CLINICAL ABBREVIATIONS LIST

(in association with SESLHDPR/282 Clinical Abbreviations)

as Abbreviation Meaning Comment

A

AAA Abdominal aortic aneurysm

AA Alcoholics Anonymous
(A) Assistance
a/a As above
A1, A2 Aortic Valve, 1st sound, 2nd sound
AAROM Active assisted range of movement (physio)
AAV AIDS-associated virus
AAL Anterior axillary line
Ab Antibody
AB Apex beat
Antiobiotic
ABBI Advanced breast biopsy instrumentation
Abd Abduction (physio)
Abdo Abdomen
ABG Arterial blood gases
ABI Acquired brain impairment/injury
ABPI Ankle brachial pressure index
ABS Acute brain syndrome
A-C Acromioclavicular (physio)
AC Before meals
ACAT Aged Care Assessment Team
ACBT Active cycle of breathing technique (physio)
ACC Acute care certificate
ACCR Aged care client record
ACE Angiotensin converting enzyme
ACL Anterior cruciate ligament (physio)
ACM Ambulatory cardiac monitoring
ACON AIDS council of NSW
ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone
ACS Acute coronary syndrome
AD Autosomal dominant
ADC AIDS dementia complex
Add Adduction (physio)
ADD Attention deficit disorder
ADH Anti-diuretic hormone
ADHD Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
ADL Activities of daily living
Adm Admission / admitted
ADPKD Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
ADR Adverse drug reaction (mental health)
ADT Adult diphtheria and tetanus
AE Air entry
AEA Above elbow amputation (physio)
AEB Atrial ectopic beat
AF Atrial fibrillation
Activity Factor
AFB Acid fast bacilli
AFO Ankle-foot orthosis (physio)

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AFP Alpha-fetoproteins
Ag Antigen
as AGC Associate genetic counsellor
Agg Aggravating (physio)
AGN Acute glomerulonephritis
AH Abdominal hysterectomy
AHA Assisted Han Assessment (physio)
AHD Arteriosclerotic/atherosclerotic heart disease
AHF Antihaemolytic factor
AI Aortic incompetence
AICD Automated implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
AIMS Alberta Infant Motor Scale (physio)
AIN Assistant in Nursing
Anal intraepithelial
AIVR Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
AJ Ankle jerk
AJA Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry
AK Above knee
AKA Above knee amputation
AKI Acute kidney injury
Alb. Albumin
ALA Assisted local anaesthetic
ALD Alcoholic liver disease
ALL Acute lymphoblastic/lymphocytic/lymphatic
leukaemia
ALP Alkaline phosphatase
ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
alt. Alternate
ALT Alanine aminotransferase
Alt sly Alternate side lying (physio)
AM Active movement (physio)
AMA Advanced maternal age
AMD Age-related macular degeneration
AMI Acute myocardial infarction
AML Acute myeloid leukaemia
AMO Attending/admitting medical officer
Amp Ampoule
AMP Austin Moore prosthesis
AMRI Anteromedial rotary instability
AMS Aboriginal Medical Service

ANA Antinuclear antibody

ANC Antenatal clinic
ANCA Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies
ANLL Acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia
ANS Autonomic nervous system
Ant. Anterior

Anti D Rh (D) immunoglobulin

Anti HBc Hepatitis B core antibody
Anti HBs Hepatitis B surface antibody
A/O Application of (physio)

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as AOD Alcohol and other drugs (mental health)

AODM Adult Onset Diabetes Mellitus
A&P Anterior and Posterior (repair)
AP Arterial pressure
A-P Antero-posterior
APC Activated protein C
Adenomatous polyposis coli gene
APD Automated peritoneal dialysis
APH Ante-partum haemorrhage
APO Acute pulmonary oedema
Appt. Appointment
APTT Activated partial thromboplastin time
APR Abdominoperineal resection
APS Acute Pain Service
AR Autosomal recessive
ARBD Alcohol related brain damage (mental health)
ARC AIDS Related Complex
ARDS Adult/acute respiratory distress syndrome
ARF Acute renal failure
ARM Artificial rupture of membranes
AROM Active range of movement (physio)
ARPKD Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
ARV AIDS Related Virus
AS Aortic stenosis
ASAP As soon as possible
ASC Albion Street Centre
ASCVD Arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease
ASD Atrial septal defect
ASET Aged Services in Emergency Team
ASHD Arteriosclerotic heart disease
ASI Anal Sexual Intercourse
RASI – receptive
IASI - insertive
ASNT Abdomen soft, non tender
ASO Arteriosclerotic obliterans
Asp. Aspirate
ASVD Arteriosclerotic vascular disease
ATFL Anterior tibiofibular ligament (physio)
ATN Acute tubular necrosis
ATNR Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (physio)
ATOP Australian Treatment Outcomes Profile
ATOR At time of report
ATS Antitetanus serum
ATSP Asked to see patient
Aug. Augmentation
Ausc. Auscultation (physio)
AV Aortic valve
Atrioventricular
Anteverted (uterus)
AVAC Atrioventricular accessory conduction
AVB Atrioventricular block
AVF Acute ventricular failure
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AVM Arteriovenous malformation

AVN Atrioventricular necrosis
as AVO Apprehended violence order (mental health)
AVR Aortic valve replacement
AVNRT Atrioventricular nodal re-entrant/reciprocating
tachycardia
A/W Associated with
A&W Alive and well
AWOL Absent without leave (mental health)
AWS Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
Alcohol withdrawal scale
Ax Assessment
AXR Abdominal x-ray
AZ Ascheim-Zondek (test)
B

// bars Parallel bars

Ba Barium
BAD Bipolar affective disorder
BAER Brainstem auditory evoked response
BaFT Barium follow through
BAL Blood alcohol level
BAw Breast awareness
BAWO Bilateral antrum washout
BBA Born before arrival
BBB Bundle branch block
BBBB Bilateral bundle branch block
BBS Bronchial breath sounds
BC Blood culture
BCA Balloon catheter angioplasty
BCC Basal cell carcinoma
BCCA Bilateral common carotid angiogram
BCG Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin
b.d. Twice a day
BE Barium Enema
B& D Bondage and Discipline
BEA Below elbow amputation
B/F Breast feeding
BFP Biological false positive
b/g Background
BGL Blood glucose
BhCG Beta human chorionic gonadotrophin
BHDS Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome
Bi bisexual
BIBA Brought in by ambulance
BIH Benign intracranial hypertension
Bilat Bilateral (physio)
BIP Benign intracranial pressure
BiPAP Bilevel positive airway pressure
BJ Biceps jerk
BK Below knee
BKA Below knee amputation
BM Bone marrow
BMAT Bone marrow aspiration and trephine
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BMB Bone marrow biopsy

BMH Benign monoclonal hypergammaglobulinaemia
as BMI Body mass index
BMPR1A Bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type 1A gene
BMR Basal metabolic rate
BMT Bone marrow transplant
BNO Bladder neck obstruction
Bowels not open
BNP Brain naturetic peptide
BO Bowels open
B/O Baby of
BOO Bladder outlet obstruction
BOOP Bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonia
Borg RPE Borg rating of perceived exertion (physio)
BOS Base of support (physio)
BP Blood pressure
BPAD Bipolar affective disorder (mental health)
BPD (use Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
with care)
BPH Benign prostatic hypertrophy/hyperplasia
BPM Beats per minute
BPSD Behavioural & psychological symptoms of dementia
BPTT Brachial plexus tension test provocation (physio)
BR Ca Breast cancer
BRCA1 Breast cancer protection gene 1
BRCA1/2 Breast cancer protection gene 1&2
BRCA2 Breast cancer protection gene 2
BS Bowel sounds
BSA Body surface area
BSE Breast self examination
BSL Blood stained liquor
Blood sugar level
BSO Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
BSS Black silk sutures
BSLT Bilateral sequential lung transplantation
BTB Break through bleeding
B/U Blood urea
BUN Blood urea nitrogen
BV Bacterial vaginosis
BVF Bilateral ventricular failure
BW Birth weight
BWt Body weight
Bx Biopsy
BXO Balanitis xerotica obliterans
C

/C With
C Cough (physio)
C/- Care of
C1-7 Cervical vertebrae 1-7
C&C Collar and Cuff
Ca. Carcinoma
CA++ Calcium

