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    Lighthouses, Buoys and Their Role For Port Access

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    Papelera Rosa
    Lighthouses, buoys, and beacons are navigational aids that are used to enhance maritime safety. They provide visual and position references to assist ships in determining their location within waterways and avoiding hazards. These aids are organized under standardized systems that define their shapes, colors, lights, and markings to indicate navigable channels and hazards. Maintaining lighthouses and replacing buoys is performed by specialized buoy tender vessels equipped with cranes to handle the equipment.

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    Lighthouses, Buoys and Their Role For Port Access

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    Papelera Rosa
    127 views15 pages
    Lighthouses, buoys, and beacons are navigational aids that are used to enhance maritime safety. They provide visual and position references to assist ships in determining their location within waterways and avoiding hazards. These aids are organized under standardized systems that define their shapes, colors, lights, and markings to indicate navigable channels and hazards. Maintaining lighthouses and replacing buoys is performed by specialized buoy tender vessels equipped with cranes to handle the equipment.

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    Lighthouses, buoys, and beacons are navigational aids that are used to enhance maritime safety. They provide visual and position references to assist ships in determining their location within waterways and avoiding hazards. These aids are organized under standardized systems that define their shapes, colors, lights, and markings to indicate navigable channels and hazards. Maintaining lighthouses and replacing buoys is performed by specialized buoy tender vessels equipped with cranes to handle the equipment.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    127 views15 pages

    Lighthouses, Buoys and Their Role For Port Access

    Uploaded by

    Papelera Rosa
    Lighthouses, buoys, and beacons are navigational aids that are used to enhance maritime safety. They provide visual and position references to assist ships in determining their location within waterways and avoiding hazards. These aids are organized under standardized systems that define their shapes, colors, lights, and markings to indicate navigable channels and hazards. Maintaining lighthouses and replacing buoys is performed by specialized buoy tender vessels equipped with cranes to handle the equipment.

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    Lighthouses, buoys

    and their role for port


    access

    Blue Team: Alex, Isaac and Marina


    Ship Technology ISSC
    Hochschule Bremen
    AGENDA
    ● What are they?
    ● Brief History of Lighthouse & Buoys
    ● Mark, Buoys & Beacons
    ● IALA System
    ● Lateral Marks
    ● Cardinal Marks
    ● Isolated Danger Marks
    ● Safe Water Marks
    ● New Danger Marks
    ● Special Marks
    ● Who puts them there?
    ● Sources
    Lighthouses and buoys are considered
    What are they? Navigational aids, “navaid”. They are
    special structures such as lighthouses,
    lightships, beacons or buoys, that are used
    to enhance safety by providing more
    opportunities to obtain LOPs (Lines Of
    Position)
    Brief history of Buoys
    • Buoy, a floating item moored at a specific spot that is used to moor boats instead of anchoring them, guide or warn
    mariners, or mark the locations of underwater things.
    • There is no doubt that buoys were in use long before the end of the 13th century, but there isn't any conclusive evidence
    to support this.
    • A few decades later, history writings describe how buoys were used in the Zuider Zee, a bay of the North Sea, to direct
    ships to Amsterdam and other ports.
    • Early buoys were probably only logs or wooden rafts fastened to a large stone. Hollow wooden casks tied to stones
    were in use in the Netherlands and Germany by the 14th century.
    • Dutch and German technology later replaced the cask buoy with a more advanced model: the vertical “Seetonnen” buoy
    made of tapered wood.
    •Through the first half of the 19th century, the use of buoys wasn’t standardized in the U.S., which made for a confusing
    navigation.
    Mark, Buoy, Beacon
    ● Buoys are an important weather tool. They can measure air
    temperature, wind speed, barometric pressure and wind
    direction.
    ● Buoys and beacons are the primary navigational tools on the
    water.
    ● Buoys are floating aids that are anchored to the seabed.
    ● Beacons are fixed to the earth's surface (not floating) and can be
    anything from big lighthouses to a sign nailed to some pilings.
    IALA System
    In 1977 this IALA endorsed two maritime buoyage systems putting an end to the 30 odd systems existing at that
    time.

