Chapter3 CLAUSES

I. Adverb Clauses
the following sentences
20. Look at the groups of words in italics in
1. They rested at sunset. [Rested when ?]
2. They rested when evening came. [Rested when ?] an Adverb as they modifiv th
and 2, do the work of
t evident that both the groups of words in italics, in 1
is
verb rested, showing when the action was performed.
.CcuAOL ENGLISH GRAMMAR& COMPOSIm
 We at once recognize the first group of words, at sunset. as an Adverb Phrase. Is the second group or wOu
when evening came, also an Adverb Phrase ?

No, it is not a Phrase Ior, unlike a

Phrase, it
has a Subject (evening) and a Predicate (came when) of its
dis thus like a sentence. But though like sentence
and. a
ow
it is part of sentence.
a
Such a group of words that forms part of a sentence, and has a
Subject and a Predicate of its own, is caled aiaus
Since the Clause, when evening came, does the work
of an Adverb, it is called an Adverb Clause.
Def-An Adverb Clause is a group of words which contains a Subject and a Predicate of its own, and does
the work of an Adverb.

EXERCISE 23
Pick out the Adverb Clauses in the following sentences.
Do you
1. You may sit wherever you like. work
13. I do it because I choose to. hard?
2. He fled where his pursuers could not follow
14. IfI make a promise l keep it.
3. He behaves as one might expect him to do.
15. You will pass ifyou work hard.
4. Because you have done this I shall punish you.
16. He advanced as far as he dared.
5. As he was not there, I spoke to his brother.
17. Iforgive you since you repent.
6. If you eat too much you will be ill.
18. I shall remain where l am.
7. He finished first though he began late.
19. We shall wait here until you come.
8. Will you wait till I return?
20. When l was younger, I thought so.
9. Just as he entered the room the clock struck.
21. It was so dark that you could not see your hand.
10. They went where Iiving was cheaper.
22. Wherever one goes, one hears the same story.
11. He does not always speak as he thinks. 23. If you do not hurry you will miss the train.
12. Take a lamp because the night is dark. 24. Since you have already decided, why do you ask my
opinion?

EXERCISE 24
* * * * *

Supply suitable Adverb Clauses.

1. Do not go 16. He does
2. He is not so clever. 17. He always comes
3. I was so hurried 18. He did
4. He ran so fast_ 19. She sings exactly.
5. He always does 20. The earth is larger.
6. He spoke so low. 21. His father died
7. Ishall do nothing. 22. He cannot see.
8. Fools rush in 23. Do you workwell
9. Nobody likes him. 24. Ifound mybooks
10. Open rebuke is better 25. I will not go out.
11. He will succeed. 26. You will succeed or fail
12. Make hay. 27. Arithmetic is less difficult
13. He is so busy. 28. We shall miss the train
14. Do not come 29. Do
15. The boy went out to play

21. Examine the following sentences.

. The stolen property was found in the dacoits' hiding pla
h e stolen property was found where the dacoits were accustomed to hide.
It will be noticed that both the groups of words in italics do the work of an Adverb.
But the group of words in italics in sentence 2 is a Clause, because it has a subject
(the dacoits) and a Predicate (were accustomed to hide where) of its own; while the group of words in italics in
sentence 1 is a Phrase.

CLAUSES (171
 is equivalent to the
Adverb Clause,
Phrase. in the dacoits hiding place,
Adverb
We further notice that the therefore be replaced by it
were accustomed
to hiding, and can
where the dacoits
EXERCISE 25

sentences replace each Adverb Phrase by an Adverb Clause.

In each of the following for any man to do single-handed.
11. The work is too much
asked him many questions. saved his money.
1. On his return we 12. With a view to early retirement he
2. Do it to the best of your ability. 13. In the event ofthe president's death
the vice-president
on his arrival by his
3. The prince was met succeeds him.
secretary. duties according to instructions.
14. He always carried out his
4. In spite of poverty he became distinguished. old car.
set out. 15. The price is high for an
5. Upon seeing the signal the troops 16. He ran with all his might.
rich without hard work.
6. Nobody must expect to become 17. After such hard work, he requires
a long rest.
him for his kindness.
7. They were very grateful to dishonourable terms.
8. In comparison with air water is heavy. 18. He was base enough to accept the
shattered as to be wholly unmanageable.
too bright to last. 19. Many ships were so
9. The weather is
would smell as sweet.
10. My heart is too full for words 20. A rose by any other name