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CLINICAL ABBREVIATIONS LIST

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CA125 Cancer antigen 125

CABG Coronary artery bypass graft
as CACP Community Aged Care Package
CAD Coronary artery disease
CADE Confused and disabled elderly
CADL Community activities of daily living
CAG Coronary artery graft
CAH Chronic active hepatitis
Ca in Carcinoma in situ
Situ
Cal. Calorie
CAL Chronic airway limitation
CALD Chronic alcoholic liver disease
CALD Culturally and linguistically diverse
Call. Callous (podiatry)
Cap. Capsule
CAPD Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
Cas. Casualty
CAT Computerised axial tomography
CAVB Complete atrioventricular block
CAVH Continuous arteriovenous haemofiltration
CAVHD Continuous arteriovenous haemodialysis
CBC Complete blood count
CBD Common bile duct
CBE Clinical breast examination
CBS Chronic brain syndrome
CBSL Capillary blood sugar level
CBV Cord blood vessels
CCA Common carotid artery
CCB Calcium channel blocker
CCD Continuous catheter drainage
CCF Congestive cardiac failure
CCPD Continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis
CCS Classical caesarean section
CCT Continuous/controlled cord traction
CCU Coronary care unit
CD4 Cellular Differentiation 4 Positive or T- helper
lymphocytes
CDCR Canaliculodacryocystorhinostomy
CDE Common bile duct exploration
CDH Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
CDH1 E-cadherin type 1 gene
CDT Combined diphtheria and tetanus (vaccine)
C/E Cystoscopy
CE's Cardiac enzymes
CEA Carotid endarterectomy
Ceph Cephalic
CES Cauda equina syndrome (physio)
CF Cystic fibrosis
Clear fluids
CFA Common femoral artery
CFP Casual female partner
CFS Chronic fatigue syndrome
CFT Complement fixation test
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CGD Chronic granulomatous disease

CGH Comparative genomic hybridisation
as CHB Complete heart block
CHD Congenital heart disease
Chemo Chemotherapy
CHC Community Health Centre
CHD Congenital heart disease
CHF Congestive/chronic heart failure
CHI Closed head injury
CHL Conductive hearing loss
Chlam/¢ chlamydia
CHO Carbohydrate
Chol. Cholesterol
chr. Chronic
Chromosome
CHx Current history (physio)
C/I Contraindicated (physio)
CIA Common iliac artery
CIBH Change in bowel habit
CIDP Chronic inflammatory demyelination polyradioneuropathy
Cigs. Cigarettes
CIN Cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia
Circ Obs Circulatory observations (physio)
CIS Carcinoma in situ
CK Creatinine kinase
CKD Chronic kidney disease
CLBBB Complete left bundle branch block
CLD Chronic liver disease
ClFl Clear fluids
CLL Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
CLO Campylobacter-like organism
CLT Continuous lumbar traction (physio)
cm centimetre
CM Certified midwife
CMC Carpometacarpal (physio)
CMG Cystometrogram
CML Chronic myeloid leukaemia
CMML Chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia
CMP Calcium, magnesium and phosphate
Casual male partner
CMT Charcot Marie Tooth
CMV Cytomegalovirus
CMS Clinical Midwife Specialist
CNC Clinical nurse consultant
CNE Clinical nurse educator
CNH Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis
CNP Continuous negative pressure ventilation
CNPB Continuous negative pressure breathing
CNPU Cannot pass urine
CNS Central nervous system
CNS Clinical Nurse Specialist
CNV Copy number variant
c/o Complains of
CO Cardiac output
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CO2 Carbon dioxide

Co1-3 Coxageal segments (physio)
as COAD Chronic obstructive airways disease
COB Chronic obstructive bronchitis
Country of birth
C0/C1 Atlanto-axial joint (physio)
COCP Combined oral contraceptive pill
COJ Cardio-oesophageal junction
Cont. Continued
Contralat Contralateral
COPA Cuffed oropharyngeal airway
COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CoPMI Children of parents with a mental illness (mental health)
COPUM Congenital obstructing posterior urethral membranes
CPAP Continuous positive airway pressure
CPB/CP Cardiopulmonary bypass
BP
CPD Cephalopelvic disproportion
cPNET Central primitive neuroectodermal tumour
CPPD Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate (Crystal Deposition
Disease)
CPR Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation
CR Controlled release (used after a drug name)
CRBBA Complete right bundle branch block
CRC Colorectal cancer
creps. Crepitations (physio)
CREST abbreviation for calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon,
(syndrom esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasis
e)
CRF Chronic renal failure
CRHD Chronic rheumatic heart disease
CRL Crown rump length (ultrasound)
CRPS Complex regional pain syndrome
CRRT Continuous renal replacement therapy
CRS Commonwealth Rehabilitation Service
C/S Caesarean section
C/scopy Colonoscopy
C&S Culture and sensitivity
CSA Central sleep apnoea
Childhood Sexual Assault
CSF Cerebrospinal fluid
CSHS Central sleep hypopnea syndrome
CSM Clinical Services Manager
CSOM Chronic suppurative otitis media
CSU Catheter specimen of urine
CSW Commercial sex worker 9/9/16
CT Computerised tomography
CTD Carpal tunnel decompression
Connective tissue disorder
CTG Cardiotocograph
CTM Connective tissue massage (physio)
CTO Community Treatment Order
CTR Carpal tunnel release
CTS Carpal tunnel syndrome
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(in association with SESLHDPR/282 Clinical Abbreviations)

CTSP Called to see patient

CUP Chemical use in pregnancy
as Cancer of unknown primary
C/US Continuous ultrasound (physio)
CVA Cerebrovascular accident
CVAD Central venous access device
CVC Central venous catheter
CVD Cerebrovascular disease
CVL Central venous line
CVP Central venous pressure
CVS Cardiovascular system
Chorionic villus sampling
CVVH Continuous veno-venous haemofiltration
CVVHD Continuous veno-venous haemodialysis
Cx Cervix
CXR Chest x-ray
D

d. Died
DA Decision aid
DADL Domestic activities of daily living (occ. Therapy)
D&A Drug and alcohol (mental health)
DADHC Dept of Aging, Disability and Home Care (mental
health)
DAI Diffuse axonal injury
Dam Dental dam
DAOR Discharged at own risk
DASH Disability of arm, shoulder, hand (physio)
DAT Dementia of Alzheimer’s type
DB Deep breathing (physio)
DB&C Deep breathing and coughing (physio)
DBE Deep breathing exercises
DBP Diastolic blood pressure
D/C Discharge
Discussed
D&C Dilatation and curettage
DCIS Ductal carcinoma in situ
DCR Dacryocystorhinostomy
DDx Differential diagnosis
DD Dangerous drugs
Developmental delay
DDD Degenerative disc disorder
Dec. Decreased (physio)
Derm. Dermatology
DF Dorsiflexion (physio)
DG Dark ground microscopy
DGI Disseminated gonococcal infection
DHS Dynamic hip screw
DHx Developmental history
DI Diabetes Insipidus
DIC Disseminated intravascular coagulation (syndrome)
Diff. Differential
DIH Direct inguinal hernia
DIN Ductal intraepithelial neoplasia
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DIP Distal interphalangeal (physio)

DISH Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis
as dist. Distal
DITs Diathermy to inferior turbinates
DIU Death in-utero
DJD Degenerative joint disease
DKA Diabetic ketoacidosis
DLCL Diffuse large cell lymphoma
DLE Disseminated lupus erythematosis
DLT Double lumen tube
DM Diabetes mellitus
DML Diffuse, mixed small and large cell lymphoma
DNA Did not attend
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNS Deviated nasal septum
DNW Did not wait
D/O Day only
DOA Dead on arrival
DOB Date of birth
DoCS Department of Community Services
DOD Date of death
DOE Dyspnoea on exertion
DOH Department of Housing
DON Director of Nursing
DOPS Diffuse obstructive pulmonary syndrome
DORV Double outlet right ventricle
DPT Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus (vaccine)
Dr. Doctor
DRE Digital rectal examination
DREZ Dorsal root entry zone
DS Downs syndrome
D/S Dorsal surface (podiatry)
DSA Digital subtraction angiography
DSCL Diffuse small cleaved-cell lymphoma
DSH Deliberate self harm (mental health)
DST Dexamethasone suppression test
DSTM Deep soft tissue massage (physio)
DTA Deep transverse arrest
DTF Deep transverse frictions (physio)
DTM Deep tissue massage (physio)
DTP Diphtheria tetanus pertussis (vaccine)
DT Diversional therapist
DTs Delirium tremens
DU Decubitus ulcer
DUA Death under anaesthetic
DUB Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
DV Domestic violence (mental health)
DVA Department of Veterans' Affairs
DVD Double-vessel disease
DVT Deep venous thrombosis
D/W Discussed with
Dx Diagnosis
E

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EACH Extended aged care at home (package)

as E Extension (physio)
EAM External auditory meatus
EAR Expired air resuscitation
EBM Expressed breast milk
EBP Electric breast pump
EBV Epstein-Barr virus
ECCRTLA Equal, concentric, circular, reacting to light and
accommodation
ECBD Exploration common bile duct
ECCE Extracapsular cataract extraction
ECDC Extracellular diplococci
ECG Electrocardiogram
Echo. Echocardiogram
EC-IC Extracranial to intracranial (Vascular Bypass)
ECMO Extracorporal membrane oxygenation
ECP Emergency contraceptive pill
E Coli Escherichia coli
ECSWL Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
ECT Electroconvulsive therapy
ECTR Endoscopic carpal tunnel release
ECV External cephalic version
ED Emergency Department
EDB Epidural block
EDC Estimated date of confinement
Expected date of completion
EDD Expected due date
Expected discharge date
EDH Extradural haemorrhage
EEG Electroencephalogram
EEN Endorsed Enrolled Nurse
EER Estimated energy requirements (dietetics)
EF Ejection fraction
EFR Estimate fluid requirements
EGD Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
EIA Enzyme immunoassay
EIL Extension in lying (physio)
EIS Extension in standing (physio)
EJV External jugular vein
Elev. Elevation (physio)
ELISA Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
EMG Electromyogram
EMLA (trade Eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics-Copyright Astra Pharmaceuticals
name)
EMS Elderly Mobility Test (physio)
EN Enrolled nurse
Enteral nutrition
Eng. Engaged
ENG Electronystagmogram
ENT Ear, nose and throat
E/O Examination of
Excision of
EOG Electro-oculography
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EOM Extra-ocular movements

