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AN ASSESSMENT OF USERS' PERCEPTION IN THE CALINAN PUBLIC MARKET,

DAVAO CITY: A STUDY OF IMPROVING PUBLIC MARKET DESIGN TO ACHIEVE
USERS' SATISFACTION
Theme:
Built Heritage; Sustainable Development
An Architectural Thesis presented to the
College of Architecture and Fine Arts Education University of Mindanao

Davao City
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in

Architecture
Elmark R. Borado
Bachelor of Science in Architecture

DECEMBER 2023
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Context
1.1.1 Background of the Study
The colonization of Spain and America has impacted the Philippines' urban
planning, and the effects were protected through past trade with the Chinese.
In the Philippines, the term "public market/palengke" is derived from the
Spanish word "palenque," which means "(wooden) palisade or stockade"
(Diccionario, 2009). This area has a vital community institution that provides a
wide range of goods and where people regularly congregate to buy and sell
groceries, livestock, and other items. In many parts of the world, a marketplace
is referred to as a souk, bazaar, stationary Mercado, itinerant tianguis, or
palengke. Public markets were once the heart of every town, but the role of
public markets in society has rapidly changed due to industrialization,
business, competition, and other factors. These magnates, or private
supermarkets or malls, are becoming more popular, and the numbers are
steadily increasing (Pabico, 2016). These public marketplaces have served as a
link between larger communities and their agricultural roots and surroundings.
These unique, community-specific firms are proving especially appealing to
consumers seeking fresh, local items because they focus on promoting locally
produced agricultural and artisanal products (Lochaven, 2011). More than any
other public or civic building, these public markets created a "sense of place."
They now appear in various shapes and settings, with only a few retaining their

original definition. Many public markets today sell a diversified range of goods
owned and operated by various people (Suubi, 2018).
Calinan is Davao City's third congressional district. The Calinan public market
has long been the commerce focus for all local agricultural items from nearby
areas like Wangan, Malagos, Baguio, Lacson, Tamugan, and Marilog. This public
market has long been a culinary tourist destination or supplier of fresh fruits
delivered directly from the farms, such as durian, pineapple, rambutan,
lanzones, and other tropical fruits. It is also one of the top highest-earning
markets in Davao City, along with bangkerohan, agdao, and toril. Furthermore,
it may still have a significant opportunity to outperform. The study aims to
investigate how users perceive the current design of the Calinan Public Market
in Davao City and identify areas for improvement to enhance users'
satisfaction. The study likely involves conducting surveys or interviews with
market users to gather their feedback on the market's layout, functionality,
cleanliness, and other factors that affect their shopping experience. The
study's findings could inform the development of design recommendations or
interventions to improve the market's overall functionality and user experience.
1.2 Statement of the Problem

The Calinan Public Market in Davao City is an essential hub for commerce,
trade, and social interaction. However, concerns about the market's design and
functionality may negatively impact users' satisfaction and experience. Despite
previous efforts to improve the market, there is still a need to assess users'
perceptions and identify areas for improvement to achieve a more satisfactory
market design. Since the public market has existed for a long time, design
elements such as planning arrangement and proper space utilization have long
been neglected in all corners, resulting in deterioration. Also, the rapid increase

in Ambulant vendor merchandise and the excessive informal settling in the

area have undermined the regular operation of market facilities, resulting in the
gradual degradation of the Calinan Public market over time. Public markets in
the Philippines are frequently described as messy, unorganized, and dingy
environments ventilated with a foul odor. These deteriorating conditions,
combined with a lack of supporting facilities, resulted in a sudden drop in the
patronage of public markets (Nedic, 2012). Therefore, this study aims to
investigate users' perceptions of the Calinan Public Market's design and
identify opportunities for improvement to enhance users' satisfaction and
experience.
1.2.1 Problem Questions

How do the existing conditions of the public market affect the users' response
in Calinan, Davao City?
How satisfied are the users with the Public Market Design in terms of (a)
location, (b) size, (c) circulations, (d) landscaping, and (e) parking in Calinan,
Davao City?
How satisfied are the users with the Public Market Utility in terms of (a) water
supply, (b) sewage disposal and drainage, (c) power supply, and (d) fire safety
equipment/facilities in Calinan, Davao City?
1.3 Goals and Objectives

To assess users' response to the existing conditions of the public market in
Calinan, Davao City.
To measure the level of user satisfaction with the Public Market Design in terms
of (a) location, (b) size, (c) circulations, (d) landscaping, and (e) parking in
Calinan, Davao City.

