i

AMBO UNIVERSITY HACALU HUNDESA

CAMPUS

DEPARTMENT Of ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

Submitted to Mr dagimlidet .k

&Mr gezu .y
Prepared by yero legese
Id:ugp /65588/14

TABLE OF CONTENTS

2.1 Program ..........................

 2.2 Design consideration......
 2.3 Standard.........................
 2.4 Structure ........................
 2.5 System............................
 2.6 Typologies.......................
 2.7 Ergonomics Principle......
 2.7.2 office aesthetic...........
 2.8 Envelope..........................
 2.9 Ecological Aspect............
CHAPTER 3.CASE STUDY.....................
CHAPTER 4. CONCLUSION................
 REFERENCE..........................

Page 2
 CHAPTER .1

Introduction to office and

residential mixed use

 A Office and residential mixed-use developments

have become increasingly popular in urban areas
around the world. These innovative projects
combine office and residential spaces in a single
building or complex, creating a dynamic and
diverse environment that offers a wide range of
benefits for both residents and business
professionals.
 By bringing together residential units, office
spaces, retail establishments, and other amenities
in one location, mixed-use developments create
vibrant communities where people can live, work,
and play in close proximity.
Page 3

o LITERATURE REVIEW
WHAT IS OFFICE RESIDENTIAL APARTMENT IN DEPTH

 Office residential apartment, often referred to as a mixed-use

development, combines residential

living spaces (like apartments or condos) with office or commercial areas

within the same building or complex. This type of development is
increasingly popular in urban areas due to its potential to create vibrant,
walkable communities.

key component
Residential units
Residential units in mixed-use developments can be diverse, catering to a
range of preferences and lifestyles. Here’s a quick run-through of the
types of units you might find:
Studio Apartments**: These are compact units with a single room
that serves as the living area, bedroom, and kitchen, with a separate
bathroom. Ideal for singles or young professionals.

One-Bedroom Apartments**: A step up from studios, offering a

separate bedroom, living area, kitchen, and bathroom. Suitable for singles
or couples.

- **Two-Bedroom Apartments**: These provide more space, with two

bedrooms, a living area, a kitchen, and one or more bathrooms. Perfect for
small families or roommates.

Loft Apartments**: Characterized by high ceilings and open floor

plans, often located in converted industrial buildings. Great for those who
love an urban, spacious feel.

Townhouses**: Multi-level units that offer a more home-like feel, with

private entrances and sometimes even small yards or terraces. Ideal for
families.

- **Penthouse Apartments**: Located on the top floors, these units often

come with luxurious features, larger living spaces, and stunning views.
Perfect for those seeking premium living.

2.OfficeSpaces
aces**: Versatile workspaces that can be
adapted for various uses, from hot-desking to
hosting events.

ubs/Incubators**: Spaces designed to support

startups and entrepreneurs, often providing
mentorship and networking opportunities in
addition to physical office space.

Do any of these office unit types appeal to

your specific business needs or interests?
 •

Mixed-use development refers to blending different land uses in a single project.

Combining residential, commercial, and recreational spaces in one location creates a
dynamic environment that promotes a sense of community and convenience. These
developments often feature a mix of housing options, office spaces, retail stores,
restaurants, entertainment venues, and public spaces. By integrating various
activities, mixed-use developments aim to provide a balanced and sustainable
lifestyle for residents and visitors alike. This guide will explore eight different types of
mixed-use development, shedding light on their defining features and potential
contributions to vibrant urban environments.

 1 Vertical Mixed-Use Development

 2 Horizontal Mixed-Use Development
 3 Live-Work Mixed-Use Development
 4 Retail-Residential Mixed-Use Developments
 5 Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)
 6 Urban Renewal and Revitalization
 7 Destination Mixed-Use Development
 8 Waterfront Mixed-Use Development

o
Vertical Mixed-Use
Development
Vertical mixed-use development refers to projects integrating different
uses within a single building or tower. Typically, these developments
combine residential units with commercial, office, or retail spaces. By
stacking uses vertically, vertical mixed-use projects optimize land utilization,
maximize density, and create a compact, multi-functional environment.
This type of development often offers the convenience of living, working,

and accessing amenities within proximity, reducing the need for extensive
commuting and promoting a vibrant, walkable neighborhood.