EOR End of range (physio)
as EPG Electrophoretogram
EPR Estimated protein requirements (dietetics)
EPS Electrophysiological studies
EPSE Extra-pyramidal side effects (mental health)
ER External rotation (physio)
Estrogen receptor
ERCP Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
ERG Electro-retinography
ERPC Evacuation of retained products of conception
ESC End stage care
ESCRF End stage chronic renal failure
ESM Ejection systolic murmur
ESR Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
ESRD End stage renal disease
ESRF End stage renal failure
Est. Estimated
ESWL Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy
ESWT Endurance Shuttle Walk Test (physio)
ETCO2 End tidal carbon dioxide
EtOh Alcohol
ETT Endotracheal tube
EUA Examination under anaesthetic
EUC Electrolytes, urea and creatinine
Ev. Eversion (physio)
EWC Electric wheelchair
Ex Excision
Ex's Exercises
Exp. Expiratory (physio)
Ext. Extension (physio)

F&A Foot and ankle (physio)

FACH Forceps to after coming head
FAP Familial adenomatous polyposis
FASF Forearm support frame (physio)
FB Foreign body
FBC Full blood count
Female breast cancer
Fluid balance chart
FCC Family cancer clinic
FCU/ FVU First catch urine/ First void urine
FD Foetal distress
FDIU Foetal death in utero
FES Functional electrical stimulation
FESS Functional endoscopic sinus surgery
FET Forced expiratory technique (physio)
FEV Forced expiratory volume (physio)
FEV1 Forced expiratory volume in one second (physio)
FF Formula feeding
FFA Free fatty acids

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FFL Free fluids

FFP Fresh frozen plasma
as FFFTs Fits, faints and funny turns
FGM Female genital mutilation
FH/FHx Family history
FHR Foetal heart rate
FHS Foetal heart sounds
FI For investigation
Fi O2 Fraction of inspired oxygen
FIL Flexion in lying (physio)
FIM Functional independence measure (physio)
FIS Flexion in standing (physio)
FISH Fluorescence in situ hybridisation
FISS Flexion in step standing (physio)
FIVD Fixed interval variable dose
FLCL Follicular large cell lymphoma
FLCN Folliculin gene
Flex. Flexion (physio)
FM Foetal movement
FMF Foetal movements felt
FML Follicular mixed lymphoma
FMO Financial management order (mental health)
FMS Functional Mobility Scale (physio)
Fn Function (physio)
FNA Fine needle aspirate
FNAB Fine needle aspiration biopsy
FNB Fine needle biopsy
FO For observation (mental health)
FOB Fibreoptic bronchoscopy
FOBT Faecal occult blood testing
FOOB Fell out of bed
FPA Family planning association
FPG Fasting plasma glucose
FRAX Fragile x syndrome
FRC Functional residual capacity
FROM Full range of motion (physio)
FS Frozen section
FSCL Follicular small cleaved-cell lymphoma
FSE Foetal scalp electrode
FSGN Focal sclerosing glomerulonephritis
FSH Follicle stimulating hormone
FT Full term
FTA Failure to attend
FTA (Abs) Fluorescent treponemal antibody
FT Ca Fallopian tube cancer
FTD Full term delivery
FTG Full thickness graft
FTI Free thyroxine index
FTM Fractional test meal
FTP Failure to progress
FTSG Full thickness skin graft
FTT Failure to thrive
F/U Follow up
FUB Functional uterine bleeding
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FVC Forced vital capacity (physio)

FWB Full weight bearing (physio)
as 4WF Four-wheeled frame
Fx Fracture
G

g Gram
G Gravida - No. of pregnancies
GA General anaesthetic
GAMP General anaesthesia manipulation & plaster
GANT Gastrointestinal autonomic nerve tumour
GB Gallbladder
GBPS Gated blood pool scan
GBS Group B Streptococcus
GC Genetic counsellor
GC/ gono Gonorrhoea/gonococcus
GCMS Gas chromatography mass spectrometry
GCS Glasgow coma scale
GDM Gestational diabetes mellitus
GE Gastroenteritis
GFR Glomerular filtration rate
GFSH Growth factor stimulating hormone
GH Growth hormone
G&H Group and hold
GHPS Gated heart pool scan
GI Gastrointestinal
GIB Gastrointestinal bleeding
GIDDM Gestational insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
GIFT Gamete intrafallopian transfer
GIH Gastrointestinal haemorrhage
GIST Gastrointestinal stomal tumour
GIT Gastrointestinal tract
g/l Grams per litre
GM Grand mal (epilepsy)
GMFCS Gross Motor Function Classification Scale (physio)
GN Glomerulonephritis
GNC General nursing care (mental health)
GNID Gram negative intracellular diplococci
GOLD Genetics of learning disability
GORD Gastroesophageal reflux disease
GP General practitioner
GPI General paralysis of the insane
Gr 1 Grade 1 (etc..)
GRF Ground reaction force (physio)
GRH Growth releasing hormone
GSH Group, screen and hold
GSW Gunshot wound
GT Genetic testing
GTNC+D General treatment, nails cut and drilled (podiatry)
GTNC+F General treatment, nails cut and filed (podiatry)
GTT Glucose tolerance test
GU Gastric ulcer
GUS Genitourinary system
GUT Genitourinary tract
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GVHD Graft versus host disease

G&XM Group and cross match
as Gx/Py Gravida x (number of pregnancies / Para y (number
of live births)
Gyn. Gynaecology
H

H High
Huff (physio)
HAD Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (physio)
Hall. Hallux (podiatry)
HASA Health and Security Assistant (mental health)
HASI Housing and Accommodation Support Initiative
(mental health)
HAV Hallux adducto valgus (podiatry)
Hb Haemoglobin
HB Heart block
1qHB First degree heart block
HbA1C Glycosylated haemoglobin
HBB Hand behind back (physio)
HBC Hereditary breast cancer
HBcAg Hepatitis B core antigen
HBCR Hereditary bowel cancer register
HBH Hand behind head (physio)
HBIG Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin
HBO Hyperbaric oxygenation
HBOC Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer
HBsAg Hepatitis B surface antigen
H’box Headbox
HBV Hepatitis B Virus
H&C Huff and cough (physio)
HC Head circumference
H/C Hot/cold (physio)
HCA Health Care Agency (mental health)
HCC Hereditary cancer clinic
HCCC Health Care Complaints Commission (mental health)
HCIS Health Care Interpreter Service (mental health)
Hct Haematrocrit
HCV Hepatitis C virus
HCVD Hypertensive cardiovascular disease
HCW Health care worker
HD Haemodialysis
Huntington disease
H/D Heloma durum (podiatry)
HDL High density lipoprotein
HDT Head down tilt (physio)
HDU High Dependency Unit
HDV Hepatitis D virus
HE High energy
HEHP High energy high protein (dietetics)
HEN Home enteral nutrition
HEP Home exercise program (physio)
Hep A, B, C Hepatitis A, B, C etc..

