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    Differential Equation: DR Richard Kena Boadi

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    Leslie Owusu Mensah
    This document presents an introduction to differential equations. It begins with defining differential equations as equations that involve derivatives of an unknown function. It then provides examples of differential equations and classifies them based on type, order, degree, and linearity. The document discusses solving differential equations by finding functions that satisfy the equations. It also introduces initial value problems and boundary value problems for differential equations.

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    Differential Equation: DR Richard Kena Boadi

    Uploaded by

    Leslie Owusu Mensah
    39 views17 pages
    This document presents an introduction to differential equations. It begins with defining differential equations as equations that involve derivatives of an unknown function. It then provides examples of differential equations and classifies them based on type, order, degree, and linearity. The document discusses solving differential equations by finding functions that satisfy the equations. It also introduces initial value problems and boundary value problems for differential equations.

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    This document presents an introduction to differential equations. It begins with defining differential equations as equations that involve derivatives of an unknown function. It then provides examples of differential equations and classifies them based on type, order, degree, and linearity. The document discusses solving differential equations by finding functions that satisfy the equations. It also introduces initial value problems and boundary value problems for differential equations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    39 views17 pages

    Differential Equation: DR Richard Kena Boadi

    Uploaded by

    Leslie Owusu Mensah
    This document presents an introduction to differential equations. It begins with defining differential equations as equations that involve derivatives of an unknown function. It then provides examples of differential equations and classifies them based on type, order, degree, and linearity. The document discusses solving differential equations by finding functions that satisfy the equations. It also introduces initial value problems and boundary value problems for differential equations.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 17

    Introduction Definition and Examples of Differential Equation Classification of Differential Equations

    Differential Equation

    Dr Richard Kena Boadi


    Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology

    October 10, 2016


    Introduction Definition and Examples of Differential Equation Classification of Differential Equations

    Outline of Presentation

    1 Introduction

    2 Definition and Examples of Differential Equation

    3 Classification of Differential Equations


    Introduction Definition and Examples of Differential Equation Classification of Differential Equations

    Outline of Presentation

    1 Introduction

    2 Definition and Examples of Differential Equation

    3 Classification of Differential Equations


    Introduction Definition and Examples of Differential Equation Classification of Differential Equations

    Intoduction

    Differential equations are an important part of the calculus,


    the fundamentals of which are presented here. In developing
    the theory of differential equations in a systematic manner it is
    helpful to classify different types of equations.

    There are two types of derivatives which usually are (and


    always can be) interpreted as rates. For example, the ordinary
    dy
    derivative is the rate of change of y with respect to x
    dx
    ∂y
    (independent variable), and the partial derivative .
    ∂x
    Introduction Definition and Examples of Differential Equation Classification of Differential Equations

    Outline of Presentation

    1 Introduction

    2 Definition and Examples of Differential Equation

    3 Classification of Differential Equations


    Introduction Definition and Examples of Differential Equation Classification of Differential Equations

    Definition and Examples of Differential Equation

    Definition
    A differential equation is an equation which involves one or
    more derivatives, or differentials of an unknown function

    Example 1
    The following are examples of differential equations involving
    their respective unknown functions:
    dy
    = 3x 2
    dx  2 2
    
    ∂v ∂ v ∂ v
    = h2 + .
    ∂t ∂x 2 ∂y 2
    Introduction Definition and Examples of Differential Equation Classification of Differential Equations

    Outline of Presentation

    1 Introduction

    2 Definition and Examples of Differential Equation

    3 Classification of Differential Equations


    Introduction Definition and Examples of Differential Equation Classification of Differential Equations

    Classification of Differential Equations

    Differential equations are classified as to:


    Type:We can place all differential equations into two
    types: ordinary differential equation (ODE) and partial
    differential equations (PDE).
    Order:The order of a differential equation is the order of
    the highest-ordered derivative appearing in the equation.
    Degree:The degree of the differential equation is the
    power (exponent) or the index that its highest ordered
    derivative is raised, if the equation is rationalized or
    cleared of fractions with regard to the dependent variable
    and its derivatives involve in it.
    Introduction Definition and Examples of Differential Equation Classification of Differential Equations

    Linearity: The conditions for a linear differential


    equation are as follows:
    1 The dependent variable and all its derivatives occur only
    in the first degree (or to the first power).
    2 No product of the dependent variable, say y , and/or any
    of its derivatives present
    3 No transcendental function (trigonometric, logarithmic
    or exponential) of the dependent variable and/or its
    derivatives occurs.