Horizontal mixed-use developments promote

walkability, foster a sense of community, and provide opportunities for interaction
between residents, iworkers, and visitors. They offer flexibility in terms of design,
allowing for creating diverse architectural styles and incorporating green spaces and
outdoor amenities.
Live-Work Mixed-Use Development
Live-work mixed-use developments cater to individuals who desire a seamless
integration of their living and working environments. These projects provide residential
units to accommodate home-based businesses or small-scale commercial
activities. Live-work developments often feature ground-floor spaces that serve as
offices, studios, or retail establishments, with residential units situated above. This
mixed-use development fosters entrepreneurship, supports small businesses, and
creates a sense of work-life balance for residents.

Retail-Residential Mixed-Use Developments

Retail-residential mixed-use developments combine residential units with retail
spaces, creating a symbiotic relationship between living and shopping. These projects
often feature ground-floor retail stores and upper-level residential units. By integrating
retail establishments within residential communities, residents have convenient access
to essential goods and services. This type of mixed-use development fosters a sense
of community and vitality by bringing together residents and local businesses.
Transit-oriented developments (TODs) are designed to maximize
access to public transportation, such as bus and train stations. These developments
are typically located within walking distance of transit hubs, reducing the reliance on
private vehicles. These mixed-use projects aim to capitalize on the accessibility and
convenience of public transportation by creating vibrant communities that encourage a
reduction in car dependency. TODs typically combine residential, commercial, and
retail spaces, often focusing on high-density development and pedestrian-friendly
design. By prioritizing connectivity and transit options, TODs promote sustainable
living, reduce traffic congestion, and enhance residents’ overall quality of life.

Urban Renewal and Revitalization

Mixed-use development can play a vital role in urban renewal and revitalization efforts.
These projects often involve redeveloping underutilized or blighted areas, breathing
new life into neglected neighborhoods. Urban renewal mixed-use developments blend
a range of uses, including residential, commercial, cultural, and recreational spaces,
creating vibrant, inclusive communities. By attracting investments, improving
infrastructure, and fostering economic growth, these projects act as catalysts for urban
rejuvenation and social revitalization.
Destination Mixed-Use Development
Destination mixed-use developments aim to create unique and experiential
environments that draw visitors from afar. These projects often include a combination
of entertainment, leisure, hospitality, retail, and dining offerings. Destination
developments, such as themed entertainment districts, lifestyle centers, or resort-like
complexes, are designed to provide an immersive experience for visitors. They serve
as hubs for entertainment, cultural activities, and tourism, boosting the local economy
and enhancing the region’s appeal as a visitor destination.

Waterfront Mixed-Use Development

Waterfront mixed-use development developments often incorporate a mix of
residential, commercial, and recreational spaces that capitalize on scenic views and
waterfront amenities. Waterfront developments revitalize urban areas, offering leisure
activities, waterfront dining, and water-based transportation opportunities. They create
attractive destinations that promote tourism and enhance the quality of life for
residents.

Design Build Group is an accomplished Irvine-based architectural des

2.1 PROGRAM
Creating a program list for an office and residential mixed-use apartment
involves considering various functional spaces that cater to both living
and working needs. Here's a general outl

Residential Spaces
1. Apartments*Various sizes (1-bedroom, 2-bedroom, etc.)

2. Common Areas: Lobbies, lounges, and shared amenities (e.g., gyms,

pools)
3. Parking: Resident parking spaces and visitor parking

4. Laundry Facilities: Coin-operated or card-operated machines

5. Storage Units: For residents' personal storage needs

Office Spaces
1. Office Suites: Open-plan offices and private offices

2. Meeting Rooms: Conference rooms and smaller meeting rooms

3. Break Room : Kitchens and dining areas for employees

4. Reception Area: Welcoming space for clients and visitors

5. Restrooms: Separate restrooms for office employees

Shared Spaces
1. Café or Food Hall: For both residents and office workers

2. Event Venues: Spaces for community events and gatherings

3.Rooftop Terrace: Outdoor space for relaxation and events

4. Co-working Spaces: Shared workspaces for freelancers and remote

workers

5. Retail Shops: Small retail units for convenience stores or cafes

Services
1. Security: 24/7 security services

2. Maintenance: On-site maintenance and repair services

3. Cleaning: Regular cleaning of common areas and amenities

4. Management Office: For administrative and management tasks

2.2 Design consideration

Design considerations refer to the various factors and aspects that need
to be taken into account when planning and designing a space, building,
or product. These considerations play a crucial role in determining the
functionality, aesthetics, and overall success of the design. Some common
design considerations include:

1. User needs and preferences: Understanding the needs,

preferences, and behaviors of the users who will be using the space or
product is essential for creating a design that meets their requirements.