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Het heterosexual
HER2 Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
as HGH Human growth hormone
HGr High grade
HGS High grade serous
HH Hiatus hernia
HHSH Hand held shower hose (occ therapy)
HHT Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia
HI Head injury
HIB Haemophilus Influenzae type B
HIDA Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (scan)
HIE Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy
HIFUS High intensity focused ultrasound
Hist. Histology
HITS Heparin-induced thrombocytopaenic syndrome
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus
HIVD Herniated intervertebral disc
HK Hyperkeratosis callous (podiatry)
H/K Hawkins Kennedy (impingement test) (physio)
HLC High level care
HLSA High ligation stripping avulsion
HLT Heart/lung transplant
HMD Hyaline membrane disease
H/molle Heloma molle (podiatry)
HNPCC Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer
HNPM Has not passed meconium
HNPU Has not passed urine
H/O, HO History of
H2O Water
HOCM Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
HONK Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma
HP High protein
Hyperplastic polyp
HPC History of present condition
HPF High power field
HPFH Hereditary persistence of foetal haemoglobin
HPI History of present illness
HPO Hypertrophic pulmonary osteopathy
Health Promotion Officer
HPU Has passed urine
HPV Human papilloma virus
HPVD Hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease
HR Heart rate
H-R Hamilton Russell (traction)
H/R Hold relax (physio)
HRC High risk clinic
HRT Hormone replacement therapy
HS Heart sounds
H Sit. High sitting (physio)
HSV Herpes simplex virus
Ht Height
H/T Hypertension
HTLV Human T-cell lymphotropic virus
HTN Hypertension
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HTO High tibial osteotomy

HUS Haemolytic uraemic syndrome
as HV Home visit
HVS High vaginal swab
HWR Healthy weight range (dietetics)
Hx History
Hypo Hypoglycaemia
Hz Hertz
HZ Herpes zoster
HZV Herpes zoster virus
I

(I) Independent
I ¹³¹ Iodine - 131, radioiodine
IABCP Intra-aortIc balloon counterpulsator
I Insertive (sexual intercourse)
IABP Intra-aortic balloon pump
IADH Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
IASD Interatrial septal defect
IBD Inflammatory bowel disease
IBS Irritable bowel syndrome
IC Informed consent (physio)
IC¥ Informed consent obtained (physio)
ICA Internal carotid artery
ICB Intracerebral bleed
ICC Intercostal catheter
ICCE Intracapsular cataract extraction
ICCS Intercellular cement substance
ICD Intercostal drain
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator
ICDC Intracellular diplococci
ICE Iridocorneal endothelial (syndrome)
IC-EC Intracranial to Extracranial (vascular bypass)
ICF Intravascular coagulation-fibrinolysis (syndrome)
ICP Intracranial pressure
ICS Intercostal space
ICSI Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
ICU Intensive Care Unit
ID Identification (bands on babies) (obstetrics)
I&D Incision and drainage
IDC Indwelling catheter
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma
IDDM Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
IDM Infant of diabetic mother
IDS Interdigital space (podiatry)
IDU Injecting drug use
IDW Interdigital wedge (podiatry)
IE Inspiratory:expiratory (ratio) (physio)
IEC Intraepithelial carcinoma
IEPC Immunoelectrophoresis
IF Immunofluorescence
Injury factor
IFT Interferential therapy (physio)

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Ig Immunoglobulin
IG Intragastric
as IGF Insulin-like growth factor
IgG Immunoglobulin G
IGR Impaired glucose regulation
IGTN Ingrown toenail
IH Incisional hernia
IHC Immunohistochemistry
IHD Ischaemic heart disease
IHSS Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis
II Image intensifier
IJV Internal jugular vein
ILC Infiltrating lobular carcinoma
IM; I/M Intramuscular
IMA Internal mammary artery
IMB Intermenstrual bleeding
IMC Incomplete miscarriage
IMI Intramuscular injection
IMT Isometric muscle testing (physio)
IMV Intermittent mandatory ventilation
In situ In position
Inf. Inferior
inj. Injection
INR International normalised ratio
Insp. Inspiratory (physio)
Int. Internal (physio)
Inv. Inversion (physio)
I/O Insertion of
IO Intraosseous
IOC Intraoperative cholangiogram
IODM Infant of diabetic mother
IOL Induction of labour
IOP Intraocular pressure
IP Inpatient
IPD Intermittent peritoneal dialysis
IPF Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (physio)
IPH Intrapartum haemorrhage
IPJ Interphalangeal joint
IPMA Interpersonal Prevention and Management of Aggression (mental
health)
IPPB Intermittent positive pressure breathing (physio)
IPPR Intermittent positive pressure respiration
IPPV Intermittent positive pressure ventilation (physio)
ipsilat Ipsilateral
IQ Intelligence quotient
I&R Intake and review
IR Internal rotation (physio)
IRDS Infant respiratory distress syndrome
IRMA Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities
IRPF Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis
IRQ Inner range quadriceps (physio)
IRV Inspiratory reserve volume
ISADH Inappropriate secretion of anti-diuretic hormone
ISC Intermittent self-catheterisation
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isq Condition unchanged (in status quo)

IST Infraspinatus tendon (physio)
as ISWT Incremental Shuttle Walk Test (physio)
I/T Intermittent (physio)
I/T C Tx Intermittent cervical traction (physio)
I/T L Tx Intermittent lumbar traction (physio)
ITP Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
IUCD Intrauterine contraceptive device
IUD Intrauterine death
IUFD Intrauterine foetal death
IUGR Intrauterine growth retardation
IUP Intrauterine pregnancy
IV Intravenous
I/V Interview
IVC Inferior vena cava
IVD Intervertebral disc
IVDA Intravenous drug abuse
IVF In-vitro fertilisation
IVH Intraventricular haemorrhage
IVI Intravenous injection
IVP Intravenous pyelogram
IVSD Interventricular septal defect
IVT Intravenous therapy
IVUS Intravascular ultrasound
IWT Impacted wisdom teeth
Ix Investigation
J

JCA Juvenile chronic arthritis

JDM Juvenile diabetes mellitus
JFM Jewish founder mutation
JGOS Joint guarantee of Service (mental health)
jj jaw jerks
JJ Jejunostomy (dietetics)
JMO Junior medical officer
JO Juvenile onset (mental health)
JPS Juvenile polyposis syndrome
JRA Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
Jt. Joint (physio)
JVP Jugular venous pressure
JVPq Jugular venous pressure not raised
JVPNE Jugular venous pressure not elevated
JVPNR Jugular venous pressure not raised
K

K+ Potassium
kCal KiloCalories
kg Kilogram
kj knee jerks
Kilojoules
Kl Kilolitre
Km Kilometre
KMP Known male partner (casual)

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KR/KF Kiellands rotation/Kiellands forceps

KR Kiellands rotation
as KRC Kirketon Road Centre
KS Kaposi's sarcoma
KUB Kidney, ureters, and bladder
K Wire Kirschner wire
L

L 1-5 Lumbar vertebrae 1-5

L Litre
Left
LA Local anaesthetic
Lab Laboratory
LAD Left axis deviation
Left anterior descending
LAFG Long arm fibreglass (cast) (physio)
LAHB Left anterior hemiblock
LAMP Local anaesthesia, manipulation & plaster
Lap. Laparoscopy
LAPI Lacey Assessment of Preterm Infants (physio)
LAPOP Long arm plaster of paris (physio)
LASIK Laser-Assisted In-Situ Keratomileusis
LSI Last sexual intercourse
Lat. Lateral (physio)
LAV Lymphadenopathy-associated virus
LBBB Left bundle branch block
LBD Left border dullness
LBE Lateral basal expansion (physio)
LBP Low back pain (physio)
LBW Low birth weight
LCA Left coronary artery
LCCA Left common carotid artery/angiogram
LCCS Low cervical caesarean section
LCIS Lobular carcinoma in situ
LCL Lateral collateral ligament (physio)
LCM Left costal margin
LCx Left circumflex
LDDD Lumbar degenerative disc disorder
LDL Low-Density-Lipoprotein type
LEEP Loop electrosurgery excision procedure
LF Liver failure
LFA Left femoral artery
LFH Left femoral hernia
LFS Li-Fraumeni syndrome
LFTs Liver function tests
LGA Large for gestational age
LGr Low grade
LGV Lymphogranuloma venereum
LH Luteinising hormone
LHF Left heart failure
LICS Left intercostal space
LIF Left iliac fossa
ligs. Ligaments (physio)

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LIH Left inguinal hernia

LIMA Left internal mammary artery
as Liq. Liquid
LIQ Lower inner quadrant (breast)
LL Lower lobe
LLB Lower limb brace
LLETZ Large loop excision transformation zone
LLFG Long leg fibreglass (cast) (physio)
LLL Left lower lobe (lung)
LLPOP Long leg plaster of Paris (physio)
LLQ Left lower quadrant
LMA Laryngeal mask airway
LMB Left main bronchus
LML Left middle lobe (lung)
LMND Lower motor neurone disease
LMO Local medical officer
LMP Last menstrual period
LMTC Left message to call
L/N Lymph node
LN2 Liquid Nitrogen
LNB Lymph node biopsy
LNMP Last normal menstrual period
LOA Left occipito-anterior
LOC Loss of consciousness
LOL Left occipito-lateral
LOP Left occipito-posterior
LOQ Lower outer quadrant (breast)
LOS Length of stay
LOT Left occipito-transverse
LOW Loss of weight
LP Lumbar puncture
LRQ Lower right quadrant
LPU Last passed urine
LRTI Lower respiratory tract infection
LS Lumbosacral
L/S Lecithin/sphingomyelin (ratio)
LSCL Long subclavian line
LSCP Left scapuloposterior
LSCS Low segment caesarean section
LSE Left sternal edge
LSO Left salpingo-oophorectomy
LSP Left sacro posterior
l/sulcus Lateral sulcus (podiatry)
LSV Left saphenous vein
LTHR Left total hip replacement
LTM Long term memory (mental health)
LTS Lateral tarsal strip
LU Last Use
Lube lubricant
LUL Left upper lobe (lung)
LUDT Left undescended testicle
LUQ Left upper quadrant
LUSCS Lower uterine segment caesarean section
LV Left ventricle
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LVAD Left ventricular assistance device

