LAW ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATION AND

ADMINISTRATION INTER-AGENCY APPROACH

PROF. KAROLINA ERIKA A. BUTED, RCRIM,

CCS
OTHER PRINCIPLES OF POLICE
ORGANIZATION
Grouping of Similar Task

Tasks, similar or related in purpose, process, method, or clientele, should be

grouped together in one or more units under the control of one person.
Whenever, practicable, every function of the police force shall be assigned
to a unit.
´ According to Function - The force should be organized primarily
according to the nature of the basis to be performed. It should be
divided into groups so that similar and related duties may be assigned
to each.

´ According to Time Frame - The elements are divided into many shifts or
watches according to the time of the day. This is the most elementary
form of police organization. Any large functional unit can also be
organized according to time if the demand exists.
´ According to Place of Work - A territorial distribution of a platoon,
accomplished by assigning patrolman on beats, is necessary to
facilitate the direction and control of the officers and to ensure suitable
patrol service at every point with in the jurisdiction. Patrolman on street
duty is usually under the supervision of a patrol sergeant. When the
number of patrolmen is great, it may be desirable to divide them into
squads assigned to specific sectors of jurisdiction, with a sergeant in
charge of each squad.

´ According to Level of Authority -A police department is always divided

according to the level of authority. Example, there will be some
patrolmen, sergeants, some lieutenants, some captains, and so on.
Vertical combinations of superior officers, with each rank at a different
level of authority from any other, from channels through which
operations may be directed and controlled can be adopted in certain
cases to ensure coordination.
Specialization Based on Need

´ Specialized units should be created only when overall

departmental capability is thus significantly increased.

´ Specialization is a principle of organization which is the result

of the division of the force into separate units. The degree of
specialization is determined by the size and sophistication of
the department and by the extent to which unit has exclusive
responsibility for the performance of each group of the
operational task.
ELEMENTS OF MANAGEMENT

Authority – is the right to command and control the behavior of

employees in lower positions within an organizational hierarchy. A
particular position within an organization carries the same regardless
of who occupies that position.

Responsibility – means that the management shall be held

accountable for whatever result that may arise in the exercise of
authority. Thus, responsibility limits the exercise of one’s authority.

Command Responsibility -is the doctrine that imposes

commensurate accountability to one who is vested with
management and leadership functions.
Police Productivity and Managerial Performance
´ An effective police manager must be concerned with the productivity of
police work teams and their members. Productivity means the summary of
measures of the quantity and quality of police work performance achieved,
with resource utilization considered.

´ Good police managers establish and support the conditions needed to

ensure high productivity for themselves, for individual contributors, for their
work units, and for the organization as a whole. This involves a commitment to
the accomplishment of two different, but complimentary, police
performance outcomes:

´ Police Effectiveness, which measures whether or not important task goals are
being attained
´ Police Efficiency, which measures how well resources are being utilized.
MANAGEMENT PROCESSES

The management process involves Planning – Organizing – Leading – Controlling

the use of organizational resources to achieve high performance results.

´ Planning – is the process of setting performance objectives and identifying

the actions needed to accomplish them.
´ Organizing – is the process of dividing the work to be done and coordinating
results to achieve a desired purpose.
´ Leading – is the process of directing and coordinating the work efforts of
other people to help them accomplish important task.
´ Controlling – is the process of monitoring performance, comparing results to
objectives and taking corrective action as necessary.
Police Managerial Activities and Roles

Interpersonal Roles – working directly with other people

´ Figurehead – hosting and attending official ceremonies
´ Leadership – creating enthusiasm and serving people’s needs
´ Liaison – maintaining contacts with important people and groups

Informational Roles –exchange information with other people

´ Monitor – seeking out relevant information
´ Disseminator – sharing information with insiders
´ Spokesperson – sharing information with outsiders

Decisional Roles – make decisions that affect other people

´ Entrepreneur – seeking problems to solve and opportunities to explore
´ Disturbance handler – helping to resolve conflicts
´ Resource Allocator – allocating resources to various uses
´ Negotiator – negotiating with other parties
 THE FOUNDATIONS OF POLICE
ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT
CLASSICAL APPROACH
The three primary areas in the development of the classical approach are:

Scientific Management (Frederick Taylor, 1856-1915)

´ Scientific Management sought to discover the best method of performing

specific task. Based on his studies, Taylor believed that if workers were taught
the best procedures, with pay tied to output, they would produce the
maximum amount of work.