2. Functionality: Ensuring that the design functions properly and

efficiently for its intended purpose is crucial. This includes considerations
such as layout, circulation, spatial organization, and usability.

3. Aesthetics: Considering the visual appeal, style, and overall

aesthetics of the design to create a pleasing and attractive environment
that enhances the user experience.
4. Safety and security: Incorporating features and measures to
ensure the safety and security of users, such as proper lighting, signage,
fire safety systems, and accessibility for all users.

5. Sustainability: Integrating environmentally sustainable practices

and materials into the design to reduce the environmental impact,
improve energy efficiency, and promote long-term sustainability.

6. Budget and resources: Considering the available budget,

resources, and timeline for the project to ensure that the design is feasible
and can be implemented within the specified constraints.

7. Regulations and codes: Adhering to local building codes, zoning

regulations, and other legal requirements to ensure that the design
complies with all necessary regulations and standards.

8. Context: Considering the context of the site, including the

surroundingenvironment, local culture, history, and unique characteristics,
to create a design that responds appropriately to its context.

9. Technology: Incorporating appropriate technology and innovation

into the design to enhance functionality, efficiency, and user experience.
10. Maintenance and durability: Designing for ease of
maintenance, longevity, and durability to ensure that the design remains
functional and attractive over time.

Functional flow
Functional flow in the context of building design refers to the logical and
efficient movement of people, goods, and information within a space. It
involves designing layouts, circulation patterns, and spatial arrangements
that support the intended functions and activities of the building while
promoting ease of movement and engagement.

Some key considerations for optimizing functional flow in building design

include:

Circulation Paths: Designing clear and intuitive circulation paths that

connect different areas within the building, such as entrances, corridors,
staircases, elevators, and common areas. Minimizing obstructions and
creating direct pathways can improve navigation and efficiency.

Zoning and Functionality: Organizing spaces based on their

functions and activities to create efficient and logical layouts. Grouping
relatefunctiontogether and separating incompatible uses can streamline
operations and create a cohesive flow within the building.

Accessibility and Universal Design: Ensuring that the building

is accessible to all individuals, including those with disabilities or mobility
challenges. Incorporating universal design principles such as barrier-free
entrances, ramps, elevators, and clear signage can enhance inclusivity
and ease of movement for everyone.

Flexibility and Adaptability: Designing spaces that can easily

adapt to changing needs and accommodate diverse uses. Providing
flexible furniture arrangements, movable partitions, and multipurpose
spaces can support different activities and allow for dynamic flow
patterns.

Ergonomics and Human Factors: Considering human factors

such as comfort, safety, and user experience when designing layouts and
furnishings. Ergonomic considerations, such as optimal seating heights,
workstation dimensions, and lighting levels, can enhance user well-being
and productivity.
Connectivity and Interaction: Promoting connectivity and
interaction between spaces to foster collaboration, communication, and
social engagement. Creating visual connections, shared amenities, and
gathering spaces can encourage interactions and a sense of community
within the buildings

Technology Integration: Leveraging technology solutions such as

wayfinding systems, digital signage, and smart building controls to
enhance navigation, communication, and operational efficiency.
Integrating technology into the design can improve functionality and
streamline processes.

Ergonomic principle
Ergonomics is the science of designing products, equipment, and systems
that fit the people who use them. When designing office and residential
mixed-use spaces, it is important to consider ergonomics principles to
ensure the comfort, safety, and efficiency of occupants. Some key
ergonomics principles to consider include:

1. User- centered Design spaces with the needs and

preferences of the users in mind. Consider factors such as height,
reach, vision, and comfort levels of individuals when planning
layouts and furniture arrangements.

ergonomics is crucial for ensuring comfort, productivity, and preventing

injuries in the workplace. Here are some key principles

 Chair* Use a chair that supports the natural curve of your

spine. Adjust the height so your feet are flat on the floor and
your knees are at a right angle.
 