To measure the level of user satisfaction with the Public Market Utility in terms
of (a) water supply, (b) sewage disposal and drainage, (c) power supply, and (d)
fire safety equipment/facilities in Calinan, Davao City.
1.4 Hypothesis/es
1
Null Hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between public market
design and users' satisfaction in the Calinan Public Market, Davao City.
2
Alternative Hypothesis: There is a significant relationship between public
market design and users' satisfaction in the Calinan Public Market, Davao City.
The hypothesis suggests the study will find a significant relationship between
public market design and users' satisfaction in the Calinan Public Market,
Davao City. If the research findings reject the null hypothesis, there is evidence
to support the alternative hypothesis, indicating that improving the public
market's design could enhance user satisfaction.
1.5 Significance of the Study

This study aims to improve the image of the Calinan Public Market, which has a
terrible reputation due to its filthy surroundings and poor public impression. It
also aims to identify areas for improvement in the design of the Calinan Public
Market to enhance users' satisfaction and experience. The results obtained
from this study contribute towards the formulation of practical strategies and
interventions aimed at enhancing various aspects such as functionality, layout,
cleanliness, and other factors that play a crucial role in shaping the overall
shopping experience of users.
Market Users Significance:

The study could help identify opportunities to improve the market's layout and
accessibility, making it easier for users to navigate and find the needed
products. This could save time and increase convenience for market users. It
also helps to identify potential health and safety hazards in the market and
develop strategies to mitigate these risks. This could help ensure the market is
1
a safe and healthy environment for vendors and customers. By addressing the
issues raised by market users, the study could result in a more efficient and
2
enjoyable shopping experience.
Domestic Livelihood Significance:
The study will benefit barrio calinan's domestic livelihood and other nearby
barangays' livelihoods by providing remuneration for many aspects, such as
agriculture and local enterprises, which will improve local food production and
consumption. It also could provide valuable insights into the role of public
markets in supporting local economies and social interactions. The study could
contribute to the broader understanding of the importance of public markets in
urban areas and their impact on community development.
Architectural Significance:
The study would encourage architects to think creatively and propose effective
planning and design solutions to improve Davao's public market's poor status
and condition. Professionals could inform the development of future policies
and strategies related to public market design and management in Davao City
and other areas. This could promote the sustainable development of public
markets and support the local economy.
Economic Significance:
The study will benefit the community and the economy by bringing life to the
area and connecting the urban and rural economies. The public market is a
much-needed facility in inner and outer communities. Calinan Public Market

plays a vital role in supporting local economies by providing a space for local
Enable local enterprises to market and offer their merchandise and services.
The study could attract more customers and boost sales for local vendors by
improving the market's design and functionality.
Researcher's Significance:
1
The study will benefit people who want to continue their studies by providing
additional data for future research and contributing to the discovery of new
2
findings and information that will help them improve their abilities and benefit
the economy. The study holds significant importance for researchers in the
following ways:
Contributions to Literature: The study could contribute to the literature on
public market design and management, specifically in the context of Davao
City. The study's findings could add to the body of knowledge on public
markets, user satisfaction, and the impact of public markets on the local
economy.
Research Methodology: The study could serve as a model for future public
market design and management research. The study's methodology, including
survey design and data analysis techniques, could be replicated in other
settings to generate comparable results.
Interdisciplinary Collaboration: The study could facilitate interdisciplinary
collaboration between researchers in urban planning, architecture, public
health, economics, and other fields. Researchers could better understand the
complex relationships between public market design, user satisfaction, and
community development by working together.
Practical Implications: The study could have practical implications for local
authorities and policymakers promoting sustainable and inclusive urban
development. The study's findings could inform the development of policies

and interventions to improve public market design and management in Davao

City and other areas.
1.6 Scope and Limitation

The scope and limitations will be studied at the Calinan public market and will
1
only address the current problem. The scope and limitations include the
following:
2
The scope of the research:
Study Area: The study focuses on the Calinan Public Market in Davao City,
Philippines.
Participants: The study aims to assess the perception of the market's users
and vendors.
Research Methods: The study uses a survey to gather data from market users
and vendors and statistical analysis to evaluate the data.
Objectives: The study aims to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the
current market design and explore ways to improve it to enhance user
satisfaction.
The limitations of the research:
Sample Size: The study's sample size may be limited by the number of
recommended participants based on the population sample in the study area
to participate in the survey.
Time Constraint: The study may be constrained by the limited time available for
data collection and analysis, which could affect the depth and breadth of the
study.
Self-Reporting Bias: The study's findings may be influenced by the
participant's willingness to provide accurate and truthful responses to the
survey questions.

