and responsibilities as per their needs, interest and abilities.vii)
could be in the form of setting up of instruments related to experiment or activity or it can be in
the form of seeking answers from the learners. It can also be that learners can write their Flexibility in teaching: Team teaching provides enough of flexibility to teachers in scheduling
observations on the blackboard. their activities to meet the needs of learners and themselves.viii) Improvement in teaching-
iv) Training in scientific thinking: Demonstration method provides learners with opportunity learning process: Team teaching is a resultant of joint collaboration of teachers who have some
to develop process skills i.e. observe, explain, analyze, infer, verify and review.MERITS :It specific abilities which would immensely help the learners in improvement in learning
inculcates the habit of scientific thinking among learners./It is psychologically sound method as outcomes.ix) Pooling of resources: In team teaching, resources are pooled up so as to benefit
it takes into account the teaching from concrete to abstract./It does provide opportunity to learners at large and help teachers individually.ADVANTAGES OF TEAM TEACHINGa)
learners to participate during demonstration./Theorization of concepts through verbal mode by Better planning: In traditional system, teachers separately spend their time individually in
teacher is reduced and focus is on demonstration of concepts through experiment or activity./It planning the same content at different period of time for two different classes or same classes. In
is suitable for a multicultural and differential classroom.LIMITATIONS:Demonstration team teaching both teachers can devote more time to and energy in planning and preparing
method is time consuming as lots of effort on the part of teacher is required during planning, content for the benefit of learners.b) Improvement in teaching: In team teaching, teachers are
organizing and conducting phase.It is a resourceful method so sometimes teacher is unable to given the opportunity to observe each other teaching and thus obtain feedback on each other’s
organize the materials required for demonstration./If demonstration fails in achieving the teaching and thus it helps in improving their skills of teaching. In traditional teaching, teachers
purpose, then it will have negative impact on the morale and attitude of learners./All the topics are devoid of this opportunity of observing the lesson of each teacher.c) Benefit of
or contents can not be covered through this method.3. Team Teaching:The word ‘team’ is specialization: In team teaching, teachers normally are chosen based on their specialization,
associated when two or more than two members join together to achieve some specific which would immensely help learners in getting deeper understanding of the content which is
objectives. In team teaching too, two or more than two teachers with special abilities, not the case with single teachers.d) Useful for bright learners: Team teaching would be helpful
competencies and specialization join together and teach in a classroom. According to R.A. to bright learners as they get more knowledge about the subject matter, which is sometimes not
Singer (1964), team teaching may be defined “as an arrangement whereby two or more teachers possible in single teacher classroom. They are given extra work and they do not lose interest as
they do in traditional classroom teaching.e) Optimal utilization of resources: Team teaching  Revision refers to the process of examining and improving a piece of writing by
provides opportunity for optimal utilization of human resources. Learners are benefited by the making changes and corrections to it.
best of available teachers.f) Better interaction: Both teachers and learners get opportunities to Differences:
interact with experts in a subject or a specialized field. It gives them useful exposure in terms of 1. Revise is a verb that means to make changes or corrections to a piece of writing,
learning new and specialized field things. It also provides learners motivation and inspiration for whereas revision is a noun that refers to the process of examining and improving a
reaching the top in the field of learning, instruction and research.g) Flexibility: It is a highly piece of writing.
flexible method of teaching whereas traditional methods of teaching are rigid. It is quite flexible 2. Revise is an action that someone takes, whereas revision is a process that takes
place over time.
in terms of scheduling and grouping techniques to meet the needs of a particular teaching
3. When you revise something, you are actively making changes to it, whereas
learning situation. The time table also allows flexibility for the organization of team revision involves a more comprehensive and holistic approach to improving
teaching.DISADVANTAGESa) Costly method: Team teaching is costlier than traditional writing.
method as it hires team of specialized teachers.b) Lack of material facilities: Inadequate space 4. Revise is often a quick or superficial process, whereas revision can be a more in-
and material facilities in the form of large rooms, furniture, laboratory, library, workshops, depth and time-consuming process.
teaching aids, materials and communication equipments act as a barrier for success of team 5. Revision is usually done to improve the overall quality of a piece of writing,
teaching.c) Lack of cooperation: The basis of team teaching is cooperation. But sometimes whereas revise is usually done to correct specific errors or flaws in the writing.
6. Revision often involves feedback from others, such as teachers or peers, whereas
teachers hesitate to cooperate with other teachers. Hence cooperation from all teachers cannot be revise can be done independently.
expected.d) Lack of accountability: In traditional teaching, a teacher teaches a subject to a 7. Revision is an essential part of the writing process, whereas revise is just one aspect
particular class and s/he is accountable for the results and progress of learners into the subject. of revision.