    ● Region B covers the Americas (incl. Canada), Japan, the Philippines and Korea.
    ● Region A covers Europe, Australia, New Zealand and the rest of the world.

    All navaids within IALA are distinguished by:


    ● Shape
    ● Light
    ● Colour
    ● Topmark
    Lateral Marks

    The location of lateral buoys defines the borders of channels, and


    their characteristics;
    ● In Region A, red buoys mark the port side of the channel when
    returning from sea, hence green buoys mark the starboard side
    ● In Region B, green buoys mark the port side of the channel when
    returning from sea, the starboard are the red ones.
    Cardinal marks

    A cardinal mark is a sea mark used in maritime


    pilotage to indicate the position of a hazard and the
    direction of safe water.

    ● the West cardinal buoy has safe water on its West and the danger
    on its East side.
    ● Body: black and yellow horizontal band(s); pillar or spar
    ● Topmark: two black cones, with tips pointing towards the black band
    on the body of the buoy.
    ● The lights of these cardinal marks are white with quick flashing or very
    quick flashing.
    Isolated danger marks

    Isolated danger marks are stationed over dangers with navigable water
    around them.

    ● Topmark: Two black spheres, one above the other.


    ● Body: Black with horizontal band(s); pillar or spar
    ● A typical hazard that justifies an “isolated danger mark” atop of it,
    is a solitary rock, hence, in sandy regions are not often used.
    Safe water marks

    Safe Water mark buoys serve to indicate that there is navigable


    water all round the mark.

    These include centre line marks and mid-channel marks. Safe


    water marks

    are used to:

    ● Indicate channel entrance


    ● Indicate Port
    ● Indicate Estuary approach
    ● Indicate landfall
    New danger marks
    Special marks show a special area or feature. For Example, to show

    that a channel divides or to mark cables or pipelines.

    ● Military Exercise zone marks


    ● Cable or pipeline marks
    ● Recreation zone marks
    ● Boundaries of anchorage areas
    ● Spoil Ground marks
    ● Aquacultures
    ● Structures such as offshore renewable energy installations
    Special marks
    Special marks show a special area or feature. For Example, to show

    that a channel divides or to mark cables or pipelines.

    ● Military Exercise zone marks


    ● Cable or pipeline marks
    ● Recreation zone marks
    ● Boundaries of anchorage areas
    ● Spoil Ground marks
    ● Aquacultures
    ● Structures such as offshore renewable energy installations
    Who puts them there?

    ● Buoy tender vessels are vessels


    specialized for handling
    navigation buoys and beacons

    ● High capacity deck crane and a


    large aft working deck and are
    close to the waterline

    ● Most of them can be proposed


    with Dynamic Positioning system
    Our Sources
    A History Of Buoys. (n.d.). Dunn-Rite Products. https://dunnriteproducts.com/blog/a-history-of-buoys/

    Aids To Navigation. (n.d.). Boat Safe | Water Sports, Product Reviews, and Nautical News. https://www.boatsafe.com/aids-to-navigation/

    Buoy tender and oceanic buoy-layer designs | MAURIC. (n.d.). Mauric. https://www.mauric.ecagroup.com/buoy-tender

    Buoys - Guideposts of the Sea | US Lighthouse Society. (n.d.). https://uslhs.org/buoys-0

    Mukherjee, P. (2021, November 30). Why Virtual Aids of Navigation Are Important For Ships? Marine Insight.

    https://www.marineinsight.com/marine-navigation/virtual-aids-of-navigation-are-important-for-ships/

    Navigation—buoys, marks and beacons (Department of Transport and Main Roads). (n.d.).

    https://www.msq.qld.gov.au/Safety/Navigation-buoys-marks-and-beacons

    P, B. (2017, June 12). Special Mark Buoys Supplier. MarineBuoy.com. https://www.marinebuoy.com/navigation-buoys/special-mark-buoys/

    Sailtrain: Buoyage, New Danger Buoy. (n.d.). http://www.sailtrain.co.uk/Buoyage/new_danger.htm

    The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (1998, July 20). Buoy | Definition, Uses, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/technology/buoy

    Willemsen, D. (n.d.). Lights, buoys – aids to navigation. https://www.sailingissues.com/navcourse9.html


    Thank you for
    your
    attention!

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