LVD Left ventricular dysfunction
as LVEDP Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure
LVF Left ventricular failure
LVH Left ventricular hypertrophy
LVS Low vaginal swab
LVT Left ventricular tachycardia
lymphs Lymphocytes
LZ Lower zone (physio)

M Metre
M1 Mitral valve, first sound
M2 Mitral valve, second sound
MA Maternal aunt
MAC Mycobacterium avium complex
MACE Malone antegrade continence enema
MAI Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (infection)
MALT Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
mane In the morning
MAOI Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (mental health)
MAP Mean airway pressure
MutYH (MYH) associated polyposis
MAS Motor assessment scale (physio)
MAST Military anti-shock trousers
Mastectomy
Mat Maternal
Max. Maximum (physio)
MBA Motor bike accident
MBC Male breast cancer
MBD Minimal brain dysfunction
MBS Modified barium swallow (speech path)
MC Miscarriage
MCA Middle cerebral artery
MCG Micturating cystogram
MCH Mean corpuscular haemoglobin
MCHC Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration
MCL Mid-clavicular line
MCLS Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome
MCP Metacarpophalangeal (physio)
MCS Microscopy, culture and sensivity
MCV Mean corpuscular volume
MD Muscular dystrophy
MDD Major depressive disorder (mental health)
MDI Metered dose inhaler
MDM Mid-diastolic murmur
MDP Manic depressive psychosis
MDR-TB Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
MDS Myelodysplastic syndrome
MDT Multidisciplinary team meeting
ME Myalgic encephalitis
Mec. Meconium
Mec liq Meconium liquor
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Meds Medications
Med. Medial (physio)
as MED Minimal erythema dose
MELAS episodes
MEN Multiple endocrine neoplasia
Meq. Milli-equivalents
METS; Mets Metastatic
MFC Medial femoral condyle
MFD Mid forceps delivery
Mg Magnesium
mg Milligram
MG Mycoplasma genitalium
MGA Manipulation under general anaesthetic
Maternal great aunt
MGF Maternal grandfather
MGM Maternal grandmother
MGTT Modified glucose tolerance test
MGUS Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined
significance
MH Mental health (mental health)
MHA Mental Health Act (mental health)

MHDAO Mental health and Drug and Alcohol Office (mental

health)
MHI Manual hyperinflation (physio)
MHOAT Mental Health Outcome Assessment Tool (mental
health)
MHRT Mental health review tribunal (mental health)
MHT Mental health team
Mhz Megahertz (physio)
MI Myocardial infarction
MID Multi-infarct dementia
MIMS Monthly index of medical specialities
min. Minimum (physio)
mL Millilitre
ML Middle lobe (lung)
MLB Monaural loudness balance (hearing test)
MLD Masking level difference (hearing test)
MLH1 mutL homolog 2 gene
mm Millimetre
MM Multiple Myeloma
MMG Mammogram
mmHg Millimetres of mercury
MMK Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz operation
mmol millimole
MMP Medication management plan
MMR Measles-mumps-rubella (vaccine)
Mismatch repair (genes)
MMSE Mini mental state examination
MMT Manual muscle testing (physio)
MND Motor neurone disease
MNG Multinodular goitre
MO Medical officer
Medical oncology
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Mob. Mobilise (physio)

Mod. Moderate
as MOD Mature onset diabetes
mods. Modifications (occ therapy)
MODY Maturity-onset diabetes of the young
MOW Meals on wheels
m/p Medial plantar (podiatry)
MP1 Mallampati 1 (a score for mouth opening in anaesthesia, 1-4 grades)

MPD Mucopurlent discharge

MPNST Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour

MPS Myocardial perfusion scan/study
MPV Mean platelet volume
MR Mitral regurgitation
Mental retardation
MRA Magnetic resonance angiography
MRCP Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography
MRI Magnetic resonance imaging
MRN Medical record number
MROP Manual removal of placenta
MRP Motor relearning programme (occ therapy)
MRSA Methicillin/Multiple resistant staphylococcus aureus
MS Mitral stenosis
Multiple sclerosis
MSA Mammary specific antigen
MSE Mental state examination (mental health)
MSH2 mutS homolog 2 gene
MSH6 mutS homolog 6 gene
MSI Microsatellite instability testing
MSL Meconium stained liquor
MSLT Multiple sleep latency test
MSM Men who have sex with men
MST Malnutrition screening tool
MSU Mid stream urine
m/sulcus Medial sulcus (podiatry)
MTD Muscle tension dysphonia
Mths Months
MTP Metatarsophalangeal (physio) (podiatry)
MUA Manipulation under anaesthetic
MULE Multiple upper limb exerciser
Multip. Multipara = more than one live birth
Mut mast/ Mutual masturbation
MM
MutYH mutY homolog gene
MV Mechanical ventilation
MVA Motor vehicle accident
MVD Mitral valve disease
MVP Mitral valve prolapse
MVR Mitral valve replacement
movt. Movement (physio)
MW Mallory-Weiss (syndrome)
MWC Manual wheelchair
Mx Management

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Myco. Mycobacterium
MYH Mut Y homologous (gene)
as MZ Middle/mid zone
N

N Normal
Na Sodium
NAAT Nucleic Acid Amplification Test
NAD No abnormality detected
NAFLD Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
NAM Nutrition as medication
NANB Non-A/Non-B (viral hepatitis)
NASH Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
NB Newborn
NBCCS Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome
NBF Neville Barnes forceps (low)
NBM Nil by mouth
NBST Newborn screening test
NCV Nerve conduction study
N/D Normal delivery
NE Not engaged
N/E No effect (physio)
Neb. Nebuliser/nebulised
NEC Necrotising enterocolitis
Neg. Negative
NESB Non English-speaking background
NET Neuroendocrine tumours
NETS NSW newborn & paediatric Emergency Transport
Service
NF1 Neurofibromatosis type 1 / neurofibromin gene
NF2 Neurofibromatosis type 2 / neurofibromin gene
NFA No fixed address
NFO No further orders
NFR Not for resuscitation
N/G Nasogastric
NGO Non-government organisation (mental health)
NGT Nasogastric tube
NGU Nongonococcal urethritis
NH Nursing home
NHL Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
NHT Nursing home type
NIBP Non-invasive blood pressure
NICU Neonatal intensive care unit
NIDDM Not insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
NIHSS National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (physio)
NIMV Non invasive mask ventilation
9-HPT Nine-Hole Peg Test (physio)
NIPS/T Non-invasive prenatal screening / testing
NIPV Non invasive pressure ventilation
NJ Nasojejunal (dietetics)
NK Nil known; not known
NKA No known allergies
NKDA No known drug allergies

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NLE Neonatal lupus erythematosus

NMP Normal menstrual period
as NMS Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
NMRI Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging
NND Neonatal death
NOAC Newer/novel oral anticoagulants
NOAD No other abnormality detected
Nocte At night
NOF Neck of femur
NOH Neck of humerus
NOK Next of kin
NOLD No osseous lesion detected
NOS Not otherwise specified
NP Non productive (physio)
Nasal prongs
NP Nurse Practitioner
NPA Nasopharyngeal airway
NPEP Non-occupational post exposure prophylaxis
NPO2 Nasal prong oxygen
npu Not passed urine
NR Normal range
NRB Non rebreather (mask)
N/S Normal saline n.b. not to be
used when
prescribing
NS Nuclear sclerosis (cataract)
NSP Needle & syringe program
NSAID Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
NSC Non-sterile cataract
NSCLC Non small cell lung cancer/carcinoma
NSMDA Neurosensory Motor Developmental Assessment
(physio)
NSR Normal sinus rhythm
NSU Non-specific urethritis
NSTEMI Non ST elevation myocardial infarction
NT Nuchal translucency
NUM Nurse unit manager
N&V Nausea and vomiting
NWB Non weight bearing
O
O2 Oxygen
O: Objective (physio)
OA Occipito-anterior (L or R)
Osteoarthritis
O/A On admission; on arrival
OB Obstetrics
Obs. Observations (physio)
OBS Organic brain syndrome
O/C Onychocryptosis (podiatry)
OCD Osteochondritis dissecans
Obsessive compulsive disorder
OCP Oral contraceptive pill
O/C/P Ova/cysts/parasites

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OCT Optical coherence tomography

O/D Overdose
as O/E On examination
OFD Orofaciodigital (syndrome)
OG Orogastric
O/G Onychogryphosis (podiatry)
O&G Obstetrics and Gynaecology
OGD Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy
OGTT Oral glucose tolerance test
OHI Oral hygiene instruction
OH&S Occupational health and safety
OI Osteogenesis imperfecta
Oint Ointment
OJ Other joints (physio)
OM Otitis media
Obtuse marginal
O/M Onychomycosis (podiatry)
O/N Overnight
ONS Oral nutrition support
OP Operation
Osteoporosis
Outpatient
OPC Office of the Protective Commissioner (mental
health)
OPD Outpatients Department
OPG Orthopantomography
Ophth. Ophthalmology
O/R; OR Open reduction
ORIF Open reduction with internal fixation
ORQ Outer range quadriceps (physio)
Ortho. Orthopaedics
OSA Obstructive sleep apnoea
O2 Sats Oxygen saturation
OSHS Obstructive sleep hypopnoea syndrome
OSI oral sexual intercourse
OT Occipitotransverse
Occupational therapy
OTA Over toilet aid (occ therapy)
Outs Outfractures
OTC Over the counter
Ov Ca Ovarian cancer
P