´ With respect to this philosophy, the role of management changed abruptly

from the earlier use of the “rule of the thumb” to a more scientific approach,
including scientifically selecting, training, and developing workers, and
ensuring that all the work would be done in accordance with scientific
principles, thus scientific management strongly adhered to the formal
organization structure and its rules.
Bureaucratic Management (Max Weber, 1864-1920)

´ The concept of Bureaucracy is generally associated with the work of Max

Weber, who was the major contributor to modern sociology.

´ He studied the effect of social change in Europe at the end of the 19th
Century and coined the term BUREAUCRACY to identify the complex
organizations that operated on a rational basis.

´ Weber believed that such an approach was a means of lessening the

cruelty, nepotism, and subjective managerial practices common in the early
stages of the Industrial Revolution.
 Characteristics of Bureaucratic Organization

´ Division of labor based on a specified sphere of competence

´ Hierarchy of authority where its lower office is under the control
and supervision of a higher one.
´ Specified set of rules applied uniformly throughout the
organization
´ Maintenance of interpersonal relationships, because rational
decisions can only be made objectively and without emotions
´ Selection and promotion based on competence, not on
irrelevant considerations
Administrative Management - It emphasizes broad administrative principles
applicable to higher levels within the organization.
Henri Fayol (1841-1945) – in his most influential work “Industrial and General
Management”, 14 principles of efficient management was identified.

´ Division of Work - work specialization can increase efficiency with the

same amount of effort.
´ Authority and Responsibility – authority includes the right to command and
the power to require obedience; one can not have authority without
responsibility.
´ Discipline – Discipline is necessary for an organization to function
effectively, however, the state of the disciplinary process depends upon
the quality of its leaders.
´ Unity of Command - employee should receive orders from one superior
only.
´ Unity of Direction – there should be one manager and one plan for a
group of activities that have the same objective.
´ Subordination of individual interest to general interest – the interest of one
employee or group of employees should not take precedence over those
of the organization as a whole.
´ Remuneration of Personnel – compensation should be fair to
both the employee and the employer.
´ Centralization – the proper amount of centralization depends
on the situation. The objective is to pursue the optimum
utilization of the capabilities of personnel
´ Scalar Chain – the hierarchy of authority is the order of ranks
from the highest to the lowest levels of the organization.
Besides this vertical communication should also be encourage
as long as the managers is in the chain are kept informed.
´ Order – materials and human resources should be in the right
place at the right time; individuals should be in jobs or position
that suits them.
´ Equity – employees should be treated with kindness and
justice
´ Stability of personnel tenure - an employee needs time
to adjust to a new job and reach a point of satisfactory
performance; high turnover should be avoided.
´ Initiative – the ability to conceive and execute a plan
(through initiative and freedom) should be encouraged
and developed throughout all levels of the organization.
´ Espirit de Corps –“union” Unity is strength; Harmony and
teamwork are essential to effective organizations.
Gulick and Urwick (1920-1937) - Pioneers of “The Science of a
Administration” (1937). In this book, they have described the
major functions of administration using the acronym POSDCRB.

´ Planning – working out in broad outline the things that need to

be done and the methods for doing them to accomplish the
purpose set for the enterprise.
´ Organizing – establishment of the formal structure of authority
through which work subdivisions are arranged, defined, and
coordinated for the define objective.
´ Staffing – personnel function of bringing in and out training the
staff and maintaining the staff the favorable conditions of
work. Filling the organization with the right people and right
position.
´ Directing – task of making decisions and embodying them in
specific and general orders and instructions and serving as the
leader of the enterprise
´ Coordinating - the all-important duty of interrelating the various
parts of the work.
´ Reporting – is keeping those to whom the executive is
responsible informed as to what is going on, which thus includes
keeping himself and his subordinates informed through records
research and inspection.
´ Budgeting – with all that goes of budgeting in the form of fiscal
planning, accounting, and control
HUMAN RELATIONS APPROACH

Elton Mayo (the Hawthorne study)

´ The results of Hawthorne experiment contradicted the

traditional views of management emphasized by the classical
theorists and led to the behavioral approach emphasizing
concern for the workers. The study suggests that when special
attention is paid to employees by management, productivity is
likely to increase regardless of changes in working conditions.
This phenomenon was labeled the “Hawthorne effect”.
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE APPROACH
In order to be classified as behavioral science, a field must:

´ Deal with human behavior

´ Study its subject matter in a scientific manner

The behavioral science approach utilizes scientific method as

the foundation for testing and developing theories about
human behavior in organizations that can be used to guide
and develop managerial policies and practices.
Contributors to this approach are:

´ Abraham Maslow (Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory) - 1940’s

– see discussion on Motivation Theories

´ D. McGregor (McGregor’s Theory X and Y)

Theory X assumes that people have little ambition, dislike work,
and must be coerced in order to perform satisfactorily. Theory Y
assumes that people do not inherently dislike work and if properly
rewarded, especially satisfying esteem and self actualization
needs, will perform well on the job.
Theory X Assumptions
´ The average person inherently dislikes work and will try to avoid it
´ Most people must be coerced, controlled, directed, and threatened with
punishment to get them to work towards organizational goals
´ The average person prefers to be directed, wants to avoid responsibility, has
relatively little ambition, and seeks security above all.

Theory Y Assumptions
´ Work, whether physical or mental, is as natural as play or rest, and most people do
not inherently dislike it
´ External control and threat of punishment are not the only means of bringing
about effort toward organizational goals, people will exercise self-direction and
self-control when they are committed
´ Commitment to goals is a function of the rewards made available
´ An average person learns, under proper conditions, not only to accept but to
seek responsibility
´ Ability to exercise a high degree of creativity in the solution of problems
Theory X and Y: Importance to the Police Manager
´ Police managers who believe in theory X will set up strict controls and
attempt to motivate workers strictly through economic incentives.
Employees are most likely to respond in an immature manner that
reinforces the manager’s assumption.

´ By contrast, police managers who believe in theory Y will treat employees

in a mature way by minimizing controls, encouraging creativity and
innovation and attempt to make work more satisfying high order needs.

´ Extensive researches (like those of Likert, 1967) has concluded that

managerial system should shift to Theory Y assumptions to make better of
human resources and enhance both the effectiveness and efficiency of
organizations. This approach help managers to develop a broader
perspective on workers and the work environment, especially regarding
alternative ways of interacting with police officers and of recognizing the
potential impact of higher level needs in job performance.
CONTEMPORARY APPROACH
This is the movement towards quality management.
Theorists have incorporated the influences of the behavioral
science and other earlier school of thoughts.

´ The System Theory - It simply means that all parts of a system

are interrelated and interdependent to form the whole. A
system is composed of elements or subsystems that are
related and dependent upon one another. When these
subsystems are in interaction with one another, they form a
unitary whole.
´ The Contingency Theory – This approach recognizes that many
internal and external environmental variables affect organizational
behavior. In this case, there is no best way for structuring and
managing diverse types of organizations. So the underlying theme
of this theory is that it all depends on a particular situation. The task
of managers then is to determine in which situations and at what
times certain methods or techniques are the most effective. In this
way, the approach is more pragmatic although it encompasses
relevant concepts of both classical and behavioral theories.

´ Theory Z and Quality Management - Important emerging

perspectives include Theory Z and Quality Management, focused
on the Japanese management practices. The emergence of Total
Quality Management (TQM) practices – a customer oriented
approach and emphasizes on both human resources and
quantitative methods in an attempt to strive towards continuous
improvement.
POLICE MOTIVATION

´ Police organizations are replete with stories of organizational

restructuring and re-engineering. As a common trend in these
stories are retrenchments or rightsizing (in police parlance are
called attrition) as sometimes called. The direct outcome is
that employees are expected to ‘do more with less’ and the
creation of an atmosphere of uncertainty, insecurity, and fear
of future retrenchment. For this, it is difficult to sustain high
levels of employee commitment and loyalty. Thus, the
challenge is to rebuild high loyalty and commitment for high
level of performance.
What are the Motivation theories?

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory

´ Bernstein, et al (1991) offered that at any time, many motives

might guide a person’s behavior. What determines which
ones will? Abraham Maslow has given a perspective that
addresses this question. He suggested basic classes of needs,
or motives, influencing human behavior. These motives are
organized in a hierarchy.