EXERCISE 26
Clause by an Adverb or Adverb Phrase.
in each of thefollowing sentences, replace each Adverb
20. The news is so good that it cannot be true.
1. Ihave not been well since I returned from Chennai.
21. 1 did not pay him, as I had no money with me.
2 When the sun set he returned home. 22. He lived carefully so that he might live long.
3. They fought as heroes do.
mails arrive.
4. When the righteous rule, the people rejoice. 23. The steamer will leave as soon as the
24. He may go home after his work is
finished.
5. Though I am poor, yet am I contented.
25. As he was sick, he remained at home.
6. We have come so that we may help you.
26. He was punished as he deserved.
7. When he entered the room he saw the vase broken.
8. The thief crept as a jackal does. 27. This sum is right so far as the working is concerned.
28. It rained so hard that the streets were flooded.
9. Iam glad that he has recovered from his illness.
29. I took him because you recommended him.
10. He works hard so that he may become rich.
11. He worked so hard that he succeeded. 30. were poor though they were of noble birth.
My parents
12. As soon as I saw the cobra I ran away. 31. He refuses to work whateverlI may say.
13. We ran so that we might arrive in timne. 32. We will do the work as well as we can.
14. He jested even as he lay dying. 33. Robinson Crusoe was puzzled when he
15. No man can become a great artist unless he applies discovered the print of a foot on the sand.
himself continually to his art. 34. Apollo was worshipped as long as the
16. There was nothing he would not do if only he might Roman Empire lasted.
make profit. 35. He thought himself rich though his income
17. He was not so rich that he could buy a motor-car. was only Rs. 30,000 annually.
18. When he had uttered these words he sat down. 36. We are kind to you because you are kind to us.
19. This exercise is so dificult that I cannot do it. 37. The passage is so difficult that I cannot comprehend it.

II. Adjective Clauses

22. Look at the group of words in italics in the following sentences.
1. The umbrella with a broken handle is mine. [ Which umbrella?]
2. The umbrella which has a broken handle is mine. [ Which umbrella?]

The first group of words, with a broken handle, describes the umbrella; that is, it qualifies the noun umbrella,
and does the work of an Adjective. It is what we call an Adjective phrase.
The second group of words which has a broken handle, also describes the umbrella and so does the work of an
Adjective. But because it contains a Subject and a Predicate ofits own, it is called an Adjective Clause.
Def- An Adjective Clause is a group of words which contains a Subject and a Predicate of its own, and does the
work of an Adjective.
172
HICH SCHOOL EncLcu Cor oaROSITION
 EXERCISE 27
Pick out the Adjective Clauses in the following sentences, and tell what noun or pronoun each quaes.
Mary had a littie lamb whose fleece was white as snow 10. They never fail who die in a great
, The letter brought money which cause
was badly needed 11. Iremember the house where I was born.
The house that I live in belongs to my father
12 He that climbs too high is sure to fall.
4 Iam monarch of alI survey
13. Here is the book you want
5. Ihave a little shadow which goes in 14. Heaven helps those who help themselves.
and out with me.
15. He died in the village where he was born.
6. The dog that bites does not bark.
16. He never does anything that is silly.
7. He tells a tale that sounds untrue 17. People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.
S. It's an ill wind that blows nobody any good.
18. It is a long lane that has no turning.
9The boy stood on the burning deck whence all but he
19. He laughs best who laughs last.
had fled.
20. Thrice is he armed that hath his quarrel just.

EXERCISE 28
~-----.

Supply suitable Adjective Clauses.

1. Iknow the place. 9. Iknow the man
2 He is the man. 10. No man shall suffer in any way.
3 The house i s a hundred years old. 11. The boy gained the prize.
4. His offence is one 12. Students get good marks.
5. Where is the book 13. Water. should be kept in a covered jar.
6. Boys will not be promoted. 14. Any boy will be punished.
7. He has lost the book 15. He went away by the train
8. Ifound the book.

23. Examine the following sentences.

1. He met a girl with blue eyes.
2 He met a girl whose eyes were blue.
The group of words, with blue eyes, qualifies the noun gir
The group of words, whose eyes were blue, also qualifies the noun girl.
Hence both these groups of words do the work of an Adjective.
But the group of words, with blue eyes, is a Phrase, while the group of words, whose eyes were blue, is a Clause.
We further notice that the Adjective Phrase, with blue eyes, is equivalent to the Adjective Clause, whose eyes were
blue, and can therefore be replaced by it.