Language Barrier: The study may be limited by language barriers, as some

participants may need help understanding the survey questions or providing
accurate responses due to language differences.
Contextual Factors: The study's findings may be influenced by contextual
factors such as market conditions, weather, or cultural and social factors,
1
which could affect the interpretation of the data.
2
1.7 Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
. Figure 1 – Theoretical Framework

The dependent variable in this research is users' satisfaction with the market
design, while the independent variable is the market design. The design and
layout of service facilities are intricately connected to developing customer
perceptions. Various types of services involve interactions between customers
and facilities, which impact customers' perceived quality of the services
(Ariani, 2021).
Figure 2 – Conceptual Framework
1.8 Acronyms and Abbreviations, Definition of Terms and Concepts

1.8.1 Definition of Terms
Assessment: The evaluation or appraisal of something to determine its value,
quality, or effectiveness.

Users' Perception: How users interpret or understand the market's design,

layout, and functionality based on their experiences, preferences, and
expectations.
Public Market: A physical marketplace where vendors sell goods directly to
consumers, often in a public space or building.
1
Design: The process of planning and creating something, in this case, the
physical layout, organization, and functionality of the public market.
2
Satisfaction: A feeling of contentment or pleasure derived from the experience
of using or consuming something.
Study: A research investigation that aims to gather and analyze data to answer
a specific research question or hypothesis.
Davao City: A city in the Philippines located on the island of Mindanao, known
for its markets, including the Calinan Public Market.
Improvement: Making something better or enhancing its quality or
functionality.
User: People who use the public market for shopping or other purposes.
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction
The information in this chapter is the review of related literature relevant to the
study topic based on the insightful knowledge of other research sources. A
review of related literature is a critical analysis and summary of published
literature related to a particular topic or research question. It involves a
thorough review of academic, scholarly, and professional literature, including
books, journal articles, conference proceedings, and other related

publications. It aims to identify gaps in current knowledge, highlight areas of

consensus or disagreement, and provide a foundation for further research. This
study aims to discover the elements that influence public market development,
as well as measures to reduce or improve it. The users, the location, and the
environment will all be prioritized. A review of related literature is an essential
1
part of the research process. It helps provide a solid theoretical foundation for
the research and ensures that the research builds on existing knowledge rather
2
than reinventing the wheel (Ariani, 2021). It also helps identify areas where
further research is needed and can guide the research study's design.
2.2 Definition of Public Market

A public market is a physical location where various vendors, merchants, and
farmers come together to sell their goods and services to the public. Public
markets have been a longstanding tradition throughout history, with many
dating back centuries. These markets typically offer a wide range of products,
such as fresh produce, meat, fish, baked goods, crafts, clothing, and other
household items. They are often considered important community gathering
places where locals and tourists can shop, socialize, and experience local
3
culture. Public markets may be indoor or outdoor and can be found in urban
and rural areas. A public market is a year-round indoor/outdoor medley of
owner-operated shops, stalls, and day tables that are carefully crafted,
intentional, and diverse. Public markets typically sell fresh and prepared foods
(Zaretsky A. P., 2010). The public market serves an essential function by
increasing access to healthy foods or products, honoring historical legacies,
and highlighting local culture. The phrase "public markets" has been used for
centuries. Modern Public markets combine the tradition of local artisan
vendors with cutting-edge technology, providing entertainment sources

through food and modern culture (Bentley, 2016). Public markets exist to serve
a public purpose, to showcase a community's distinct character and culture,
and to meet its day-to-day shopping needs. They typically sell fresh, healthy,
value-added, and prepared foods – often grown or produced locally (Zaretsky
A. P., 2017).
1
In the Philippines, the term "public market/palengke" is derived from the
Spanish word "palenque," which means "(wooden) palisade or stockade"
2
(Diccionario, 2009). Public markets are built for various public purposes,
including job creation, business development, tourist attractions, access to
fresh and healthy food, historic preservation, and more, all of which can benefit
the community and adjacent barangays. The point is that public markets are
more than just places to shop; they are also a venue for cultural exchange. It is
the town's commercial and trade center (Capuyan, 2017). More than any other
public or civic building, these public markets created a "sense of place." They
now appear in various shapes and settings, with only a few retaining their
original definition. Many public markets today sell a diversified range of goods
owned and operated by various people (Suubi, 2018).
3
2.3 Definition of Perception
Perception towards public markets refers to how individuals or groups view and
interpret public markets' characteristics, values, and roles in their community
(Crouch, 2016). Perception can vary widely depending on cultural background,
personal experience, socio-economic status, and geographic location (Ariani,
2021). Some people may perceive public markets as vibrant and essential
commerce and social interaction centers, offering fresh, locally sourced food
and a unique shopping experience. Others may view them as outdated or dirty,
with a limited selection of products and unappealing facilities. Perception can

also be influenced by accessibility, pricing, and the perceived quality and

safety of the products being sold. For example, individuals living in areas with
limited access to fresh, healthy food may view public markets as a vital
resource. In contrast, those with greater access to supermarkets and specialty
stores may view them as less necessary. Overall, perception towards public
1
markets is essential to their success and sustainability, as it can impact the
level of support and engagement from vendors and customers.
2
2.4 Market Facilities