´ Abraham Maslow has suggested that human needs form a

hierarchy from the most basic biological requirements to the
needs for self-actualization – the highest of all needs.
The pyramidal structures of human needs from the bottom to the top of the
hierarchy, the levels of needs or motive according to Maslow, are:

´ Biological or Physiological Needs – these motives include the need for food,
water, oxygen, activity, and sleep.
´ Safety Needs – these pertain to the motives of being cared for and being
secured such as in income and place to live.
´ Love/Belongingness – Belongingness is integration into various kinds of social
groups or social organizations. Love needs means need for affection.
´ Cognitive Needs – our motivation for learning and exploration
´ Esteem Needs – our motivation for an honest, fundamental respect for a
person as a useful and honorable human being.
´ Aesthetic Needs - our motivation for beauty and order
´ Self- actualization – pertains to human total satisfaction, when people are
motivated not so much by unmet needs, as by the desire to become all they
are capable of (self-realization).
Aldefer’s ERG Theory
´Clayton Aldefer has developed the ERG theory which is a
modification of the Maslow’s theory. ERG theory
categorizes needs into Existence, Relatedness and Growth
needs.
According to Aldefer:
´Existence Needs – are desires for physiological and
material well-being
´Relatedness Needs – are desires for satisfying
interpersonal relationships
´Growth Needs – are desires for continued personal
growth and development.
McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory
´ David McClelland identified three types of acquired needs. These are:

´ Need for Achievement – the desire to do something better or

more efficiently, to solve problems, or to master complex task.
´ Need for Affiliation – the desire to establish and maintain friendly
and warm relations with others
´ Need for Power – the desire to control others, to influence their
behavior, or to be responsible for others.

´ McClelland’s view is that these three needs are acquired over

time, as a result of life experiences. People are motivated by
these needs, each of which can be associated with individual
work preferences.
History of Law Enforcement
What is Law Enforcement?
= term used to define the act of enforcing the law
= Pertains to an organization responsible for enforcing the laws.
= The collective term for professionals who are dedicated to
upholding and enforcing the laws and statutes that are currently
in force in a given jurisdiction.

Etymology of the term Police

= the term police originated from the Greek word politeia,
which means ‘civil organization or Government of the City’ and
the Romans slightly changed the word to politia which means
conditions of the state or government . The French changed the
word to police to call those people authorized to implement the
law
 The Evolution of Police and Law Enforcement

 Police is the agency of a community or government that is

responsible for maintaining public order and preventing and
detecting crime. The idea of the police force as a protective
and law enforcement organization developed from the use of
military bodies as guardians of the peace, such as the
Praetorian Guard of ancient Rome.

 The Praetorian Guard is composed of Roman soldiers or

centurions carefully selected by the commander of the city
under the authority of Emperor Augustus Ceasar. The Romans
achieved a high level of law enforcement, which remained in
effect until the decline of the empire and the onset of the
Middle Ages. Beginning in the 15th century, policing became a
task of the heads of kingdoms and principalities.
Police in the Ancient Time

 In recorded history, we can find many documents and archeological finds that
insinuate a form of organized police. For example, a clay tablet used by the
ancient Babylonian dated, around 2000 BC, contains a report from a
Babylonian officer to his superiors notifying them that he had proceeded to the
man’s house as ordered, arrested him, taken his fingerprints and then taken
control of his property.
 Around the same date, the discovery in the Indus valley revealed not only that
this city had sewers and a bathroom in each house, but that there are special
“watch-houses” which were used by policemen whose duty it was to patrol the
streets and maintain order.

 In both the Old Testament (Song of Solomon, Isaiah and Jeremiah) and the
New Testament (Matthew and John), we find references to “watchmen” whose
duty it was to protect the city and arrest offenders.
 The hieroglyphics of the ancient Egyptians indicates that they had
police officers. They had special flag with its distinctive emblem, a
gazelle with a large ostrich feather attached to its neck. There was
a constant for some type of protective police patrol because of the
great treasures hidden in the many tombs. It was in this regard that
the Egyptians became the first people to use police dogs on patrol.
They also invented the lock.

 The police were civilians called “medjay” and headed by an

Egyptian military officer.

 Augustus, just before the time of Christ, formed the “Vigiles” of

Rome, a group of over two thousand men, armed with staves and
shortsword, whose duty was to keep the peace and fight fires.
Police in the Middle Ages

 In the early Middle Ages (a period from the 5th Century A.D. to
about 1350), a system of mutual protection was developed
called the “Frankpledge”. Under this system, a community
was divided into tithings or groups of 10 men, each member
of which was responsible for the conduct of the other
members of his group and for the assurance that a member
charged with a breach of the law would be produced at
court.