    Example:
    1 3x 2 y ” + 2 ln(x)y 0 + e x y = 3x cos x.
    This is a second order linear ordinary differential equation
    2 4yy 000 − x 3 y 0 + cos y = e 2x .
    This is not a linear differential equation because of the
    4yy 000 and the cos y term
    Introduction Definition and Examples of Differential Equation Classification of Differential Equations

    A linear differential equation is always in the first degree


    of the dependent variable.

    Try
    For each of the following, state whether the equations are
    ordinary or partial, linear or non-linear, and give its order and
    degree.
    d 2y
    1 + kx 2 = 0
    dx 2
    ∂ 2v ∂ 2v ∂ 2v
    2 + + =0
    ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
    3 y 0 + p(x)y = q(x)
    ∂ 2w 2
    2∂ w
    4 = a
    ∂t 2 ∂x 2
    Introduction Definition and Examples of Differential Equation Classification of Differential Equations

    Solution to a DE

    Definition
    A solution of a differential equation is any function, say φ,
    satisfying the given differential equation on a specified interval,
    I.

    Example 1:
    The function φ = A cos x + B sin x is a solution of the
    d 2φ
    differential equation + φ = 0.
    dx 2
    Introduction Definition and Examples of Differential Equation Classification of Differential Equations

    Solution

    φ = A cos x + B sin x
    dφ
    = −A sin x + B cos x
    dx
    d 2φ
    = −A cos x − B sin x
    dx 2
    d 2φ
    =⇒ + φ = (−A cos x − B sin x) + (A cos x + B sin x) = 0
    dx 2
    Introduction Definition and Examples of Differential Equation Classification of Differential Equations

    Example 2:
    1
    Show that y = is a solution of y 0 + 2xy 2 = 0 0n
    x2 − 1
    I = (−1, 1) but not on any larger interval containing I .

    Solution:

    1 −2x
    y= =⇒ y 0 = 2
    ,
    x2 −1 (x − 1)2
     2
    0 2 −2x 1
    y + 2xy = 2 +2 2 = 0.
    (x − 1)2 x −1
    Introduction Definition and Examples of Differential Equation Classification of Differential Equations

    Exercise

    1 Show that y = ln x is a solution of xy 00 + y 0 = 0 on


    I = (0, ∞) but is not a solution on I = (−∞, ∞)
    2 Prove that y = e −x + sin x is a solution of
    d 2y
    + y = 2e −x
    dx 2
    1
    3 Show that the two functions y = (c 2 − x 2 ) 2 and
    1
    −y = (c 2 − x 2 ) 2 are both solutions of the equation
    dy
    x +y = 0, −c < x < c.
    dx
    Introduction Definition and Examples of Differential Equation Classification of Differential Equations

    Initial-value and Boundary-value Problems

    Initial-Value Problem is the differential equation along


    with subsidiary conditions on the unknown function and
    its derivatives, all given at the same value of the
    independent variable. The subsidiary conditions are initial
    conditions.
    Boundary-Value Problem is the differential equation along
    with subsidiary conditions on the unknown function and
    its derivatives, which are given at more than one value of
    the independent variable. The subsidiary conditions are
    boundary conditions.
    Introduction Definition and Examples of Differential Equation Classification of Differential Equations

    Worked Example:
    y = c1 e −x + c2 e 3x is a general solution of the differential
    equation: y 00 − 2y 0 + 3y = 0. Determine the particular
    solution of the initial solution of the initial conditions y = 3
    and x = 0 and y 0 = 4 when x = 0.
    Solution:

    y (0) = 3, y 0 (0) = 4
    let y = c1 e −x + c2 e 3x when x = 0, y = 3
    =⇒ 3 = c1 e (0) + c2 e 3(0) = c1 + c2
    y 0 = −c1 e −x + 3c2 e 3x when x = 0, y 0 = 4,
    =⇒ 4 = c1 e (0) + 3c2 e 3(0)
    5 7
    =⇒ 4 = −c1 + 3c2 , thus c1 = and c2 =
    4 4
    Introduction Definition and Examples of Differential Equation Classification of Differential Equations

    THANK YOU

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