Public market facilities are an essential element of urban architecture and a
critical community component (Hallsworth, 2013). They are central gathering
places where people buy fresh produce, artisanal products, and other locally
made goods (Lochaven, 2011). Public markets have been around for centuries,
and their architecture has evolved with the changing times and technologies.
Public markets are complex facilities that typically include a variety of
components, each serving a different function and purpose (Ariani, 2021). Here
are some of the standard components of public market facilities:
3
Vendor stalls: The core of any public market is the vendor stalls, typically small,
independently operated businesses that sell fresh produce, meat, dairy, and
other locally produced goods. According to (Ariani, 2021), vendors may rent
these stalls daily, weekly, or monthly, depending on the market's policies.
Food court or restaurants: Many public markets include a food court or
restaurants that offer a variety of cuisines and dining options. Independent
business owners or the market may operate these establishments.
Public spaces: Public markets often include public spaces such as seating,
event, and performance areas. These spaces unite the community and create a

sense of place.
Restrooms: Public markets typically provide restroom facilities for vendors and
shoppers, with separate facilities for men and women. These restrooms are an
essential amenity for visitors and a necessity for vendors working long hours
(Ariani, 2021).
1
Storage and loading areas: Public markets require significant amounts of
storage space for products and loading and unloading areas for vendors. These
2
areas may be in the basement or behind the market and are typically
accessible only to vendors and market staff.
Parking: Depending on the market's location, parking may be an essential
facility component. Public markets may provide shoppers with on-site parking
or partner with nearby parking garages or lots.
Administrative offices: Public markets require administrative support,
including accounting, marketing, and vendor relations. Administrative offices
4
may be located on-site or off-site, depending on the size and complexity of the
market.
Utilities: Public markets require a range of utilities to function, including
electricity, water, and heating and cooling systems. These utilities must be
3
designed to accommodate the market's specific needs and may be supplied by
local utility providers or generated on-site.
In conclusion, the architectural design of public market facilities is a critical
factor in their success as a vibrant and functional community gathering places.
Architects and urban planners must carefully consider the needs of vendors,
shoppers, and the wider community when designing these spaces and strive to
create open, flexible, and accessible environments that accommodate various
activities and events.

2.4 Losing the Sense of Place

When public markets lose their sense of place, they may become generic,
standardized, and unremarkable, leading to a loss of connection and
5
attachment to the place by vendors and customers. This can result in a decline
in the market's economic vitality and social function and a loss of community
1
cohesion and identity. Palengke, the heart of every town in the Philippines, has
some issues that reflect poverty. Despite some sanitation and health concerns,
2
public markets in the Philippines continue to operate. Public markets in the
Philippines are frequently described as messy, unorganized, and dingy
environments ventilated with a foul odor. These deteriorating conditions,
combined with a lack of supporting facilities, resulted in a sudden drop in the
patronage of public markets (Nedic, 2012). According to (Garcia & Tapang,
2017), globalization exposes people to global and new cultures through the
media. Western-style shopping malls are a byproduct of globalization in
4
developing countries. Because of neglect and the advent of more aggressive
mall entrepreneurs, public markets, once the beating center of every town, are
disappearing (Pabico, 2016). The settings of public marketplaces, such as
commercial avenues in Turkey and Hong Kong, have a distinct feeling of place
3
due to their identifiable cultural and traditional qualities (Garcia & Tapang,
2017). Therefore, it is essential to maintain and enhance the sense of place in
public markets to preserve their unique cultural and economic value and
enhance their role as a gathering place for the local community.
2.5 Classification of Markets

According to the study guidelines of (Suubi, 2018), the markets are divided into
two categories: open and closed.
Open Air Markets