In team teaching, since it is the joint responsibility of team of teachers teaching the learners In summary, revise and revision are related but distinct terms that refer to the act of
therefore accountability rests with all the team members. One teacher can shirk its responsibility making changes to a piece of writing and the process of examining and improving a piece
to other teachers.e) Difficulty in maintaining harmony: Team teaching requires proper of writing, respectively. While revise is an action taken to correct specific errors, revision
involves a more comprehensive approach to improving writing over time.
understanding, cooperation and harmony among the members of the team. There is difficulty in
Importance of Review:
maintaining proper team-spirit, positive attitude towards the assigned work, proper coordination 1. Reinforces learning: Reviewing lessons can help students to retain information
and harmony among the members of the team.f) Non availability of specialized teachers: All more effectively and reinforce their understanding of key concepts.
teachers of the team should have a thorough knowledge of the subject along with the necessary 2. Identifies areas of weakness: Through lesson review, teachers can identify areas
skills to handle the classroom management along with academic activities. Such type of where students may need additional support and adjust their teaching strategies
competent and specialized teachers with complete willingness and positive attitude towards accordingly.
team teaching are not available.Direct Instruction:Direct instruction is where teachers use 3. Encourages critical thinking: By revisiting a lesson and critically evaluating it,
students can develop their analytical skills and gain a deeper understanding of the
explicit teaching techniques to teach a specific skill to their students. This type of instruction is
material.
teacher-directed, where a teacher typically stands at the front of a room and presents 4. Promotes teacher reflection: Reviewing lessons can help teachers to reflect on their
information. Teachers match their instruction to the task to enhance students’ understanding of a teaching practice and identify areas for improvement.
topic. This technique depends on strict lesson plans with little room for variation. It does not 5. Increases student performance: By reviewing lessons, teachers can assess student
include active learning activities such as discussions, workshops or case studies. The six steps in understanding and adjust instruction to better meet the needs of their students,
direct instruction are: Introducing material, that is used to activate students’ prior knowledge/ leading to improved academic performance.
Presenting new material, where students begin to learn with step-by-step guides/ Guiding Importance of Revision:
1. Improves lesson effectiveness: By revising lessons, teachers can improve the
students, where teachers can correct mistakes early on and reteach material if needed/ Providing
quality of their teaching materials and ensure that they are aligned with learning
feedback, where teachers give students an indicator of their performance/ Practicing objectives, leading to more effective instruction.
independently, where students individually apply the skills that they’ve gained/ Evaluating, 2. Addresses student needs: Lesson revision can help teachers to identify areas where
where students are tested on what they’ve learned. students may be struggling and adjust instruction to better meet their needs.
 Revise refers to the act of making changes or corrections to a piece of writing, such 3. Encourages teacher reflection: Through lesson revision, teachers can reflect on
as a document or a manuscript, with the aim of improving it. their teaching practice and identify areas for improvement, leading to professional
growth.
4. Supports student engagement: By revising lessons, teachers can create more 7. Run to the Board: This strategy involves dividing students into teams and having
engaging and interactive learning experiences, leading to increased student them race to the board to answer questions related to the lesson. This can be a fun
engagement and motivation. and engaging way to review material and reinforce key concepts.
Types of Instructional materials: Bases:
5. Increases student learning: By revising lessons to better align with student needs
Cost(costly,low,no),Making(Technically making,
and learning objectives, teachers can support student learning and help them to
computer,radio,cc,smartbrd,)less technically(globe,chart,table)teacher
achieve academic success.
made,std made,(duration durable,less durable book,newspaper) (no durable
Process of lesson review and revision:
gas,plants,science use)
1. Assessing the effectiveness of the lesson: The first step in the lesson review and
Instructional material:
revision process is to assess the effectiveness of the lesson. This involves
Printed:(textbookhelpbooknewspaper)(audio aids,videoaids,audio video aids)
evaluating student performance and feedback, reviewing the lesson objectives and
Qualities of a book :
materials, and considering the overall learning outcomes.
(curriculum,helpful,simplelanguage,waterproof,clearfigure,practical,goodpaper,prin
2. Identifying areas for improvement: The next step is to identify areas where the
ting,size,cheap)
lesson could be improved. This may include revising the lesson objectives,
adjusting instructional strategies, or updating the learning materials. Need of instructional
3. Making revisions: Once areas for improvement have been identified, the next step material:Enhance,Facilitate,Engage,Clarify,Visualize,Demonstrate,Simplify,Motiv
is to make revisions to the lesson. This may involve modifying lesson objectives, ate,disciplined,Stimulate,Illustrate,Reinforce,Personalize,Access,effective
changing the format of the lesson, or updating the learning materials to better align teaching,newmethod,activestd
with student needs.
4. Evaluating the impact of the revisions: The final step in the lesson review and Sources of instructional material:locally available(poster,image,pamlet less
revision process is to evaluate the impact of the revisions. This involves assessing attractive) market available(globe,map,marker, attractive)natural,
student performance and feedback after the revisions have been implemented to manmade,donated,self prepared,web,internet
determine whether the changes have had a positive impact on student learning.
Strategies of lesson review and revision:
1. Questionnaire Pair: This strategy involves having students work in pairs to answer
a series of questions related to the lesson. The questions can be used to review key
concepts and identify areas where students may need additional support.
2. Classify, Categorize, and Organize: This strategy involves having students classify
and organize information related to the lesson. This can help students to identify
patterns and relationships among concepts, and can also be used to reinforce key
vocabulary terms.
3. Relay Race: This strategy involves dividing students into teams and having them
compete to answer questions related to the lesson. This can be a fun and engaging
way to review material and reinforce key concepts.
4. Guess Who: This strategy involves having students guess the identity of a person or
concept related to the lesson, based on a series of clues. This can be a fun and
engaging way to review key concepts and vocabulary.
5. Two Truths and a Lie: This strategy involves having students share three statements
related to the lesson, two of which are true and one of which is false. Other students
must then guess which statement is the lie. This can be a fun and engaging way to
review key concepts and encourage critical thinking.
6. Snowballing Questions Ball: This strategy involves having students write questions
related to the lesson on a piece of paper and then crumpling the paper into a ball.
The teacher then throws the ball to a student, who must answer the question on the
paper before adding their own question and passing the ball to another student. This
can be a fun and engaging way to review material and encourage student
participation.