Desk:Ensure your desk is at elbow height, with space for
your legs underneath. Keep your keyboard and mouse close to
avoid stretching.
 Monitor Position your monitor at eye level, about 20-30
inches from your eyes, and slightly below your horizontal eye
level to avoid neck strain.
 Posture**: Maintain a neutral posture, with your back
straight, shoulders relaxed, and elbows close to your body.
Avoid leaning forward or slumping.
 BreakTake regular breaks to move around and stretch.
Prolonged sitting can lead to discomfort and health issues.
 Lighting**: Ensure proper lighting to reduce eye strain.
Avoid glare by positioning monitors perpendicular to windows
or using blinds.
 Accessories.Use ergonomic accessories like a keyboard
tray, footrest, or monitor stand if needed to achieve a
comfortable setup.
2. Proper Workstation Setup: Ensure that workstations are
ergonomically designed to minimize strain on the body. This
includes adjusting chair height, desk height, monitor position, and
keyboard and mouse placement to promote good posture and
reduce the risk of musculoskeletal disorders.
3,Lighting and Acoustics: Proper lighting and acoustics play a vital
role in creating a comfortable and productive environment. Natural light,
adjustable task lighting, and sound-absorbing materials can help reduce
eye strain, fatigue, and distractions.

4,,Circulation and Accessibility: Design spaces with clear

pathways andeasy access to amenities and services. Ensure that
stairways, corridors, and elevators are easily accessible and comply with
accessibility regulations to accommodate individuals with
disabilities.Flexibility and Adaptability: Design spaces that can be
easily adapted to accommodate different work and living activities.
Consider flexible furniture arrangements, adjustable workstations, and
movable partitions to allow occupants to customize their spaces based on
their needs.

Standard
Offices are where many people exert physical and mental strength to finish
i

their work, and an ergonomically arranged workspace is the key to making sure
that not only is the job done, but it is done efficiently. Aside from people
working in brick-and-mortar offices in cities and countries, many people are
also working from home, which calls for a total overhaul of a specific space.

Home offices offer more flexibility with not just renovation but also space. This
is in another ballpark and significantly different from external workspaces, with
a set floor plan allocation and requirement per employee. In
this office dimensions guide, you’ll see standard & average room sizes,
cubicles, minimum floor plan measurements, and how big offices should be.

Standard Office Size

A standard office is a single workstation with a desk, chair, and enough space
to accommodate visitors. They can also be freestanding or linked with other
offices in a cubicle-like arrangement. The latter is the usual with an open
concept layout with cubicles, especially for offices on high-rise buildings in the
city.

The space for a single cubicle usually has a width from side to side of
110.25 inches or 2.8 meters and a length from the front of the table to
the chair space of 70.85 inches or 1.8 meters. This allows space on
each side of the table of 23.6 inches or .6 meters.

Standard Home Office Measurements

There is no fixed size for home offices since they can either have more than
enough or just enough room to work with to hold a desk and chair setup.

Although they will vary significantly in size from one home to the other, the
average for any home office is a floor plan of 50 to 150 square feet.

A smaller room can be only 30 square feet; at the same time, bigger homes
can have home offices as big as 200 square feet. Overall, it will depend on the
type of work a person is dealing with, their amount of
Space for 10 People
Each person or amenity in a workspace will require an ample amount
of room to be able to do their required functions. Another reference is
considering how efficient or generous businesses are ready to allocate
workspace.

E
cological aspect
The ecological aspect of building design focuses on minimizing environmental
impact and promoting sustainability. Here are some key areas to consider:

1. Energy Efficiency: Using high-performance materials and systems to

reduce energy consumption. This includes insulation, energy-efficient
windows, and HVAC systems
.
2. Sustainable Materials: Choosing materials that are renewable, recycled,
or hava low environmental footprint. This can include bamboo flooring,
recycled glass countertops, and sustainably sourced wood

3. Water Conservation: Implementing systems for rainwater harvesting,

greywater recycling, and low-flow fixtures to reduce water usage.
4. Indoor Air Quality: Using non-toxic, low-VOC (Volatile Organic
Compounds) paints and finishes, as well as ensuring proper ventilation to
maintain healthy indoor air.
No

5. Green Roofs and Walls: Incorporating vegetation on roofs and walls to

improve insulation, reduce urban heat island effect, and provide green
space.
6. Solar Power: Integrating solar panels to harness renewable energy and
reduce reliance on non-renewable resources.

