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    1 Introduction

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    MAHLATSE MULALA
    Here are the key steps: - Geometric similarity requires lengths to be scaled by 1:9 - Dynamic similarity requires force ratios to be similar - Gravity is the dominant force - Equating gravitational force in prototype and model: Qmodel/Qprototype = (Lmodel/Lprototype)^(5/2) - Substitute values: Qmodel/1500 = (1/9)^(5/2) Qmodel = 150 m3/s So the required discharge in the 1:9 scale model is 150 m3/s.

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    1 Introduction

    Uploaded by

    MAHLATSE MULALA
    26 views11 pages
    Here are the key steps: - Geometric similarity requires lengths to be scaled by 1:9 - Dynamic similarity requires force ratios to be similar - Gravity is the dominant force - Equating gravitational force in prototype and model: Qmodel/Qprototype = (Lmodel/Lprototype)^(5/2) - Substitute values: Qmodel/1500 = (1/9)^(5/2) Qmodel = 150 m3/s So the required discharge in the 1:9 scale model is 150 m3/s.

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    1.Introduction (2)

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    Here are the key steps: - Geometric similarity requires lengths to be scaled by 1:9 - Dynamic similarity requires force ratios to be similar - Gravity is the dominant force - Equating gravitational force in prototype and model: Qmodel/Qprototype = (Lmodel/Lprototype)^(5/2) - Substitute values: Qmodel/1500 = (1/9)^(5/2) Qmodel = 150 m3/s So the required discharge in the 1:9 scale model is 150 m3/s.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    26 views11 pages

    1 Introduction

    Uploaded by

    MAHLATSE MULALA
    Here are the key steps: - Geometric similarity requires lengths to be scaled by 1:9 - Dynamic similarity requires force ratios to be similar - Gravity is the dominant force - Equating gravitational force in prototype and model: Qmodel/Qprototype = (Lmodel/Lprototype)^(5/2) - Substitute values: Qmodel/1500 = (1/9)^(5/2) Qmodel = 150 m3/s So the required discharge in the 1:9 scale model is 150 m3/s.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 11

    Lecturer: L Lerotholi

    Office: Re114 (RE Block)


    Topic 1: Introduction
    INTRODUCTION
    Units and Dimensions:
    • It is assumed that the student knows the different systems
    of units and thus just needs to refresh their knowledge in
    this area:

    Read through Coulson and Richardson’s Page 1-12

    Summary:
    • Basic quantities: mass (M), length (L) and time (T)
    (this are different for the British system: Force instead
    of mass is used as a basic quantity)
    • Other quantities can be viewed as “derived quantities” e.g.
    dimensions of velocity = LT-1
    dimensions of volume = L3
    dimensions of force = Newton = MLT-2
    Heat is a form of energy (Force × distance) therefore its
    dimensions can be noted as ML2T-2 – However it is better to
    think of it a another separate fundamental quantity, this
    affords more insight into the physical nature of a process

    Temperature , the gradient of which is a measure of the rate


    of transfer of heat, is better viewed as a basic quantity (θ)

    • There are different systems of units:


    - cgs (centimeter, gram, second)
    - SI units (Système Interntional d’Unités) kg, m, s
    - fps system (foot, pound, second)
    - British Engineering Units (foot, pound-force, seconds)

    • It is important for the student to be able to convert from


    one system to the next, although in this course we will
    work with SI units!
    Dimensional Analysis
    • Any equation (functional relation between variables) must be dimensionally consistent

    • It is not possible to add lengths and velocities in an algebraic equation because they have
    different characters

    • If the whole equation is divided by one term in the equation, all terms must therefore be
    dimensionless

    • Dimensionless analysis enables the terms in a function to be grouped into dimensionless


    groups

    • This has the advantage of reducing the amount of variables that have to be changed in
    order to study the physical phenomena (e.g. fluid flow through a pipe)

    • It would otherwise be very time-consuming and tedious to vary all the variables
    independently.

    • The dimensionless groups also have intrinsic physical characters


    𝒖𝟐
    e.g. Fr (Froude Number) = …. Relates the ratio of inertial force to gravity force
    𝒈𝒍
    Also look at Re, Ne, St etc.
    • Dimensional analysis can be used for scale-up
    purposes as one would have identified the
    significant parameters that explain the
    phenomena
    • For a prototype to be similar to a model:
    – Geometric similarity – geometric ratios are similar
    – Dynamic similarity – force ratios are similar
    – Kinematics similarity – velocity ratios are similar
    • In particular when dealing with a flowing fluid
    the Ne number has to be similar (Newton’s
    second law holds in defining the motion of the
    fluid)
    • Scale up processes can
    become very complex
    • A lot of experimental data
    and empirical models are
    necessary to describe the
    functional relationship of
    process variables
    • We will deal with this
    briefly when looking at
    ‘agitation and mixing’
    Simple example
    ANS:
    An irrigation project is to be
    studied by means of a model
    constructed to a characteristic
    length scale of 1:9. Determine
    the rate of flow in the model
    for a prototype discharge of
    1500 m3/s

    Hint:
    • Neglect viscous and surface
    tension.
    • Assume kinetic and
    gravitational effects to be of
    major concern

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