An open-air market, also known as an outdoor market, is a marketplace where

vendors sell goods and services in an open, outdoor setting. These markets can
be found in various locations, such as street corners, parks, squares, and other
5
public areas. A temporary operation such as assembling in marketplaces on
designated market days, displaying their waves on the ground, and
1
constructing makeshift structures that deal with a wide range of items. These
types of markets can be set up in streets, squares, and open areas (Suubi,
2
2018). Open-air markets typically sell a wide range of goods, including fresh
produce, meats, fish, baked goods, handmade crafts, clothing, and other
household items. They often have a lively and vibrant atmosphere, with vendors
calling out to customers and shoppers haggling over prices. Open-air markets
have a long history and can be found in many cultures worldwide. They provide
an essential source of income for small-scale vendors and offer customers an
opportunity to buy unique and locally sourced products.
4
Covered Markets
A covered market, also known as an indoor market or a market hall, is a market
housed within a building, often with a roof and walls. These markets can be
found in cities and towns worldwide and have a long history, dating back to
3
ancient times. It is an indoor market or covered space where independent
vendors sell food and other items from stalls. Also, most permanent market
stalls are in town centers and surrounding areas. Craft markets, whether
permanent or temporary, linked with workshops or part of shopping centers,
are among the new market projects (Suubi, 2018). Covered markets can vary in
size from small local markets to large commercial complexes. They often have a
bustling and lively atmosphere, with vendors competing for customers and
shoppers exploring the various stalls and offerings. Some famous examples of

covered markets include the Grand Bazaar in Istanbul, the Mercado Central in
Valencia, and the Borough Market in London.
5
2.6 Benefits of the Public Market
Public markets have been integral to communities for centuries, serving as a
1
central hub for commerce, social interaction, and cultural exchange. These
markets benefit the local economy and community, making them a vital asset
2
in any town or city. They promote community and economic development by
keeping money in the local community. If properly structured, public markets
can provide economic opportunities for a wide range of entrepreneurs as well
as the opportunity for communities to revitalize neighborhoods (Suubi, 2018).
Public markets have a proven track record of significantly increasing the value
of nearby real estate and making it more appealing for privately financed
additional retail and housing development (Zaretsky A. P., 2017).
4
Provide Economic Opportunity

Public markets are the ultimate showcase for small or diverse enterprises, with
opportunities such as a one-day-a-week flea market vendor and a permanent
3
market hall vendor, which have tremendous potential for minorities,
immigrants, and women to build their businesses. As a result, public markets
are great gathering spaces for people and the community.
Link Urban and Rural Economies
The public market comprises cross-space movements of commodities, people,
information, finance, trash, and social relations that connect rural and urban
areas. It is also the focal point for the restoration of the local food system and
one of the most important gathering places for neighbors and the entire
country.

Bring Together Diverse People

By providing places of inclusion that recognize individual diversity, public
market organizers provide opportunities for diverse groups or individuals, as
5
well as new members of the community, to develop plans. Also, recruiting new
market producers from immigrant communities resulted in settings where
1
people of many cultures collaborate and empower one another.
Promote Public Health
2
By improving access to goods, remarkably fresh produce such as fruits and
vegetables, public markets have the potential to help alleviate these health
issues. It also serves as a public gathering place for socially isolated or
6
depressed people or individuals. Markets can provide critical health and
wellness education and information in a friendly, welcoming public gathering
space, in addition to providing access to healthy, fresh foods.
Create Active Public Space
4
The public marketplace facing public roads or the vehicle reserve may
occasionally host an event for the streets, transforming it into a unique public
gathering space for the community. In addition to increasing food access to the
neighborhood destination, the street closure market is oriented towards the
3
park or other unique spaces where a community can regularly look forward to a
fun event.
Renew Downtowns and Neighborhoods
The public market is the heart and soul of the downtown neighborhood; it
attracts new life and encourages customers to spend more money and time in
the market and the surrounding businesses.
Moreover, public markets serve as a gathering place for the local community,
allowing people to come together and socialize. These markets foster a sense
7
of community by bringing together people from different backgrounds and

cultures, promoting cultural exchange and understanding. The atmosphere of

public markets is often lively and vibrant, with vendors calling out to customers
and friendly interactions between strangers, creating a welcoming and
5
inclusive environment. Public markets also offer a variety of fresh and locally
sourced food, promoting healthy eating and supporting local agriculture. These
1
markets often feature produce from nearby farms, allowing customers to
purchase fruits, vegetables, and other goods that are in season and locally
2
grown (Lochaven, 2011). This benefits the community's health and reduces the
carbon footprint associated with transporting goods from distant locations. In
addition to economic and social benefits, public markets also have significant
6
cultural value. They serve as a reflection of the local community's identity,
history, and traditions. Public markets are often situated in historic or culturally
significant locations, preserving and promoting local heritage (Garcia & Tapang,
2017). Moreover, they offer a platform for artisans and craftspeople to
4
showcase their work, creating an opportunity for the local community to
appreciate and support local art and culture.
In conclusion, public markets benefit the local economy and the community.
They serve as a platform for small businesses, promote healthy eating, foster
3
social interaction, preserve cultural heritage, and offer a unique shopping
experience. As such, it is essential to maintain and support public markets,
recognizing their importance in promoting economic growth, community
cohesion, and cultural diversity.
2.7 Challenges of the Public Market