 This system has in some ways prevailed in the British military. If

one man makes a mistake, the whole group to which he
belongs is punished.
England

 In England, each petty kingdom was divided into shires or counties.

Each shire was the responsibility of a “Reeve”, later called the Sheriff,
who in turn was responsible to their King for law and order in his
respective district. Each Shire was broken down into Hundreds (100
households) headed by a Hundredman, later known as a High
Constable. Each hundred was further broken down into Tythings (10
families) headed by a Tythingman or Chief Tythingman who was
elected by the group, later on replaced by the Constable in the 12th
century. He served as constable and judge.

 Another form of police protection used at the end of this era was for
each able bodied man to serve so much time patrolling the town at
night as a “Watchman.” Later, it was required that they call out the time
and weather on the hour.
The Hue and Cry - It was an ancient Saxon practice that the invaders
brought over to England. The horn, the oldest known warning device
in history, was sounded when a person committed a crime, or a felon
escaped, and it was detected. When they hear this, they raised a
cry, sounded their horns, and by law had to lay aside their work and
join their pursuit. If they failed to join, they were considered to have
taken the part of the escaping person and would be arrested. The law
stated that pursuit of the fugitive must continue until he was caught or
reached the sea.

Keepers of the Peace - At the end of the 12th Century (1195), King
Richard issued a proclamation entitled “Keepers of the Peace”,
requiring the appointment of knights to keep the King’s Peace. Some
believe that the present “shield” type badge used by some police
departments had its origin with the shield the knights used. They keep
guard at bridges and gates and checking on people leaving and
entering the town.
 Statute of Winchester (Watch and Ward Act) - Near the end of the 13th
Century (1285), the Statute of Winchester enacted the system of
Watch and Ward Act. A watch was stationed between sunset and
sunrise at each gate of a walled town. It revived the Hue and Cry.
Some watches are grouped together for protection and patrolled the
town in “Marching Watches”.

 The Charlies - Near the middle of the 17th Century (1663), King Charles
passed an act which provided in London one thousand Night
Watchmen or bellmen to be on duty from sunset to sunrise and they
were called Charlies. Also referred to by the local citizens as “Shiver
and Shake” watch because they were often old and frail and would
run off if they saw any trouble, or heard a cry for help. They carried
long staves and dimly lit lanterns, and they called out the hour and
weather conditions. Some were not honest and sometimes work for
criminals as lookouts. Because of this ineffectiveness, merchants hired
their own watchman who was known as the “Merchant Police.”
 Bow Street Runners - In 1748, Henry Fielding became the Chief Magistrate at
Bow Street in Middlesex, London. He organized a group of men known as
Bow Street Runners whose task was to run errands for the Bow Street Court.
He later formed The Bow Street Horse Patrol whose duty was to patrol the
main roads thus secure the travelers from highwaymen or highway bandits.
According to some books, Bow Street Runners was the first organized foot
patrol and Bow Street horse Patrol was the first mounted police on patrol.

 The Metropolitan Police - In 1829, Sir Robert Peel introduced the

Metropolitan Police Act and was passed by the English parliament of
England in the same year. This law led to the creation of the Metropolitan
Police Force of London, which is viewed by some historians as the first
organized uniformed police form. This police force was later called
Scotland Yard. Being the sponsor of the law, Peel became the first head of
the police organization thus earning the title of “The Father of Modern
Policing System.”
 The “New Police” by Peel were not well received at first. Oftentimes, they
were referred to as “Peel’s Bloody Gang,” “Blue Devils,” and “Dirty Papists.”
Concepts of Modern Policing (Sir Robert Peel)
 The police should be organized along military lines.
 The police should be place under screening and training.
 The police should be hired on a probationary basis.
 The police should be deployed by time and by area.
 Police headquarters should be accessible to the people.
 Police-Record keeping is essential.
General Concept of Police Service

Old Concept
= Police service gives the impression of being merely a suppressive
machinery. This philosophy advocates that the measurement of police
competence is the increasing number of arrests, throwing offenders in
detention facilities rather than trying to prevent them from committing crimes.
Punishment is the role instrument of crime control-throwing more people to jail
rather than keeping them out of jail.

New or Modern Concept

= Regards police as the first line of defense of the criminal justice system,
an organ of crime prevention. The yardstick of efficiency of the police is the
absence of crime or decreasing number of crimes. Its objective is the welfare
of the people and the society.
THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE

Continental Theory
= Policemen are considered as state or servants of the
higher authority. The people have little or no share of all their
duties, nor any direct connection with the police organization.