7. Waste Management: Implementing recycling and composting programs

to reduce waste sent to landfills
 8. Site Selection and Land Use: Choosing locations that minimize
environmental disruption and promote connectivity with public
transportation and green spaces.

9. Biodiversity: Designing spaces that support local wildlife, such as bird-

friendly glass and native plant landscaping.
10. Lifecycle Assessment: Evaluating the environmental impact of a
building over its entire lifecycle, from construction to demolition, to make
informed decisions that reduce overall impac

Envelope
The envelope or facade of a building is its outer layer, the face it presents to
the world. It’s a key component in architecture, affecting both aesthetics and
functionality. Facades are what we see first, but their importance goes far
beyond first impressions. They have a pivotal role in energy efficiency,
structural integrity, and even the psychological impact of buildings.
Components of a Building Envelope

- Structural Frame: This provides the support for the entire facade. It
can be made of steel, concrete, or timber, depending on the design and
materials used in construction.

- Cladding: This is the outer skin of the building. Materials like glass,
metal, stone, or composite materials are used. The choice of cladding
affects the building’s appearance, durability, and thermal performance.
 - Insulation: Located between the structural frame and cladding,
insulation helps in maintaining the internal temperature of the building,
reducing energy consumption.

- Openings: Windows, doors, and vents fall under this category. Their
placement and design influence ventilation, natural light, and access.

Types of Facades

- Curtain Wall: A non-structural outer covering often made of glass. It’s

lightweight and offers extensive views, but requires careful design to
manage thermal performance and condensation.
- Double-Skin Facade: Consists of two layers, usually glass, with an
air gap between them. This design improves insulation and allows for
natural ventilation while controlling solar gain.
- Precast Concrete Facade: These panels are manufactured off-site
and assembled on location. They offer great durability and a range of
finishes, from smooth to textured.

Functions of a Building Envelope

Thermal Regulation: A well-designed envelope minimizes heat loss in the
winter and heat gain in the summer, leading to more comfortable indoor
environments and lower energy bills.

Weather Resistance: It protects the building from rain, wind, and

sunlight, extending the lifespan of the structure and its components.

Acoustic Control: Facades also contribute to sound insulation, essential for

buildings in noisy urban environments.

Aesthetics and Identity: The envelope is a statement piece, reflecting

the building’s purpose and the architect’s vision. It can harmonize with its
surroundings or stand out as an iconic structure.
Case study of PETRONAS tower
The Petronas twin towers, square measure twin skyscrapers in the Malaysian
capital, Malaysia. As a result, according to the council on tall buildings and
concrete surroundings (ctbuh)’s official definition and ranking, they were the
tallest buildings within the world from 1998 to 2004 and remain the tallest twin
towers within the world. So the project site is well situated within the heart of
the business district of the town, the golden triangle. The
towers aren’t solely far-farming for height however additionally for the
look method that influences the look and particularization of the building.

Petronas twin towers

History
Initially, the guts of Malaysia’s capital town stood at a 40-hectare site. Which
had once been occupied by the Selangor turf club. native authorities had set to
reclaim the land in an exceedingly bid to assist ease the growing traffic in
Kaula. however, within the finish, this left a tract of land within the heart
of town.

In 1991, native authorities in Malaysian capital, set to offer town a city

district with the park of 20ha, workplace buildings, looking and residences,
a masjid and different constructions.

Putting 2 extremely tall buildings on that, represent Malaysia’s increasing

wealth and also the nation’s need to feature a lot of conspicuously on the
international stage. Therefore the Petronas towers sparked a nation’s pride and
came to symbolize Malaysia’s jaunt into the twenty-first century.

The project’s developers were consortium investors besides the Malaysian

government and also the national company Petronas. The
Petronas tower square measure impressed by the previous prime
minister cask Dhegiha their Mohamad’s vision for Malaya to be a world player.
Together, with master creator Cesar Pelli alongside Dejay Cerico, j.c. Guinto
and Dominic saibo

Petronas twin towers case study

 Height of the towers: 452m(1482.6ft) (above street level)

 Numbers of floors: 88 floors (occupiable)

 Gross building area: 2.3 million sq ft. (each tower)

 Height of pinnacle: 241 feet.