P: Plan (physio)
P1, P2 Pulmonary valve, first sound or second sound
PA Per axilla
PAC Premature atrial contractions
Pressure area care
PACE Promoting aphasic's communicative effectiveness
(speech path)
Patient with acute condition requiring escalation

PADL Personal activities of daily living (occ therapy)

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PADP Program of Aids for Disabled People (occ therapy)

Paed Paediatrics
as Pall Care Palliative care
palp. Palpitations (physio)
PAMS Passive accessory movements (physio)
PAIVMS Passive accessory intervertebral movements
(physio)
PAN Polyarteritis nodosa
PAP Primary atypical pneumonia
PAPP-A Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A
Pap smear Papanicolaou smear test
Para Paraplegic
PARPi PARP inhibitor, polyadenosine ribopolymerase
inhibitor
pass. Passive (physio)
pat. Patella (physio)
Paternal
PAT Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia
PBC Primary biliary cirrhosis
P/c Phone call
pc Presenting complaint (physio)
PC Packed cells
PCA Patient controlled analgesia
PCB Post-coital bleeding
PCI Percutaneous coronary intervention
PCK Polycystic kidney
PCL Posterior cruciate ligament (physio)
pCO2 Partial pressure of Carbon Dioxide
PCOD Polycystic ovary disease
PCP Phencyclidine (use/intoxication)
PCR Polymerase chain reaction
PCT Porphyria cutanea tarda
PCTA Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty
PCV Packed cell volume
PD Peritoneal dialysis
PDA Patent ductus arteriosus
Posterior descending artery
PDU Patient discharge lounge
PDMS Peabody Developmental Motor Scale (physio)
PDx Provisional diagnosis
Principal Diagnosis
PE Physical examination
Pleural effusion
Pulmonary embolism
PEARL Pupils equal and reacting to light
PECCRLA Pupils equal, concentric, circular, reacting to light and accommodation

PEDI Paediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (physio)

PEEP Positive end expiratory pressure (physio)
PEFR Peak expiratory flow rate (physio)
PEG Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
PEJ Percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy
PENS Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulator
PEO Protective Estates Order (mental health)

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PEP Post-exposure prophylaxis

perc Percussion (physio)
as pess Pessary
PET Pre-eclamptic toxaemia/positron emitted tomography
PF Patellofemoral (physio)
PFCKR Patellofemoral compartment knee replacement
PFO Patent foramen ovale
PFR Peak flow rate
PFT Pulmonary function test
PFx Pelvic floor exercises (physio)
PGD Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
PGF Paternal grandfather
PGH Pituitary growth hormone
PGL Persistent generalised lymphadenopathy
PGM Paternal grandmother
PG-SGA Patient guided subjective global assessment
PH Past history
PHT Pulmonary hypertension
PHx Past / personal history
PI Prothrombin index
PICA Posterior inferior cerebral artery
PICC Peripherally inserted central catheter
PiCCO Pulse contour cardiac output
PID Pelvic inflammatory disease
PIE Pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia
PIH Pregnancy induced hypertension
PIN Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
PIP Proximal interphalangeal (joint)
PITP Powered inferior turbinoplasty
PIVD Prolapsed intervertebral disc
PJS Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
PKB Prone knee bend
PKD Polycystic kidney disease
PKU Phenylketonuria
PM Post mortem
PMA Plantar metatarsal area (podiatry)
PMB Post menopausal bleeding
PMH Past medical history
PMN/ Polys Polymorphs on gram
PMP Plantar metatarsal pad (podiatry)
PMR Polymyalgia rheumatica
PMS Premenstrual syndrome
PMS2 PMS1 homolog 2 gene
PMT Premenstrual tension
PN Percussion note
PNB Prostate needle biopsy
PNC Post natal clinic
PND Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea
Prenatal diagnosis
PNET Primitive neuroectodermal tumour
PNF Passive neck flexion (physio)
PNH Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria
PNLA Percutaneous needle lung aspiration
PNS Peripheral nervous system
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PNT Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour

PNX Pneumonia
as pO2 Concentration of oxygen in solution
p/o Productive of (physio)
PO By mouth, orally
POA Power of attorney
PO4 Phosphate
POBA Plain old balloon angioplasty
POC Products of conception
POD Pouch of Douglas
Podo Podophyllin/ podophyllotoxin
POF Premature ovarian failure syndrome
POH Poor Obstetric History
POI Primary ovarian insufficiency
POP Persistent occipito-posterior
Progestogen only pill
POW Prisoner of War
Pos. Positive
Post. Posterior
Post op Post operatively
PP Pin prick
P&P Pin and plate
PP Ca Primary peritoneal cancer
PPE Personal protective equipment
PPH Post partum haemorrhage
PPHN Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn
PPI Proton pump inhibitor
PPIVM Passive physiological intervertebral movements
(physio)
PPM Permanent pacemaker
PPN Peripheral parenteral nutrition
pPNET Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour
PPROM Preterm premature rupture of membranes
PPU Perforated peptic ulcer
PR Per rectum
Progesterone receptor
Pre med Pre medication
Pre-op Pre operatively
Prep Preparation (mental health)
PRFFNB Percutaneous radiofrequency facet nerve block
PRIND Prolonged reversible ischaemic neurological deficit
PRK Photorefractive keratectomy
prn Whenever necessary/as required (pro re nata)
prod. Productive
prog. Prognosis (mental health)
PROM Premature rupture of membranes
pron. Pronation
prot. Protraction/protein
Protein
pro tem for now/in the short term
prox. Proximal
PRVC Pressure regulated volume control
PS Presenting symptoms
Pressure support
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P/S Plantar surface (podiatry)

PSA Prostate-specific antigen
as PSC Polar senile cataract
PSH; PSHx Past surgical history
PSI Previous sexual intercourse
PSP Progressive supranuclear palsy
PSV Pressure support ventilation
Pt Patient
P/T Physiotherapy
PTA Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty
PTAV Percutaneous transluminal aortic valvuloplasty
PTB Pulmonary tuberculosis
PTC Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
PTCA Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
PTCH1 Patched 1 gene
PTD Pre test discussion
PTE Pulmonary thromboemboli
PTEN Phosphatase and tensin homologous gene
PTFL Posterior tibiofibular ligament (physio)
PTH Parathyroid hormone
PTK Phototherapeutic keratectomy
PTS Pulled to sitting/pulled to standing (physio)
PTSD Post traumatic stress disorder
pu Passed urine
PU Peptic ulcer
Paternal uncle
PUD Peptic ulcer disease
PUF Pick-up frame (physio)
PUIT Passed urine in toilet
PUJ Pelvi-ureteric junction
PUO Pyrexia of unknown origin
PUPP Pruritic urticarial plaques of pregnancy
PU/S Pulsed ultrasound (physio)
PUVA Psoralen ultraviolet A (therapy)
PV Per vagina
PVB Per vagina bleeding
PVC Premature ventricular contraction
PVD Peripheral vascular disease
PVE Per vaginal examination
PVS Post-viral syndrome
PWB Partial weight-bearing (physio)
PWC Powered wheelchair
Q

qid Four times a day

quad. Quadraplegia
quads. Quadriceps
QS Quad stick (physio)
R

R Receptive (sexual intercourse)

Right
RA Rheumatoid arthritis
Right atrium

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Room air
RAD Right axis deviation
as RAEB Refractory anaemia with excess blasts
RAEB-T Refractory anaemia with excess blasts in
transformation
RAH Right atrial hypertrophy (on ECG)
RAM Rapid alternating movements (neurology)
RARS Refractory anaemia with ringed sideroblasts
RAS Renal artery stenosis
RBBB Right bundle branch block
rbc Red blood cell
RBC Red blood count
RBD Right border dullness
RBG Random blood glucose
RBGL Random blood glucose levels
RC Right circumflex
RCA Right coronary artery
RCB Relaxed controlled breathing
RCC Red cell count
RCCA Right common carotid angiogram/arteriogram
RCM Right costal margin
RCV Red cell volume
RDS Respiratory distress syndrome
RDT Routine dialysis therapy
RDW Red cell distribution width
Re: Regarding (mental health)
Reg regular
REIL Repeated extension in lying (physio)
REIS Repeated extension in sitting (physio)
Rels. Relatives
REM Rapid eye movement
rep. Repeated (physio)
Resp. Respiratory
ret. Retraction (physio)
RF Renal failure
Rollator frame – two wheels
RFA Right femoral artery
RFH Right femoral hernia
RFIL Repeated flexion in lying (physio)
RFIS Repeated flexion in standing (physio)
RFP Right frontoposterior (obstetrics)
Regular female partner
RFT Right frontotransverse (obstetrics)
RFTs Respiratory function tests
RGP Retrograde pyelogram
Rh -ve Rhesus factor negative
Rh +ve Rhesus factor positive
RHD Rheumatic heart disease
RHF Right heart failure
RIB Reportable incident brief
Rest in bed
RICS Right intercostal space
RIF Right iliac fossa
RIH Right inguinal hernia
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RIMA Right internal mammary artery

