XI STD - Systematic analysis of a simple salt

General Procedure
Experiment Observation Inference
! Blue / Green! May be copper salt
1. colour of the salt!
Brown May be an iron salt!
colourless! Absence of copper and iron salts
Action of heat: A colourless, odourless gas turning lime water Presence of carbonate is
2. A small amount of a salt milky evolves confirmed!
is strongly heated in a A colourless gas with the pungent small turning
test tube red litmus paper into blue evolves. It gives a dense Presence of an ammonium !
white fumes when a glass rod dipped in Conc. HCl
is brought close to its mouth!
A reddish brown gas evolves Presence of a nitrate
Salt is yellow when hot and
May be a zinc
white when cold
Absence of carbonate,
No characteristic change
Ammonium, Nitrate, and Zinc
Flame test:
3. Take a small amount of salt in a watch Bluish green flame presence of a copper
glass. Add a drop of Conc. HCl to it
Apple green Presence of a barium
and form a paste. Take the paste at the
charred end of the splinter and Brick red Presence of a calcium
introduce it near the Bunsen flame
No characteristic flame Absence of Copper,
Barium and calcium

Action of dil. NaOH solution:

4. Salt + dil. NaOH + Heat! A colourless gas with the pungent smell
giving dense white fumes with a glass Presence of ammonium
rod dipped in dil. HCl evolves

No pungent smelling gas Absence of ammonium

Action of dil. HCl:

5. Salt + dil. HCl! A colourless, odourless gas turning lime Presence of carbonate is
water milky evolves confirmed!!
A colourless gas with a rotten egg smell Presence of sulphide is
turning a paper dipped in lead acetate
confirmed!
shining black evolves!
Absence of Carbonate &
No characteristic change!
Sulphide

copper turning test : A reddish brown gas evolves Presence of nitrate.

6. Salt + Copper turnings + Conc. H2SO4
+ Heat No reddish brown gas ! Absence of Nitrate!

A greenish yellow gas turning starch iodide

Action of MnO2 and Conc. H2SO4 : Presence of chloride!!
7. paper blue evolves!
Salt + MnO2 + Conc. H2SO4 + Heat
A reddish brown gas turning moist
Presence of bromide
fluorescein paper red evolves
! No characteristic change.!
Absence of Chloride,
Bromide!

P.KATHIRVEL, M.Sc,B,Ed, P.G. TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GOVT. BOYS. HR. SEC. SCHOOL, ANTHIYUR
 Chromyl chloride test:
8. A red orange vapours Presence of Chloride is
salt + potassium dichromate + evolved. Pass the vapours to lead acetate confirmed.
Conc. H2SO4.+ Heat solution yellow ppt is formed
No red orange vapours Absence of Chloride!
evolved!
!
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract:
1g salt + 3g solid sodium carbonate + 20g of distilled water to it. After boiling the solution for few mins,
filter and collect the filtrate. The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.
1. Test for Silver nitrate :
A curdy white precipi- Presence of chloride
sodium carbonate extract + dil. HNO3 (until
tate(ppt) insoluble in
the effervescence ceases) + AgNO3. about 1mL of dil.
ammonia is formed
A pale yellow ppt
sparingly soluble in Presence of bromide is
ammonia is formed confirmed

A black ppt is formed Presence of sulphide

No characteristic Absence of Chloride,
precipitate Bromide and Sulphide!
2. Test with barium chloride: ! !
sodium carbonate extract + dil. HCl (until A white ppt is formed insoluble Presence of sulphate is
the effervescence ceases) + barium chloride in dil HCl! confirmed!!
solution ! No characteristic change.! Absence of Sulphate!
3. Brown ring test:
A brown ring is formed Presence of nitrate is
sodium carbonate extract + dil. H2SO4 (until
confirmed
the effervescence ceases) + freshly prepared
ferrous sulphate solution. Then keeping the
test tube in a slanting position add Conc. No brown ring is formed ! Absence of Nitrate !
H2SO4 along the sides of the test tube.

4. Ammonium molybdate test:

A canary yellow ppt is formed. Presence of phosphate is
sodium carbonate extract + dil HNO3 confirmed
(until the effervescence ceases) +
ammonium molybdate + Conc. HNO3 No canary yellow precipitate ! Absence of phosphate!

Analysis of cations
Preparation of original solution
Salt! + Distilled Water!!!!!!!!!!!Original solution
!!!!!!!![ may be sulphide (or)!carbonate salt ] !
Salt + Dil.HNO3!!!!!!!!!!!!Original solution
Group Separation
1. Original Solution + NaOH + Nessler’s Chocolate brown precipitate is Presence of Ammonium is
reagent formed. confirmed
No Chocolate brown precipitate Absence of Ammonia
2. White precipitate is formed. Presence of I group Lead
Original Solution + dil. HCl
No White precipitate Absence of I group Lead
3. Black precipitate is formed. Presence of II group Copper
Original Solution + dil. HCl + H2S gas
No Black precipitate Absence of II group Copper

P.KATHIRVEL, M.Sc,B,Ed, P.G. TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GOVT. BOYS. HR. SEC. SCHOOL, ANTHIYUR
 Presence of III group
4. White precipitate is formed.
Original Solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH Aluminium or Ferric iron.
No White precipitate absence of III group Al, Fe
5. Original Solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH Dirty white precipitate is formed. Presence of IV group Zinc
+ H2S gas No dirty white precipitate Absence of IV group Zinc
6. Original Solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH Presence of V group
White precipitate is formed.
Barium or Calcium
+ (NH4)2CO3
No White precipitate Absence of V group Ba or Ca
7. Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH Presence of VI group
White precipitate is formed.
+ disodium hydrogen phosphate Magnesium
Absence of VI group
No White precipitate
Magnesium

Confirmatory Test For Basic Radicals

Ammonium (Zero Group )
Original Solution + NaOH + Nessler’s reagent Chocolate brown precipitate is Presence of Ammonium is
formed. confirmed
Lead (Group I)
Presence of Lead is
Original solution + KI solution Yellow precipitate is formed.
confirmed
Copper (Group II)
Original solution + potassium ferrocyanide Red brown precipitate is formed. Presence of Copper is
confirmed
Aluminium (Group III)
Original solution + sodium peroxide + dil HCl Gelatinous white precipitate is Presence of Aluminium is
formed. confirmed
Ferric Iron (Group III)
Original solution + sodium peroxide + dil HCl + Presence of Ferric iron is
Blue precipitate is formed.
potassium ferrocyanide confirmed

Zinc (Group IV)

Presence of Zinc is
Original solution + potassium ferro cyanide White precipitate is formed.
confirmed
Barium (Group V)
Presence of Barium is
Original solution + potassium chromate Yellow precipitate is formed.
confirmed
Calcium (Group V)
Presence of Calcium is
Original solution+NH4OH + Ammonium oxalate White precipitate is formed.
confirmed
Magnesium (Group VI)
Blue precipitate is formed. Presence of Magnesium is
Original solution + NaOH + Magneson reagent
confirmed

RESULT:
1. The given simple salt contains Acid radical :
Basic radical :
2. The given simple salt :

P.KATHIRVEL, M.Sc,B,Ed, P.G. TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GOVT. BOYS. HR. SEC. SCHOOL, ANTHIYUR