Economic Failure
Simple economic failure is always a possibility in any commercial enterprise.
7
Inadequate capitalization, a lack of understanding of the customer and the

market, and poor management can all be problems for a new retail venture. In
economics, "market failure" is the free market's inefficient distribution of
goods and services. Individual incentives for rational behavior do not result in
5
rational outcomes for the group in the case of market failure (Boyle, 2021).
Failure as a "Public" Market
1
An opposing concern is the failure of the market's public face. In this case, the
market may be a financial success. However, it serves no overt public purpose
2
(i.e., separate from a coordinated neighborhood economic development plan)
other than what any business might contribute through job creation and tax
revenue (Ford, 2003).
6
Failure to Produce Wider Effects in its Neighborhood.
Finally, the market may fail to generate the "spin-off" benefits that multiply its
value. It may or may not succeed as a commercial venture, but it has little
broader ramifications.
4
2.8 The Impact of Covid-19
8
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on public markets around
the world. Many markets were forced to close temporarily or operate under
restricted conditions to comply with public health guidelines and reduce the
3
spread of the virus. The COVID-19 coronavirus outbreak is thought to have
started at the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, China.
Marketplaces remained the focus of concern in many parts of the world
regarding corona-prevention efforts. The crowded, open, and public nature of
marketplaces is thought to be a primary risk factor for future unchecked
pathogen spread (Eck et al., 2020). The impact of COVID-19 on public markets
can be seen in several ways:
9
Economic impact: Public markets have been hit hard by the economic
7
downturn caused by the pandemic. With reduced foot traffic and the closure of

non-essential businesses, many vendors have seen a significant decline in

sales and revenue. Some markets have also needed help to adapt to online
sales or other alternative business models.
5
Public health impact: Public markets have been identified as potential high-
risk locations for COVID-19 transmission due to their crowded and enclosed
1
nature. Many markets have implemented new safety protocols such as
mandatory mask-wearing, social distancing measures, and increased cleaning
2
and sanitization.
Community impact: Public markets are often important community gathering
places, providing social and cultural connections as well as access to fresh and
6
healthy food. The closure or reduced operation of public markets has harmed
community cohesion and access to essential goods, particularly for low-
income and marginalized populations.
Innovation impact: Some public markets have adapted to the challenges posed
4
by COVID-19 by innovating new business models, such as online ordering and
8
home delivery, or by expanding into new product lines or services.
Despite the rise of commercial retail chains and internet shopping,
marketplaces have always been at the core of urban life and continue to play an
3
essential role in local food supply and regional economy (Gonzalez, 2020). We
see marketplaces as crucial meeting spaces for unrestricted social
interactions between residents in cities and villages as their social
infrastructure shifts (Klinenberg, 2019). Traders, customers, and live and dead
animals are all located close to one another in these crowded and narrow
markets, with little opportunity for physical separation, allowing zoonotic
illnesses to be transmitted from animals to humans (Eck et al., 2020). They
9
distinguish the 'ground level' of marketplaces, where social interactions
7
between visitors and traders take place, from a broader 'organizational level,'

where the everyday producers of marketplaces, that is, the traders, interact
with a wide range of stakeholders in bringing marketplaces, and their social
dynamics on the ground, into existence through their spatial practices (Eck, et
5
al., 2020). When evaluating the physical conditions of marketplaces, it has
been argued that the specific spatial configurations of marketplaces, such as
1
the lines of stalls, aisles, and series of openings, are set back from the busy
pavements (Dines, 2007). People's sense of reflexive awareness and shared
2
experiences of community and belonging is likely to be impacted by the sudden
disruption in traditionalized social practices in marketplaces in the face of
their temporary death (Eck, et al., 2020).
6
In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted public
markets worldwide, affecting vendors, customers, and the broader community.
However, with innovation and adaptation, public markets have the potential to
continue to play an essential role in local economies and community life.
4
8
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY
3.1Research Design
This chapter outlines the data collection and analysis procedures to address
3
the study's research questions. It is a strategy for how a specific study will be
carried out. It specifies the methods or procedures for locating and analyzing
data about a given study topic. The conducted study used both descriptive and
quantitative research methods. The study's quantitative aspect included using
survey questionnaires with respondents from the community (Agboola, Rasidi,
Said, 2017) using the Likert scale method. Researchers have highlighted the
importance of mixed methods research. This allows the researcher to gather a
9
wide range of data.
7