EXERCISE 29
In each of the following sentences, replace each Adjective Phrase by an Adjective Clause.
1. A man of industrious habits is sure to succeed. 6. We all admire a man of courage.
2. He told us the time of his arrival. 7. A city on a hill cannot be hid.
3. The time for departing has now arrived. 8. The people in the gallery could not hear.
4. Do you know the road leading to the temple? 9. You can have anything of your liking.
5. I have a box, filled with almonds. 10. The houses of the Burmee are often built of bamboo.
mmmm
- - -

EXERCISE 30
n the following sentences, replace Adjective Clauses by Adjectives or Adjective Phrases.

blue 3. That was the reason why he came late.

1.Doyou know the woman who is wearing a sari
4. The reason why he failed is obvious.
2. The boy who sits near me is my cousin.

CLAUSES 179
 forefathers landed.
10. This is the place where our
5. The workers, who were weary with not satisfactory.
Theexplanation he gave be
was
their exertions, lay down to rest. 11.
12. Such men as you cannot easily disheartened.
6. The sun, which at mid-day was hot,
industrious, has earned a prize
made the traveller thirsty. 13. This boy, who has been
7. Which is the road that leads most which he has well deserved.
held is not necessarily one
14. A belief which is generally
quickly to the station?
which is true.
8. People who eat too much die early.
the freedom
9. Many men who have not been trained to 15. An author who was famous during
which overlooks the lake.
write become journalists. struggle lived in that cottage

I1. Noun Clauses

24. Examine the groups of words in italics in the following sentences.
1. I expect to get a prize. [Expect what?
2. I expect that I shall get a prize. Expect what?]
its own. It is therefore
The first group of words, to get a prize, does not contain a Subject and a Predicate of
a phrase. This phrase is object of the verb expect and hence does the work
of a Noun. It is therefore a Noun
Phrase.
The second group of words, that I shall get a prize, contains a Subject and a Predicate
of its own. It is therefore a clause. This Clause is the object of the verb expect and so
does the work ofa Noun. We therefore call it a Noun Clause.
Now examine the sentence,
That you have come pleases me.
Here the Clause, That you have come, is the Subject of the verb pleases.
It therefore does the work of a Noun, and is what we call a Noun Clause.
Def-A Noun Clause is a group of words which contains a Subject and a Predicate of its own, and does the work
of a Noun.
EXERCISE 31
Point out the Noun Clauses in the following sentences.
1. Ioften wonder how you are getting on. 14. I went to see what had happened.
2. Ifear that I shall fail. 15. I do not understand how it all happened.
No one knows
3. He replied that he would come. who he is. 16. Pay careful attention to what am
I going to say.
4. Do you deny that you stole the watch? 17. It grieved me to hear that she was ill.
5. I thought that it would be a fine day. 18. I want to know how far it is from here.
6. That you should cheat me hurts me. 19. Where we were to lodge that
night was the problem.
7. No one knows who he is. 20. He begged that his life might be
8. He saw that the clock had stopped.
spared.
21. Ithinkyou have made a mistake.
9. That you should say this is very strange. 22. Can you guess what I want?
10. I don't see how you can get out of this mess. 23. How the burglar got in is a
11. learn whatever I can. mystery!
24. It is uncertain whether he will come.
12. Ido not know what he wants.
25. Ido not know what he will do.
13. There were no complaints except that the day was too hot.

EXERCISE 32
Complete the following by adding suitable Noun Clauses.
1. Icannot understand
5. He told me.
2. They all said 6. is a well known fact.
3. I think
7. Do you know.
4. This is just.
8. I wonder

HiGH SCHOOL ENGLISH GRAMMAR

& COMPOSITION
 9. Ido not know 15. His father was anxious
10. Please show me_ 16. You forget
11. is quite certain. 17. It is certain
12. Ifeel certain 18. Have you heard. _?
13. Tell him 19 do with your might.
14. Will you tell me 20. He was pleased with

EXERCISE 33
In each of the following sentences, replace the words in italics by suitable Noun Clauses.
1. The time of his coming no one can guess. 9. I do not believe the account given by him.
2. I heard of his success. 10. He confessed his guilt.
3. The reason of his failure will
never be known. 11. He described the attack on the camp.
4. Ipredicta change in the weather. 12. The place oftheirmeeting was known to the police.
5. The jury believed the man guilty.
13. The sailor told us the direction of the wind.
6. We expect an improvement in business.
14. His arrivalwas quite unexpected.
7. Who can doubt the truth of his statement? 15. His friends hoped for hissuccess.
8. Iknow him to be trustworthy. 16. I know your great regard for him.

