Politics

Politics
- the activities associated with the governance of a country or other area, especially
the debate or conflict among individuals or parties having or hoping to achieve
power.
The Science of Politics
1. It is the basic knowledge and understanding of the state and the principles and ideals
which underlie its organization and activities.
2. It is primarily concerned with the association of human being into body politic or in
political community.
3. It deals with those relations among men and groups which are subject to control by
the state with the relations of men and groups to the state itself and the relations of
the state to another state.
Stages in the Study of Political Science
1. Religious Stage – the government, its leaders and laws was considered as divine or
divinely inspired.
2. Metaphysical Stage – the state was considered as a human institution, and it is,
therefore, absolute (cannot be changed).
3. Modern Stage – the state was deemed capable of being improved by rulers and
subjects according to certain principles and laws.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE (United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization - UNESCO)
1. RULE OF LAW -means to say that good governance, manifested through the
impartiality of fair legal framework such as the promotion of a full protection of
human rights and dignity especially those members of minorities.
2. TRANSPARENCY - is government's obligation to share information with citizens that
is needed to make informed decisions and hold officials accountable for the conduct
of the people's business. Transparency exists on government websites largely at the
munificence of officials.
3. RESPONSIVENESS – requires that institutions and processes try to serve all
stakeholders within a reasonable timeframe.
4. CONSENSUS ORIENTED - ensures that the existing systems serve the best interests
of society. This may be one of the most difficult principles, as any action or policy is
likely to affect different groups in society in different and often opposing ways.
5. EFFECTIVENESS & EFFICIENCY - The main strategy of having effective and efficient
governance is to relate to the functioning of the public sector focused on
accountability and scrutiny. The second part relates to the performance of the public
sector on the connection between policy and implementation.
6. ACCOUNTABILITY - is equated with answerability, blameworthiness, liability, and
the expectation of account-giving. As in an aspect of governance, it has been central
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to discussions related to problems in the public sector, nonprofit and private
(corporate) and individual contexts.
What is the political ideology good governance?
The concept centers on the responsibility of governments and governing bodies to meet
the needs of the masses as opposed to select groups in society.
INTELLECTUAL COMPONENTS OF AN IDEOLOGY
1. Values - An ideology is a set of opinions or beliefs of a group or an individual.

Very often ideology refers to a set of political beliefs or a set of ideas that
characterize a particular culture.
2. The vision of the Ideal Polity - an ideal theory is a theory which specifies the
optimal societal structure based on idealized assumptions and normative
theory. It stems from the assumption that citizens are fully compliant to a state which
enjoys favorable social conditions, which makes it unrealistic in character.
3. The conception of human nature - a concept that denotes the fundamental
dispositions and characteristics—including ways of thinking, feeling, and acting—that
humans are said to have naturally.
4. The strategy of Action - Strategy is the art of planning the best way to gain an
advantage or achieve success, especially in war./ Human action is something that
people do or cause to happen.
5. Political Tactics - The political tactics are subset of political behavior that is used by a
social actor for influencing other social actors to earn self-interests.
What are the Tactics used in Organization politics?
1. Social Exchanges- It is the type of tactic use by lots of Organizations

2. Selective service- ...
3. Power and status symbols-
4. Identification with higher authority-
5. Control of information-
6. Networking-
7. Power plays a vital role-
8. Self-enhancement in organizational politics
IDEOLOGIES
1. Liberalism - is a political and economic doctrine that emphasizes individual
autonomy, equality of opportunity, and the protection of individual rights
(primarily to life, liberty, and property), originally against the state and later
against both the state and private economic actors, including businesses.
Set of Values & Beliefs of Liberalism

1. Individualism - the idea that freedom of thought and action for each
person is the most important quality of a society, rather than shared
effort and responsibility.
2. Freedom - the absence of necessity, coercion, or constraint in choice or
action. : liberation from slavery or restraint or from the power of another
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: independence. : the quality or state of being exempt or released
usually from something onerous. freedom from care.
3. Reason - a statement or fact that explains why something is the way it
is, why someone does, thinks, or says something, or why someone
behaves a certain way.
4. Justice - the quality of being just; righteousness, equitableness, or
moral rightness. to uphold the justice of a cause. rightfulness or
lawfulness, as of a claim or title; justness of ground or reason. to
complain with justice.
5. Toleration - the practice of tolerating something, in particular differences of
opinion or behavior.
2. Conservatism - is a cultural, social, and political philosophy that seeks to promote

and to preserve traditional institutions, practices, and values.
3. Socialism - a political and economic theory of social organization
which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be
owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
Socialism is a social and economic doctrine that calls for public rather than
private ownership or control of property and natural resources. According to the
socialist view, individuals do not live or work in isolation but live in cooperation with
one another.
4. Social Democracy - has been described as the evolutionary form of
democratic socialism that aims to gradually and peacefully achieve socialism
through established political processes rather than social revolution as
advocated by revolutionary socialists.
5. Communism - is a political and economic ideology that positions itself in
opposition to liberal democracy and capitalism, advocating instead for a
classless system in which the means of production are owned communally
and private property is nonexistent or severely curtailed.
What are the 5 main characteristics of communism?

 Classless society:
 Common ownership of all resources:
 Private property:
 Social equality:
 Against democracy:
6. Fascism - a way of organizing a society in which a government ruled by a dictator
controls the lives of the people and in which people are not allowed to disagree with
the government.
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Politics - : United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

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1. Values - An ideology is a set of opinions or beliefs of a group or an individual.

1. Social Exchanges- It is the type of tactic use by lots of Organizations

Set of Values & Beliefs of Liberalism

2. Conservatism - is a cultural, social, and political philosophy that seeks to promote

What are the 5 main characteristics of communism?

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