3.2 Research Locale

The study will be conducted in Calinan Public Market, located in the third
district of Davao City. Barangay Calinan has been home to this public market for
5
many years, a pivotal hub for numerous vendors and customers over the
decades.
1
2
3.3 Research Instrument
3.3.1 Primary Data
3.3.2.1 Survey Questionnaire
6
It will administer some questionnaires related to the assessment of the Calinan
public market. These surveys will help us determine the opinions and
perspectives of market users regarding the market's condition, public market
design, and public market utilities.
4
3.3.2.2 Ocular Inspection
8
It involves an observatory to study how users of the Calinan public market
interact with its architectural elements and to assess the design condition of
the market.
3
3.3.2.2 Population Sample
The researcher determined that the population of Calinan Población was
24,218. Based on calculations using RAOSOFT, the recommended sample size
is 379.
3.3.2 Secondary Data

3.3.3.1 Published Studies
9
This research utilizes articles and journals that discuss market conditions and
7
the architectural elements that characterize them. Additionally, it draws on

other studies that examine the conditions of marketplaces.
References
1
Agboola, Rasidi, Said. (2017). THE INFLUENCE OF OPEN SPACE UTILIZATION ON
RESIDENTS' ATTACHMENT WITH COMMUNITY: A CASE STUDY OF RURAL
2
MARKET SQUARE IN SOUTH-WEST NIGERIA. Retrieved from
https://www.archnet.org/publications/12026
Ariani, T. (2021). PERCEPTION OF MARKET USERS ABOUT MARKET
6
CLEANLINESS AND FACILITIES AT THE TERUBUK MARKET IN BENGKALIS CITY.
Indonesia.
Bentley, K. J. (2016). Modern Public Market to Revitalize a Small Community.
Retrieved from
4
https://www.proquest.com/openview/f321106b04caf36edf53393ec4a0c123/1?
8
pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750
Boyle, M. (2021). Market Failure. Retrieved from
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/marketfailure.asp#:~:text=our%20ed
3
itorial%20policies-,What%20Is%20Market%20Failure%3F,rational%20outcom
es%20for%20the%20group.
Capuyan, J. R. (2017). BALIK BALINTAWAK: A PROPOSED REVITALIZING OF
BALINTAWAK PUBLIC MARKET, QUEZON CITY. 140. Retrieved from
https://www.scribd.com/document/440925929/BALIK-BALINTAWAK-A-
Proposed-Revitalizing-pdf
Crouch, D. (2016). Authenticity and the market: Constructing consumer identity
9
in the public markets of Thailand. Thailand: Journal of Consumer Culture.
7
Diccionario, d. l. (2009). "Palenque".

Dines, N. (2007). The Experience of Diversity in an Era of Urban Regeneration:

The Case of Queens Market, East London. Retrieved from
https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?
5
doi=10.1.1.559.8296&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Eck, et al. (2020). Marketplaces as Public Spaces in Times of The Covid-19
1
Coronavirus Outbreak: First Reflections. Retrieved from
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/tesg.12431
2
Ford, F. (2003). Public Markets as a Vehicle for Social Integration and Upward
Mobility. Retrieved from https://s3.amazonaws.com/aws-website-ppsimages-
na05y/pdf/Ford_Report.pdf
6
Garcia & Tapang. (2017). Sustainable Redevelopment of La Trinidad Public
Market into Agricultural Trading Hub through Regenerative Architecture.
Retrieved from https://pdfcoffee.com/redevelopment-of-public-market-pdf-
free.html#Valerie+Garcia
4
Gonzalez, S. (2020). Contested marketplaces: Retail spaces at the global urban
8
margins. 44, 877–897. Retrieved from
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0309132519859444
Hallsworth, A. G. (2013). Urban markets and retail centers: A comparative study
3
of their spatial form and social functions. UK: Routledge.
Klinenberg, E. (2019). Palaces for the People: HOW SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
CAN HELP FIGHT INEQUALITY, POLARIZATION, AND THE DECLINE OF CIVIC LIFE.
Retrieved from
https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557044/palaces-for-the-
people-by-eric-klinenberg/
Lochaven, M. C. (2011). Public Market Feasibility Study And Business Plan.
9
Mandac, j. M. (2020). A User-Oriented Design Approach for a New Gattaran
7
Public Market with Communal Park. Paris.