 Size of floor plate(gross):lower floor – 28,239 sqft and upper floor -22,490
sq ft to 10,000 sq ft

 Typical floor to floor height: 13 feet 2 inches.

 Finished ceiling height: 8 feet 8 inches.

 Raised floor: 5 inches (floor 8 to floor 72).

 Sky lobby: level 41 to 42. (include, conference center, dining facilities,

and prayer room)

Site and surrounding

Located within the golden triangle of Malaysian capital (a site that’s center
geographically and additionally graphically). Within the previous few decades,
kl has been growing at an amazing rate and
undergone several changes because of economic
prosperity, dynamic fashion, and land pressures within the town, these
changes arise to the golden triangle. As a result, the economic boom years the
1970s and 1980 created the world terribly engaging for developers and
speculators.
 1.Petronas twin towers

Concept
The towers describe ancient motifs of Muslim art, conformity to the Malaysian
Muslim heritage, combined with innovative technology. Therefore the
looks were impressing by characteristics of Muslim design like repetitive
geometries.
Concept of twin towers

Soil and foundation

 Irregular bedrock at a lower place the location. Perimeter diaphragm walls
2′ 6″ thick.

 Underground forest of friction piles providing bigger distribution of the

towers weight: solution

 2 raft foundations, 15′ thick, containing 13,000 humor of concrete.

 300,000 metric loads of each tower cover concrete slab or mat anchored
to soil, not bed rock.

 208 pin piles, rectangular 9ft x 4ft, 197ft to

380ft management subsidence.

 The towers rest on RCC foundation mat poured over piles.

,
Petronas twin towers

The Petronas twin towers, square measure twin skyscrapers in the Malaysian
capital, Malaysia. As a result, according to the council on tall buildings and
concrete surroundings (ctbuh)’s official definition and ranking, they were the
tallest buildings within the world from 1998 to 2004 and remain the tallest twin
towers within the world. So the project site is well situated within the heart of
the business district of the town, the golden triangle. The towers aren’t solely far-
farming for height however additionally for the look method that influences the
look and particularization of the building.
Petronas twin towers

History
Initially, the guts of Malaysia’s capital town stood at a 40-hectare site. Which had
once been occupied by the Selangor turf club. native authorities had set to reclaim
the land in an exceedingly bid to assist ease the growing traffic in
Kaula. however, within the finish, this left a tract of land within the heart of town.

In 1991, native authorities in Malaysian capital, set to offer town a city district with
the park of 20ha, workplace buildings, looking and residences,
a masjid and different constructions.
Putting 2 extremely tall buildings on that, represent Malaysia’s increasing
wealth and also the nation’s need to feature a lot of conspicuously on the
international stage. Therefore the Petronas towers sparked a nation’s pride and
came to symbolize Malaysia’s jaunt into the twenty-first century.

The project’s developers were consortium investors besides the Malaysian

government and also the national company Petronas. The Petronas tower square
measure impressed by the previous prime minister cask Dhegiha their Mohamad’s
vision for Malaya to be a world player. Together, with master creator Cesar
Pelli alongside Dejay Cerico, j.c. Guinto and Dominic saibo.

history of highrises

Petronas twin towers case study

 Height of the towers: 452m(1482.6ft) (above street level)

 Numbers of floors: 88 floors (occupiable)

 Gross building area: 2.3 million sq ft. (each tower)

  Height of pinnacle: 241 feet.

 Size of floor plate(gross):lower floor – 28,239 sqft and upper floor -22,490
sq ft to 10,000 sq ft

 Typical floor to floor height: 13 feet 2 inches.

 Finished ceiling height: 8 feet 8 inches.

 Raised floor: 5 inches (floor 8 to floor 72).

 Sky lobby: level 41 to 42. (include, conference center, dining facilities,

and prayer room)

Site and surrounding

Located within the golden triangle of Malaysian capital (a site that’s center
geographically and additionally graphically). Within the previous few decades, kl
has been growing at an amazing rate and undergone several changes because
of economic prosperity, dynamic fashion, and land pressures within the town,
these changes arise to the golden triangle. As a result, the economic boom
years the 1970s and 1980 created the world terribly engaging for developers and
speculators.

