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    1. The document summarizes the key anatomical structures of the female pelvis and fetal skull relevant to childbirth. It describes the bones that make up the pelvis, measurements of pelvic diameters, and four pelvic types. 2. It also outlines the structures of the fetal skull, including cranial bones, sutures, fontanels, and important diameters that must fit through the birth canal. 3. Molding of the fetal skull and changes in fetal position that reduce diameters are described as mechanisms to ease passage through the birth canal.

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    Trans 1

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    1. The document summarizes the key anatomical structures of the female pelvis and fetal skull relevant to childbirth. It describes the bones that make up the pelvis, measurements of pelvic diameters, and four pelvic types. 2. It also outlines the structures of the fetal skull, including cranial bones, sutures, fontanels, and important diameters that must fit through the birth canal. 3. Molding of the fetal skull and changes in fetal position that reduce diameters are described as mechanisms to ease passage through the birth canal.

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    1. The document summarizes the key anatomical structures of the female pelvis and fetal skull relevant to childbirth. It describes the bones that make up the pelvis, measurements of pelvic diameters, and four pelvic types. 2. It also outlines the structures of the fetal skull, including cranial bones, sutures, fontanels, and important diameters that must fit through the birth canal. 3. Molding of the fetal skull and changes in fetal position that reduce diameters are described as mechanisms to ease passage through the birth canal.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    12 views4 pages

    Trans 1

    Uploaded by

    Honey Vargas
    1. The document summarizes the key anatomical structures of the female pelvis and fetal skull relevant to childbirth. It describes the bones that make up the pelvis, measurements of pelvic diameters, and four pelvic types. 2. It also outlines the structures of the fetal skull, including cranial bones, sutures, fontanels, and important diameters that must fit through the birth canal. 3. Molding of the fetal skull and changes in fetal position that reduce diameters are described as mechanisms to ease passage through the birth canal.

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    of 4

    Components of Labor Process -Sacral Promontory – marked projection

    formed by the junction of the last lumbar


    1. Passage vertebrae with the sacrum
    2. Passenger
    3. Powers Coccyx
    4. Psyche -triangle shaped and last part of the spinal
    column
    1. The Passage
    - - refers to the route the fetus Articulations/ Joints of the pelvis that have
    must travel from the uterus obstetrical importance:
    through the cervix and vagina
    and to the external perineum. -Sacroiliac Articulation
    - -Soft passage -Symphisis pubis
    - -Hard passage - Pelvis -Sacrococcygeal Articulation

    2. The Pelvis } 2 Division of Pelvis


    - the cavity that contains the Linea Terminalis – imaginary
    generative organs and as the line that divide the 2 divisions of pelvis
    canal (birth canal) through which ◦ False Pelvis
    the fetus must pass during birth – upper part
    – supports the uterus
    Pelvis is made up of 4 united bones: during late pregnancy
    -Two Innominate Bones or hipbones – Directs the fetus into
    Divided into 3 parts: the true pelvis at the
    Ilium – upper extended part; broader proper time
    part is called iliac crest ◦ True Pelvis
    Ischium – under part – Lower part that forms
    Pubis – front part the bony canal
    through which the
    fetus must pass
    during childbirth
    ◦ 3 Parts of True Pelvis
    ◦ Pelvic inlet/Brim – a ridge
    that is continues from sacral
    promontory and extending
    along the ilium on each side
    in circular fashion
    – Narrowest from back
    Sacrum to front (AP)
    -wedge shape that forms back part of the – Widest from side to
    pelvis. Formed by fusion of 5 sacral side (Transverse)
    vertebrae ◦ Pelvic Outlet – space
    bounded in from by the
    symphisis pubis and the - Transversely oval
    pubic arc, at the side by the - MEASUREMENT:
    ischial tuberosities and - Inlet
    behind the coccyx - 1. Diagonal conjugate
    – Narrowest from side - - the distance
    to side (T) between the anterior surface
    – Widest from back to of the sacral promontory and the
    front (AP) anterior surface of the
    ◦ Pelvic Cavity – space between the symphysis pubis
    inlet and the outlet - - suggests the AP
    ◦ Level of the ischial spine diameter of the pelvic inlet
    marks the midpoint or - - narrowest diameter
    midplane of the pelvis at this level
    - - >12.5cm