Nedic, A. F. (2012). A Proposed Integrated Tourist Urban Market Center:

Redevelopment of City of San Fernando Public Market in Pampanga.
Pabico, A. P. (2016, March 4). Death of Palengke.
5
Staszewska, S. (2019). Urban and Rural Public Spaces: Development Issues
and Qualitative Assessment. Retrieved from
101
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335973273_Urban_and_Rural_Publi
c_Spaces_Development_Issues_and_Qualitative_Assessment
2
Suubi, L. A. (2018). URBAN PUBLIC MARKETS: The shift in their architectural
values and the effect on their socio-economic activities (a case of Kampala).
Retrieved from
6
https://www.academia.edu/39872996/URBAN_PUBLIC_MARKETS_The_shift_i
n_their_architectural_values_and_the_effect_on_their_socio-
_economic_activities_a_case_of_Kampala_
Zaretsky, A. P. (2010). Site Analysis for Locating a Madison Public Market.
4
Retrieved from
8
https://www.cityofmadison.com/dpced/economicdevelopment/documents/201
0%20Site%20Analysis%20for%20Locating%20a%20Public%20Market.pdf
Zaretsky, A. P. (2017). WHAT IS A PUBLIC MARKET. Retrieved from
3
https://publicmarketdevelopment.com/what-is-a-public-market-
2/#:~:text=Public%20Markets%20exist%20to%20fulfill,often%20locally%20
grown%20or%20produced.
5. Appendices

101

1. Null Hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between A Study on Employees' Safety and Originality
Health Hazards' Measures of
Leather Goods Manufacturing
Companies
5
2. Alternative Hypothesis: There is a significant relationship How to frame a hypothesis from Originality
between research questions? - Knowledge
Tank
101
https://www.projectguru.in/frame
-hypothesis-research-questions/
3. can be found in urban

2 and rural areas. What Is a Food Desert? The Lack Originality
of Access to Fresh Food | MHP
Salud
https://mhpsalud.org/food-
deserts/
6
4. depending on the size and complexity of the Agile Team Structure: How to Originality
Assemble Your Scrum Team -
Mendix
https://www.mendix.com/blog/th
e-road-to-adopting-scrum-team-
composition/
4
5. This can result in8 a decline in the Benefits of Collagen for Athletes Originality
You Might Not Know About
https://www.purposenutritions.co
m.au/de/blogs/news/benefits-of-
collagen-for-athletes
3
6. critical health and wellness education and information in a Endless Bounty: The Originality
friendly, welcoming public gathering space, Transformative Benefits of Public
Markets
https://www.marketcities.org/arti
cle/endless-bounty-the-
transformative-benefits-of-
public-markets
7. by bringing together people from different backgrounds and From Doha to Delicious: Qatar Originality
cultures, Food Festival 2023
https://www.the-qatar.info/from-
9 doha-to-delicious-qatar-food-
festival-2023/
7
8. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on Australia : FY21 Full Year Originality
Financial Results 2 September

2021
9. by the economic downturn caused by the pandemic. How is the Government Originality
Supporting Small Businesses
During the ...
5 https://www.pgpf.org/blog/2021/0
2/how-is-the-government-
supporting-small-businesses-
101
during-the-coronavirus-pandemic
10. Urban_and_Rural_Public_Spaces_Development_Issues_and_Qualitative_Assessment
View of Urban and Rural Public Originality
Spaces: Development Issues and
2
...
https://apcz.umk.pl/BGSS/article/
view/20365/18189

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1% of your text matches 10 sources on the web

or in archives of academic publications

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Unique Words 23%

Rare Words 44%

Word Length 5.4

Sentence Length 15.9

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AN ASSESSMENT OF USERS' PERCEPTION IN THE CALINAN PUBLIC MARKET,

Built Heritage; Sustainable Development

An Architectural Thesis presented to the

College of Architecture and Fine Arts Education University of Mindanao

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in

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1.2 Statement of the Problem

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in Ambulant vendor merchandise and the excessive informal settling in the

1.2.1 Problem Questions

1.3 Goals and Objectives

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1.5 Significance of the Study

Market Users Significance:

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and interventions to improve public market design and management in Davao

1.6 Scope and Limitation

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Language Barrier: The study may be limited by language barriers, as some

. Figure 1 – Theoretical Framework

Figure 2 – Conceptual Framework

1.8 Acronyms and Abbreviations, Definition of Terms and Concepts

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Users' Perception: How users interpret or understand the market's design,

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

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publications. It aims to identify gaps in current knowledge, highlight areas of

2.2 Definition of Public Market

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also be influenced by accessibility, pricing, and the perceived quality and

2.4 Market Facilities

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2.4 Losing the Sense of Place

2.5 Classification of Markets

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An open-air market, also known as an outdoor market, is a marketplace where

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Provide Economic Opportunity

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Bring Together Diverse People

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cultures, promoting cultural exchange and understanding. The atmosphere of

2.7 Challenges of the Public Market

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