RIND Reversible ischaemic neurologic deficit
as RIP Raised intracranial pressure
RJ Radial jerk
R-J Robert Jones (bandage)
RK Radial keratotomy
RLF Retrolental fibroplasia
RLIQ Right lower inner quadrant (breast)
RLL Right lower lid
Right lower lobe
RLN Recurrent laryngeal nerve
RLOQ Right lower outer quadrant (breast)
RLQ Right lower quadrant (abdomen)
RM Registered midwife
RML Right middle lobe (lung)
RMO Resident Medical Officer
RMP Regular male partner
RN Registered Nurse
RNA Ribonucleic acid
R/O Removal of
RO Radiation oncology
ROA Right occipito anterior (obstetrics)
ROI Release of information
ROL Right occipitolateral (obstetrics)
ROM Range of motion (physio)
ROP Right occipitoposterior (obstetrics)
ROS Removal of sutures
rot. Rotation (physio)
ROT Right occipitotransverse (obstetrics)
RPC Retained products of conception
RPF Retroperitoneal fibrosis
RPR Rapid plasma reagin
Rpt Repeat
RR Respiratory rate
RRM Risk reducing mastectomy
RRMed Risk reducing medication
RR(B/U)SO Risk reducing (bilateral/unilateral) salpingo-
oophorectomy
RSA Right sacro-anterior (obstetrics)
RSD Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (now CRPS)
RSI Repetitive strain injury
RSO Right salpingo-oophorectomy
RSP Right sacroposterior (obstetrics)
RST Right sacrotransverse (obstetrics)
RSV Respiratory syncytial virus
RSVB Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis
RT; R/T; RTx Radiotherapy
RTA Regular in time and amplitude
RTB Return to bed
RTHR Right total hip replacement
RTI Respiratory tract infection
RTL Reacting to light
RTS Raised toilet seat (occ therapy)
RTU Returned to unit
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RTW Returned to ward

RUDAS Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale
as RUIQ Right upper inner quadrant (breast)
RUL Right upper lid
RUO Right ureteric orifice
RUOQ Right upper outer quadrant (breast)
RUQ Right upper quadrant
R/V Review
RV Right ventricle
Retro verted (uterus)
RVA Right vertebral angiogram
RVAD Right ventricular assist device
RVF Right ventricular failure
RVH Right ventricular hypertrophy
RVP Right venous pressure
RVT Renal vein thrombosis
Rx Treatment/prescription
RXT Right exotropia
S
s serum (as in s bilirubin)
/s without
S1-5 Sacral vertebrae (1-5)
S. aureus Staphylococcus aureus
Sab Sabouraud agar
SAFG Short arm fibreglass (cast) (physio)
SAH Subarachnoid haemorrhage
SAL Sensorineural acuity level (test)
SAPOP Short arm plaster of paris (physio)
SaO2 Oxygen saturation
S/B Seen by
Stillborn/stillbirth
SBA Standby assistance (occ therapy)
SBE Subacute bacterial endocarditis
SBO Small bowel obstruction
SBP Systolic blood pressure
SBR Serum bilirubin
Strict bed rest
S-B test Stanford-Binet test
SBT Sharp/blunt test (occ therapy)
SCA Sickle cell anaemia
scap. Scapula (physio)
SCC Squamous cell carcinoma
Sudden cardiac death
SCH Subconjunctival haemorrhage
SCI Subcutaneous injection
SCID Severe combined immunodeficiency disease
SCI MH-OAT Service Contact Info. Mental Health Outcome & Assessment Tools
(MH)
SCLC Small cell lung cancer
SCN Special Care Nursery
SCTx Static cervical traction
SCTAT Sex cord tumour with annular tubules (of the ovary)
SDAT Senile dementia Alzheimer's type (mental health)

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SDH Subdural haemorrhage/haematoma

SDHA Succinate dehydrogenase A complex gene
as SDHAF2 Succinate dehydrogenase AF2 complex gene
SDHB Succinate dehydrogenase B complex gene
SDHC Succinate dehydrogenase C complex gene
SDHD Succinate dehydrogenase D complex gene
SDT Speech detection threshold
S/E Subjective examination (physio)
SEM Systolic ejection murmur
sens. Sensation (physio)
SFA Superficial femoral artery
SFD Small for dates
SFGA Small for gestational age
SFL/R Side flexion left/right (physio)
SG Specific gravity
SGA Small for gestational age
Subjective global assessment
SGC Senior genetic counsellor
SGIS Side glide in standing (physio)
Sh. Shoulder (physio)
SH; SHx Social history
SHL Sudden hearing loss
SI Stress incontinence
Sexual intercourse
SIADH Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
(secretion)
Sibs Siblings
SIDS Sudden infant death syndrome
SIJ Sacro-iliac joint (physio)
SIMV Synchronised intermittent mandatory ventilation
SIRS Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
SISADH Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic
hormone
SIW Self inflicted wound
SL Side lying (physio)
Sublingual
SLAP Superior labrum anterior-posterior lesion
SLE Systemic lupus erythematosus
SLFG Short leg fibreglass (cast) (physio)
SLN Superior laryngeal nerve
SLPOP Short leg plaster of Paris (physio)
SLR Straight leg raising (physio)
SLS Single leg stand (physio)
SLT Single lung transplant
SM Student midwife
SMA Superior mesenteric artery
SMAD4 SMAD family member 4 gene
SMBG Self monitoring of blood glucose
SMD Senile macular degeneration
SMI Sustained maximal inspiration (physio)
SMR Submucous resection (nose)
SMHSOP Specialist Mental Health Services for Older Persons (mental health)

SN Senile nuclear (cataract)

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Sn Suction (physio)
SNAP Subacute & non-acute patient
as SNM Senior Nurse Manager
SNRI Serotonin/Noradrenalin re-uptake inhibitor (mental
health)
SNS Sympathetic nervous system
s/o Suction out (physio)
Standing order
SO Salpingo-oophorectomy
SOA Swelling of ankles
SOB Shortness of breath
SOBAR Shortness of breath at rest
SOBOE Shortness of breath on exertion
SOEOB Sitting over edge of bed (physio)
SOL Spontaneous onset of labour
Sol'n Solution (mental health)
SOM Secretary otitis media
SOOB Sit out of bed
SP Speech Pathology
sp Species
SPC Suprapubic catheter
Spiro. Spirometry (physio)
SPO2 Saturation of peripheral oxygen
SPPS Stable plasma protein solution
SPRED1 Sprouty-related gene
SPROM Spontaneous premature rupture of the membranes
SPS Single point stick (physio)
Sput. Sputum (physio)
SQ Static quadriceps (physio)
SR Sinus rhythm
SROM Spontaneous rupture of membranes
s-s Side to side (physio)
SSA Sessile serrated adenoma
SSG Split skin graft
SSI Sliding scale insulin
SSNHL Sudden sensorineural hearing loss
SSP/SSPE Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
SSRI Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitor (mental
health)
SSS Sick sinus syndrome
SST Supraspinatus tendon (physio)
SSV Short saphenous vein
ST Sinus tachycardia
Staph. Staphylococcus
stat immediately and once only (statim)
Statim/Stat Immediately, once only
STD Sexually transmitted disease
STEMI ST elevation myocardial infarction
STI Soft tissue injury
Sexually transmissible infection
STK11 Serine/threonine kinase 11 gene
STM Short term memory
STML Short term memory loss
STO Standing order
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STR Soft tissue release (physio)

STS Serology tests for syphilis
as Sit to stand (allied health)
STSG Split-thickness skin graft
Strep. Streptococcus
subcut. Subcutaneous
subj. Subjective (physio)
subling. Sublingual
Subscap. Subscapularis (tendon) (physio)
SUD Sudden unexplained death
Sup. Supination (physio)
Supp. Suppository
Surg. Surgery or surgical
Sub US Subaquatic ultrasound (physio)
Susp. Suspension
S/V Supervision
SVC Superior vena cava
SVD Septal ventricular defect
SVG Saphenous vein graft
SVR Systemic vascular resistance
SVT Supraventricular tachycardia
SW Social work
SWISH NSW Statewide Infant Screening - Hearing
SW/ SIW Sex industry worker
SWS Sex worker - street
Sx Surgery (physio)
SXR Skull x-ray
Syph Syphilis
/
SZ/SCZ Schizophrenia (mental health)
T
T1-12 Thoracic vertebrae (1-12)
Tab. Tablet
TA Tendoachilles / technical assistant (physio)
Tubular adenoma
Take away medication doses for outpatient staged
supply
TAH Total abdominal hysterectomy
TAHBSO Total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