Home Rule Theory

= Policemen are considered servants of the community who
depend for the effectiveness of their functions upon the express
wishes of the people. Policemen are civil servants whose key
duty is the preservation of public peace and security.
The Principles of Law Enforcement enunciated by Sir Robert Peel
 Prevention of Crime is the basic mission of the police.
 Police must have the full respect of the citizenry.
 A citizen’s respect for law develops his respect for the police.
 Cooperation of the public decreases as the use of force
increases.
 Police must render impartial enforcement of the law.
 Physical force is used only as a last resort.
 The police are the public and the public are the police.
 The police represent the law.
 The absence of crime and disorder is the test of police efficiency.
France

 The French Police is quite old. During the Roman Empire,

France was the Roman province Gaul, and the French
seemed to expand on Augustus Caesar’s idea of police by
giving them very wide powers including price control, welfare,
public morals, and even sitting in judgment of these offenders.
They (the police) handled duties that today we consider “civil”
matters and their power came directly from the king not from
the community.

 16th Century - Paris had two patrols: The Citizen Night Guard;
(similar to English Watchman) and the Royal Guard which was
probably for the king’s protection. At this time, Saint-Louis
gave the Guard a motto that is even today on the French
police emblem, “Vigilat ut Quiescant” (He watches that they
may sleep).
 End of 18th Century (1791) - The position of “Officers de Paix”
was formed (origin of “Peace Officer”).

 First Police Organization (headed by Louis-Marie Debelleme)-

In truth, the French were the first to establish a group of
uniformed police officers tasked to patrol the city of Paris. This
police force was called ‘Sergent de Ville’ (servant of the city)
which was organized six months earlier before the creation of
Metropolitan Police Force of London.
United States

 In Colonial Times - As former colony of England, it borrowed most

of the system of its country of origin.
Two main trends in law enforcement were:
North – life was more urban oriented, and the Watch or
Constable system seemed to be best suited.
South – development was more rural because of agriculture,
hence, the sheriff system became the trend.
Other pertinent developments:

 Boston, 1636 – formed the first “Night Watch”

 Plymouth, 1634 – first constable
 New York (Dutch colonists), twenty years later – formed the
“Ratelwatch” (rattle watch).
 Philadelphia, at the turn of century – set up a system that
obligated duty where citizens served as Watchmen.
 American watchmen were called “Leathermen” because
they wore varnished leather hats.
Intermediate period – the following were the key events concerning
police and patrol before the modernization of the United States of
America:
 Philadelphia, 1833 – instituted the first daytime, paid police service
 New York, 1844 – organized the first modern American police force
based on the English Metropolitan police.
 In the frontier areas – law enforcement was developed on a local
level without many established rules. Enforcement was aided by the
use of the old legal process “Posse Commitatus” (power of the state
to summon assistance in enforcing the law). To beef up law
enforcement, “Wanted Poster” and “Bounty Hunters” were used.
 San Francisco formed the “Committee of Vigilance” in lieu of an
established police. Their motto: “Fiat Justitia Ruat Coelum” (Heaven
decrees, Let There Be Justice).
 Pendleton Act of 1833 – established civil service for federal
employees.
Modern Period - This period began in the 1920’s with the use of
automobile patrol and voice radio communications.

 World War II – During the war, the following were some of the
events highlighting policing in America:
= Difficulty of getting police personnel.
= However, since many young men joined the military police,
they were stimulated to pursue career in police work.

 GI Bill – required police men to get college education and the

“New Breed” was born.
Philippines
Some Important Dates or Events in Early Policing particularly in
the area of patrol organization (some were already discussed in the
Preliminaries of this book):