1.Petronas twin towers

Concept
The towers describe ancient motifs of Muslim art, conformity to the Malaysian
Muslim heritage, combined with innovative technology. Therefore the
looks were impressing by characteristics of Muslim design like repetitive
geometries.

Concept of twin towers

Soil and foundation

 Irregular bedrock at a lower place the location. Perimeter diaphragm walls
2′ 6″ thick.

 Underground forest of friction piles providing bigger distribution of the

towers weight: solution

 2 raft foundations, 15′ thick, containing 13,000 humor of concrete.

 300,000 metric loads of each tower cover concrete slab or mat anchored
to soil, not bed rock.
  208 pin piles, rectangular 9ft x 4ft, 197ft to
380ft management subsidence.

 The towers rest on RCC foundation mat poured over piles.

Structural Design
Cast-in-situ concrete is employed in deep friction pin foundations. Also
the continuous cap/mat beneath every tower. Structural steel is employing for
long-span typical floor beams. In addition, concrete is employing in
foundations, within the central core stabilizer beams link core and perimeter at
levels thirty-eight to forty for additional potency.

design concept of Petronas towers

Structural systems
Each tower is supporting by a hoop of sixteen cylindrical columns on the inner
corners of an angular setup. As every tower ascends, it sets back vi times.
Columns square measure slanting inward over 3 stories. Therefore reinforcing
bars square measure adscititious to ring beam’s floor slabs to resist the lateral
thrust. Which is like a type of soft tube.

Interior of Petronas twin towers

Designs and patterns of the doorway halls’ vestibule replicate Traditional
handicrafts and ‘songket’, or weaving. Additionally,
the wall panels and screens are impressing by hardwood Carvings from the East
Coast of terra firma Malaya. Also the floor
Designs square measure supported Byzantine patterns of pandan weaving and
bertam palm wall matting.

Planning of Petronas twin

towers

Exterior of Petronas towers

Moreover, each tower is about back 5 times in its ascent to keep up the Vertical
axis and tapering of the look. And the walls of the top floors are slanting inward to
taper and meet the Pinnacle.
 Exterior of
Petronas towers Sources: gardkarlsem.com

The center core of Petronas towers

•Its central core in every tower, accommodate – lifts, exit stairs, Mechanical
services
•And extremely bolstered thick corner walls resist wind
•The outer walls thickness 750 to 350 millimeter
• Also inner walls constant 350 millimeter

elements of Petronas towers

Pinnacle of Petronas tower
 Every tower topped by- seventy-three m tapering top

 Accommodates – building maintenance machine, aviation lighting, and

lightning protection

 Because of the steep sloping column

 Also concrete construction impractical

 steel used throughout

Pinnacle of
Petronas tower

Skybridge at Petronas twin towers

The bridge is a hundred and seventy m higher than the bottom and 58.4 m
long deliberation 750 tons. Also, a ‘two-hinge arch’ springing from supports at
level twenty-nine and rising at sixty-three degrees to support a try of parallel
two-span continuous bridge girders at level forty-one. As a result the two-hinge
arch supporting the bridge has motion pins at the top of every leg or
‘spring purpose and at the highest or ‘crown’ of the arch, most bridge girders
have a motion pin directly over the arch crown to allow the crown to rise and
fall because the towers move nearer or additional apart.

 Skybridge at Petronas twin towers

 Skybridge at Petronas twin towers
 Skybridge at Petronas twin towers
 

Sk
ybridge at Petronas twin towers
Skybridge at Petronas twin towers

Material of Petronas towers

More than 60% of the materials utilizing in the project were
sourced domestically. The Petronas towers’ development marked the
primary use of high-strength concrete in Malaya by native trade, at a
comparatively economic value. Native materials, for example, Malaysian wood,
Terengganu granite, marble, and glass were extensively used. However,
the parts of the stainless steel protective covering and vision-glass curtain
walls were made up domestically in Malaya by a US firm. About
80,000 cubical meters of high-strength concrete with thirty 37,000 loads
of steel were accustomed type the frames of each tower. With eighty-
eight floors of concrete and steel facade, glass. Which have a
complete of 32,000 windows. As a result, the soils have steel frames resting
on concrete plates. Most entrance lobbies and public use square
measure embellished with moldings and reflected glass panels.
Reference
 Slide share..
 Arch daily
 Arch study
 Scribe. Com..
 VDBG .. com