EXERCISE 34
In each of the following sentences, replace each Noun Clause by a Noun or Noun Phrase.
1. I hope that I shall be there in time. 9. It is to be regretted that he retired from the world so
2. He is sure that we will win the match. early in life.
3. Iremarked that it was a fine day. I don't 10. I do not believe what he says.
believe
4. They do not know where he is concealed. you. 11. He showed how the problem was done.
5. The police must know where he is living. 12. It seems that he isa swindler.
6. I believe what he says. 13. He does not know where I live.
7. Tell me what you think about this. 14. Tell me why you did this.
8. The doctor is hopeful that she will 15. It is not known who has written this book.
SOon recover 16. The law will punish whosoever is guilty.

25. We have now seenthat there are three kinds of Clauses

(1) Adverb Clauses which do the work of Adverbs.
(2) Adjective Clauses which do the work of Adjectives.
(3) Noun Clauses which do the work of Nouns.
26. Examine the following sentences, and notice the work done by the Clause in each.
1. I knew where I could find him.
2. I went to the place where Icould find him.
3. I went where I could find him.
In sentence 1, the Clause does the work of a Noun, and is the Object of the verb know.
In sentence 2, the Clause does the work of an Adjective, and qualifies the noun place.
In sentence 3, the Clause does the work of an Adverb, and modifies the verb went.
We thus see that the same Clause may be a Noun Clause in one sentence, an
Adjective Clause in another, and an
Adverb Clause in yet another.
It is therefore clear that we cannot say what kind of Clause Clause is unless
it does in a sentence.
a we
carefully examine the work that

EXERCISE 35
Pick out the clause in each of the following sentences, and say what kind of clause it is, and with what word
it is connected.
1. Come when you like.
2. Iknow the man who is here.

CLAUSES
 Coe
brother.
3. He says that he nmet your when
you like.
The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.
4 Venice.
5. Before l die l intend to see
6. Let us rejoice as we go forward.
a book which l had read
before.
7. Iwas reading
8. Perhaps he thinks that I am a fool.
9. As I drew near I saw a very curious sight.

10. Where the friends whom I knew ?

are

11. Can a man live whose soul is dead?

12. Ithink that he will die.

13. I want to find the man who did this.
14. He made a vow that he would fast for a week.
15. Have you heard that Rama has won the prize?
16. It was not the vizier whom the king suspected.
17. He admitted that he wrote the letter.
18. That he will do it, I have no doubt.
19. Iknow the place which you mention.
20. That such a thing could happen, I do not believe.
21. When he heard this he turned very pale.
22. Have you seen the horse that he has bought?
23. My father hopes that you will visit us.

24. He behaved as a brave man should do.

25. I will wait until the next train comes.

26. The general feared that he would be surrounded.

27. He ate when he was hungry.
28. Since he has been in hospital he has improved greatly.
29. As I was going in my father came out.
30. There came a time when he was tired of waiting.
31. He spoke of a time when wars should cease.
32. They live where the climate is good.
33. Iknow a place where roses grow.
34. They have gone to a land whither few travellers go.
35. The wind bloweth whither it listeth.
36. They returned whence they had come.
37. The swallows will return to the country whence such birds migrate.
38. Let none follow me to the retreat whither I now depart.
39. I refer to the year when the monsoon failed.
40. This is not the sort of place where you'll get rich in a hurry.
41. Sadly they returned to the prison whence they had so hopefully set forth that morning.
42. You will always regret the day when you did this.
43. Another occupies the seat where once I sat.
44. He has gone to that bourne whence no traveller returns.

EXERCISE 36
In each of the following sentences write a Clause in place of the words in italics, and say whether the Clause is a Noun
Clause, an Adjective Clause, or an Adverb Clause.
1. He cannot find a place to sleep in. 2. The girl with long hair is my cousin.
 3. Have you heard the news ? 16. Iam hopeful ofhisspeedyrecovery.
4. In spite of his efforts he failed. 17. Did he explain the purpose of his coming?
5. He walked slowly to avoid slipping9 Can't find
Can't 18. He ordered the traitor to be executed.
6. This is my home. a place to 19. He remarked on the boy's impudence.
sleep in.
7. He cried aloud forjoy. 2 0 . His silence proves his guilt.
8. lam surprised at your question. 21. Icannot tell you the date of my return.
9. He works hard for a living. 22. His share in the plot was suspected.
10. Being lame he has to use crutches. 23. He speaks like a born orator.
11. The sun having set, the army stopped to rest. 24. Under existing conditions railway travel is expensive.
12. I heard of his arrival. 25. He is not so foolish as to accept your offer.
13. The duration of the war is uncertain. 26. In my old home we had many fruit trees.
14. His remarks were not received 27. Ipromise you a holiday on condition of your good
with approval. behaviour.
15. He declared his innocence.