 1712 - “Carabineros de Seguridad Publico” was organized for the

purpose of carrying the regulation of the State and was armed
and considered as the Mounted Police.
 Jan. 8, 1836 - “Guardrilleros,” a body of rural police organized in
each town as established by a Royal Decree. (Cuadrilleros)
 Feb. 12, 1852 - “Guardia Civil,” was created by a Royal Decree
issued by the crown to partially relieve the Spanish Peninsular
Troops of their policing towns.
 1901 - Department of Public Instruction was concerned with
peace and order. Gen. Howard Taft became the first Civil
Governor of the Philippine.
 July 18, 1901 - The PC, better known as the Insular Constabulary,
was organized, the first insular police force in the Philippines,
manned mostly by Filipinos but most officers were Americans.
Capt. Henry Allen named as the first Chief of the PC.
 1935 - American Police Force withdrawn with the advent of the
Commonwealth. Capt. Columbus Piatt was the last American
Police Chief in Manila. Col. Antonio C. Torres became the first
Filipino Police Chief
PHILIPPINE POLICING SYSTEM
On January 9, 1901, the Metropolitan Police Force of Manila was organized
pursuant to Act No. 70 of the Taft Commission. This has become the basis for the
celebration of the anniversary of the Manila’s Finest every January 9th.

1. ACT 175 – entitled “An Act Providing for the Organization and Government of an
Insular Constabulary”, established on August 8, 1901.
CAPT. HENRY ALLEN – the first chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1901

2. ACT 183 – enacted on July 13, 1901, created the Manila Police Department.
CAPT GEORGE CURRY the first chief of police of the Manila Police Department in 1901.

3. R.A. 4864 – otherwise known as the Police Act of 1966, enacted on August 8, 1966;
created the Police Commission (POLCOM) as a supervisory agency to oversee the
training and professionalization of the local police forces under the Office of the
President; later POLCOM was renamed into National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM)
Martial Law Period
4. P.D. 765 – otherwise known as the Integration Act of 1975, enacted on
August 8, 1975; established the Integrated National Police (INP) composed of
the Philippine Constabulary (PC) as the nucleus and the integrated local
police forces as components, under the Ministry of National Defense.
-transferred the NAPOLCOM from the Office of the President to the
Ministry of National Defense.
5. R.A. 6975 – otherwise known as the Department of the Interior and Local
Government Act of 1990, enacted on December 13, 1990; reorganized the
DILG and established the Philippine National Police, Bureau of Fire Protection,
Bureau of Jail Management and Penology and the Philippine Public Safety
College.

6. R.A. 8551 – otherwise known as the Philippine National Police Reform and
Reorganization Act of 1998, enacted on February 25, 1998; this law amended
certain provisions of RA 6975.
7. R.A 9263 = Bureau of Fire Protection and the Bureau of Jail
Management and Penology Professionalization Act of 2004,
enacted on March 10, 2004.

8. RA 9708 - law amending the provisions of RA 6975 and RA

8551 on the minimum educational qualification for appointment
to the PNP and adjusting the promotion system; approved on 12
August 2009.
“AN ACT EXTENDING FOR FIVE (5) YEARS THE REGLEMENTARY
PERIOD FOR COMPLYING WITH THE MINIMUM EDUCATIONAL
QUALIFICATION FOR APPOINTMENT TO THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
POLICE (PNP) AND ADJUSTING THE PROMOTION SYSTEM
THEREOF, AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE PERTINENT PROVISIONS
OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6975 AND REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8551 AND
FOR OTHER PURPOSES”
IMPORTANT FILIPINO PERSONALITIES IN THE EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE
POLICING
1. BGEN RAFAEL CRAME
the first Filipino chief of the Philippine Constabulary on December
17, 1917
2. COL ANTONIO TORRES
the first Filipino chief of police of the Manila Police Department in
1935
3. COL LAMBERTO JAVALERA
the first chief of police of the Manila Police Department after the
Philippine Independence from the United States of America in 1946
4. P/DIR GEN CESAR NAZARENO
the first chief of the Philippine National Police
With the outbreak of the Pacific War:

 1939 - The Manila Police Department introduced the bicycle patrol.

 Mar. 17, 1954 - Automobile Patrol was introduced in Metro Manila. Isaias
Alma Jose, the first Chief of mobile patrol of MPD.
 Dec. 8, 1941 - Col. Torres declared manila as an open city.
 Jan. 2, 1941 - The first element of the Japanese Imperial Army entered Manila.
The Japanese Military Police (Kempetai) took Chief Torres in custody and
rounded the members of the Manila police and ordered them to cooperate.
They were held responsible to maintain peace and order. The MPD was
renamed Metropolitan Constabulary under the Supervision of the Bureau of
Constabulary.
 Feb. 7, 1945 - Gen. Douglas McArthur returned to the Philippine. The Battle of
Manila ended. The MPD was reconstituted and placed under American
control. Col. Marcus Ellis Jones became the Chief of Police.