    FOUR PELVIC TYPES


    A. Gynecoid
    B. Android
    C. Anthropoid
    D. Platypelloid

    A. Gynecoid-
    Normal female pelvis
    Well-rounded
    Spines not prominent
    True Conjugate:
    Pubic arch wide
    - measurement between the anterior
    surface of the sacral prominence and
    B. Anthropoid
    posterior surface of the inferior margin of
    longer front-to-back.
    the symphysis pubis
    Anterior-Posterior (AP) diameter >
    - actual diameter of the pelvic inlet
    Transverse diameter
    - 10. 5 to 11 cm
    Ape-like pelvis
    - True conjugate = diagonal
    conjugate – 1.2 to 2 cm
    C. Android
    Transverse diameter = 13.5 cm
    - android pelvis is rather triangular,
    Right and left oblique diameter = 12.75 cm
    pointing towards the mother’s front
    - male pelvis
    Outlet
    - Heart shaped
    -Ischial tuberosity
    - Pubic arch - narrow
    - distance between the
    ischial tuberosities
    D. Platypelloid
    - made at medial and lowermost
    - Rarest
    aspect of the ischial tuberosities at the level
    - Flat pelvis
    of the anus
    - The brim is wider side-to-side
    - transverse diameter of the outlet > 1 – occipital (area over
    - narrowest diameter at this level occipital bone – occiput)
    - 11 cm 2. at the base of the cranium
    > 2 – temporal
    True Conjugate: > 1 – sphenoid
    - measurement between the anterior > 1 – ethmoid
    surface of the sacral prominence and
    posterior surface of the inferior margin of
    the symphysis pubis
    - actual diameter of the pelvic inlet
    - 10. 5 to 11 cm
    - True conjugate = diagonal
    conjugate – 1.2 to 2 cm
    Transverse diameter = 13.5 cm
    Right and left oblique diameter = 12.75 cm Suture Lines/ suture
    1. Sagittal suture – between 2 parietal
    bones
    2. Frontal suture – between 2 frontal
    bones
    3. Coronal sutures – between the frontal
    and parietal bones
    4. Lambdoid suture - between the parietal
    and occipital bones

    1. The Passenger
    -Head - most important part of the fetus
    because it is,
    1. the largest
    2. least compressible
    -Head should assume different positions as
    it passes the birth canal in order to present MOLDING
    its smallest diameter and encounter least -overlapping of the cranial bones to reduce
    resistance the size of fetal head
    -common in sagittal and coronal sutures
    Structure of the Fetal skull -lasts only one to two days after birth
    } Cranium comprises of eight bones -little molding if brow presentation
    1. superior bones -no molding if breech
    > 1 – frontal (area over
    frontal bone – sinciput) Fontanelles
    > 2 – parietal -membrane covered spaces located
    between intersection of the suture lines
    1. Anterior fontanelle or bregma
    - intersection of sagittal,
    coronal and frontal suture
    - AP: 3- 4 cm ; Transverse: 2 –
    3 cm
    - Diamond shaped
    - Closes between 12 to 18
    months

    Posterior Fontanelles
    -intersection between sagittal and
    lambdoidal suture
    -triangular in shape
    -2 cm
    -closes by 2 to 3 months
    -Location of the fontanelles
    (assessed through IE) gives information
    regarding position and presentation of the
    feus
    -Vertex – the space between the
    two fontanelles

    Diameters of the Fetal Head


    -AP diameter > transverse diameter
    -Fetal head should present the
    smaller diameter to the smaller diameter of
    the maternal pelvis
    Transverse diameter
    1. Biparietal diameter - largest
    diameter that must be presented to the
    pelvic inlet AP diameter and at the
    transverse diameter of the outlet.
    2. Bitemporal diameter = 8 cm
    3. Bimastoid diameter = 7 cm

    AP Diameter
    -depends where the diameter is taken
    SUBOCCIPITOBREGMATIC
    - inferior aspect of the occiput to the
    center of the anterior fontanelle
    - smallest AP diameter presented
    when fetus is fully flexed
    - 9.5 cm

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