TAPVC Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection

TAT Turnaround time
TB Tuberculosis (tubercle bacillus)
TBA To be arranged
TBC To be confirmed (physio)
TBI Traumatic brain injury
TBLC Term birth living child
TBLI Term birth live infant
TBW Tension band wiring
TCA Tricyclic antidepressant (mental health)
TCC Transitional cell carcinoma
TCI To come in
TCM Transcutaneous monitoring

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T-CLL T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

TCV Talipes calcaneovalgus (physio)
as TD Tardive dyskinesia (mental health)
t.d.s Three times a day (ter die sumendum)
TED Thromboembolic deterrent (stockings)
Temp. Temperature
TEN Trainee enrolled nurse
TENS Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (physio)
TEST Tubal embryo stage transfer
Tet-tox Tetanus toxoid
TEV Talipes equinovarus (physio)
TF Thickened fluids
TFA Transfemoral amputation (physio)
TFGT Treatment focussed genetic testing
TFL Tensor fasciae latae (physio)
TFT Thyroid function tests
T/F Transfer (physio)
TG Triglycerides
TGA Transient global amnesia
TGF-b Tumour growth factor - b
TH Total hysterectomy
THA Total hip arthroplasty
THBSO Total hysterectomy bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
THC Tetrahydrocannabinol (marijuana) (mental health)
THR Total hip replacement
TIA Transient ischaemic attack
TIBC Total iron binding capacity
TIPS Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
TIVA Total intravenous anaesthesia
TJ Triceps jerks
TKA Total knee arthroplasty
TKR Total knee replacement
TKVO To keep vein open
TLA Translumbar aortogram
TLC Tender loving care
TLE Temporal lobe epilepsy
TLR Tonic labyrinthine reflex (physio)
TM Tympanic membrane
TMC Threatened miscarriage
TMJ Temporomandibular joint
TML Trachea midline
TMR Transmyocardial revascularisation
TMT Tarsometatarsal (physio)
TNBC Triple negative breast cancer
TNF Tumour necrosis factor
TNP Transitional Nurse Practitioner
TOE Transoesophageal echocardiogram
TOF Tracheo-oesophageal fistula
TOL Trial of labour
TOP Termination of pregnancy
TORCH Toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus and herpes
(complex) simplex
TOS Trial of scar
TOV Trial of void
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Toxo toxoplasmosis
T/P Transplant
as TPG Transpulmonary pressure gradient
TPHA Treponema pallidum haemagglutination (test)
TPI Totally and permanently incapacitated
TPL Threatened premature labour
TPN Total parenteral nutrition
TPP Time, place and person
TPR Temperature, pulse and respiration
TPTL Threatened pre-term labour
TP53 Tumour protein p53 gene
TrA Transversus abdominis (physio)
tract. Traction (physio)
TRAM Transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (flap)
traps. Trapezius (physio)
TRH Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Trich/ TV Trichomoniasis
Ts and As Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
T/S Thoracic spine (physio)
TSE Testicular self examination
TSH Thyroid stimulating hormone
TSI Thyroid stimulating immunoglobin
TSS Toxic shock syndrome
TTA Transtibial amputation (physio)
TTE Transthoracic echocardiogram
TTN Transient tachypnoea of the newborn
TTP Traumatic tension pneumothorax
TTVPM Temporary transvenous pacemaker
TUD Transurethral diathermy
TULIP Transurethral ultrasound-guided laser induced
prostatectomy
TUNA Transurethral needle ablation (of prostate)
TUR Transurethral resection
TURP Transurethral resection of prostate
TV Tidal volume (physio)
TVA Tubulovillous adenoma
TVH Total vaginal hysterectomy
TVP Transvenous pacing
TVR Tricuspid valve replacement
TVT Transvaginal tension (tape)
TVUS Transvaginal ultrasound
TWB Touch weight bearing (physio)
TWOC Trial without catheter
Tx Traction (physio)/Treatment
Transplant
TZ Transformation zone
T1DM Type 1 diabetes mellitus
T2DM Type 2 diabetes mellitus
U

U/A Urinalysis
UA Unstable angina
UAP Unstable angina pectoris

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UBT Uterine balloon therapy

UC Ulcerative colitis
as U&E Urea and electrolytes
UCG Urinary chorionic gonadotrophin
UEC Urea, electrolytes and creatinine
U/K Unknown
UL Upper limb (physio)
ULTT Upper limb tension test (physio)
ULTT1-3 Upper limb tension test 1-3 (physio)
UMN Upper motor neuron
Unilat Unilateral
Unprot/ UP/ unprotected
U
U/O Urine output
UPDRS Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (physio)
UPP Urethral pressure profile
UPPP Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
URI Upper respiratory infection
urol. Urology or urological
URT Upper respiratory tract
URTI Upper respiratory tract infection
US;U/S Ultrasound
UTA Unable to attend (physio)
UTI Urinary tract infection
UTT Up to toilet (physio)
UULEX Unsupported upper limb exercise test (physio)
UV Ultra violet
UVP Utero vaginal prolapse
UVR Ultraviolet radiation
UWSD Underwater seal drain
UZ Upper zone (physio)
V

VA Visual acuity
VAD Vascular access device
VAIN Vaginal intra-epithelial neoplasia (grades 1-3)
VAS Visual analogue scale (physio)
VBAC Vaginal birth after Caesarean
VBI Vertebrobasilar insufficiency
VC Vital capacity (physio)
VCE Video capsule endoscopy
VD Venereal disease
V&D Vomiting and diarrhoea
VDRL Venereal disease research laboratory
VE Vacuum extraction
VE, V/E Vaginal examination
VEB Ventricular ectopic beats
VEP Visual evoked potential
VF Ventricular fibrillation
VFT Ventilatory function test (physio)
VH Vaginal hysterectomy
VHD Valvular heart disease
VHL Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome / gene

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vibs/vibes. Vibrations (physio)

VIB Voided in bed
as VIN (I, II, III) Vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (grades I, II, III)
VIPoma Vasoactive intestinal peptide tumour
VIQ Verbal intelligence quotient
Vit. Vitamin
Viz namely
VLAP Visual laser assisted prostatectomy
VLBW Very low birth weight
VLDL Very low density lipoproteins
VMO Visiting Medical Officer
VP Ventriculoperitoneal
VPB Ventricular premature beats
VPC Ventricular premature contractions
VPS Ventriculo-peritoneal shunt
VQ;V/Q;V-Q calculate airflow and bloodflow
VR Ventricular rate
VRE Vancomycin-resistant enterococci
VS Vital signs
VSC Vertebral subluxation complex
VSD Ventricular septal defect
VSI Vaginal sexual intercourse
VT Ventricular tachycardia
VTE Venous thrombo-embolism
VUJ Vesico-ureteric junction
VV Varicose vein
vWD von Willebrand's disease
VVC Vulvovaginal candidiasis
Vx Vertex
VZV Varicella zoster virus
W

WAGR Wilms tumour, aniridia, G-U malformations, mental

retardation
WAIS-III Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Version 3 (mental
health)
WB Weight bearing (physio)
Whole blood
WBAT Weight bearing as tolerated (physio)
wbc White blood cell
WBC White blood count
WBR Whole body radiation
WC Workers' compensation
WCC White cell count
W/cm² Watts per centimetre squared (physio)
Wee-FIM Paediatric functional independence measure
(physio)
Wks Weeks
WNL Within normal limits
w/o Without
W/O Washout
WO Welfare officer (mental health)
WOB Work of breathing
WPW Wolff-Parkinson-White (Syndrome)
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WR Wasserman reaction
W/S Walking stick
as WSW Women who have sex with women
Wt Weight
WTM Will take message
2WW Two-wheeled walker
4WF Four-wheeled frame (physio)
4WW Four-wheeled walker

XLD X-linked dominant

XLR X-linked recessive
X-match Cross match
XR X-ray
Extended release
XRT X-ray therapy
Y

y/o Years old

yr/s Year/Years
Z

Z-N Ziehl Neelsen (stain)

SYMBOLS

@ At
& And
↓ Decreased
↑ Increased
∆ Disease
♂ Male
♀ Female
# Fracture
/60 Minutes
/7 Days
/12 Months
/52 Weeks
/24 Hours
/40 Weeks of pregnancy
1º Primary, first degree
2º Secondary, second degree
3º Third degree
+ Slight trace
++ Trace
+++ Moderate trace
++++ Large trace
- Absent
-ve Negative
(R) Right
(L) Left

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< Less than

> Greater than
as /C With
/S Without
:. Therefore
= Equal to
º No; no history of
% Percent
? Doubtful; questionable; query
ºF Degrees Fahrenheit
°C Degrees Celsius
← Transverse left (physio)
→ Transverse right (physio)
↔ Longitudinal movement (physio)
→← Transverse mobs
/ per
Symbols:
Ć with
c/out without
< less than/smaller than*
> greater than/larger than*
 increased/more/above
 decreased/less/below
= equal to/same as/synonymous
-ve negative
+ve positive
1 primary
2 secondary
3 tertiary

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