Internet Based Research

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Graduate Studies

Butuan City

Theories of Learning
(MAEM 501)
Internet Based
Research about the
Different
Perspective of
Education
Submitted by:
Michel Mae Z. Cabang
Submitted to:
Gewaresel T. Carlos, Ph.D.
Graduate Studies
Butuan City

In the article of Citizenship for the 21st Century: An International Perspective of

Education by Cogan, John et.,al the author acknowledge about the examine changing

character of citizenship over the next twenty-five years and the implications of these

changes for educational policy for the nine participating nations and beyond. Formal

education programmes have traditionally been assigned, as one of their duties, the

preparation of citizens, primarily within the social subjects' area of the curriculum.

Citizenship education has typically been an important goal in courses of study in

history and civics in most nations and has, for the most part, focused upon developing

knowledge of how government and other institutions in any given state work, of the

rights and duties of citizens with respect to the state and to the society as a whole and

has been oriented largely towards the development of a sense of national identity

(Cogan, 2014).

As stated in this article, the Author focuses and include this study into other related

studies, it is about the endeavor, its process, its findings, the recommendations

emerging from the findings, and especially the development of a new model of citizen

education which we term multidimensional citizenship, and the challenges that

educators and policy makers face in implementing this model. In order to provide a

thorough description of the study, it is crucial to first review and consider what is known

about citizenship and citizenship education as well as what futurists and other experts

have to say about new global trends that will shape the future in which children and

youth who are currently in their formative years will live and work.

In other related study they use the first element of citizenship – A sense of Identity

that focuses to those who reject national citizenship as obsolete and even dangerous
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Butuan City

and argue instead for a globally oriented cosmopolitan citizenship that cuts completely

across national loyalties (Nussbaum, 1996). In societies that are more conservative,

this is obviously especially true. Despite being multicultural, even in the most

homogeneous society Citizens typically have a connection to multiple identities.

In Marshall (1950) & Turner (1986) works about the Rights and Entitlements that

aims to describe that to be a citizen is to be a member of a group and thus to be

entitled to the benefits that group membership confers. Citizens, for example, are

entitled to the protection of their government when they are travelling outside their own

country. They are entitled to the protection of the law and to whatever rights their

constitution and political system guarantee them. But according to Boulding (1990) &

Ramphal (1991) this study about the elements of citizenship outlined above depend

heavily for their support upon European and North American research and

scholarship. However, these elements, as described, are generally acceptable and

applicable to the two Asian nations participating in this study as well. As stated in their

article:

For example, in japan, one of these elements are seen as important


constituents of citizenship and civic education, family membership and
harmonious social relationships are seen as equally, and perhaps even
more, important. In addition, citizenship education programmes tend to
emphasize the concept of 'nation' more than that of 'citizen'. Moral
aspects of citizenship are nearly always included in the concept of being
a 'good citizen'. Boulding (1990) & Ramphal (1991)

Another example, In Thailand, the conceptualization of citizenship


includes, in addition to the family and human relationships that are
valued in japan, a religious definition of the good citizen. Spiritual and
moral development are seen as important elements of citizenship. In this
predominantly Buddhist society, these are very important and are both
explicit in curricula and implicit in educational policies and the
preparation of teachers. Boulding (1990) & Ramphal (1991)

Above mentioned as an example, there is a clear effort to educate students

"globally" in both Japan and Thailand. “Orientated” persons that have both global and
Graduate Studies
Butuan City

strong national attitudes identity sense. However, the fundamental components, as

detailed in the primary body of this provision shall be applicable to all participating

Asian and Western countries study.

Citizenship and citizenship education, whether defined in national,

multinational, or global terms, have received significant interest recently regardless of

country, and this study related should be read in the light of this general debate as

well as within the context of the worldwide developments that will characterize the

near future.

Another article about Homeschooling: The History & Philosophy of a

Controversial Practice, the author acknowledges that the release of Homeschooling

coincides with a global pandemic which has – for the moment, at least-made home-

based education the only form of schooling available to the vast majority of American

Children (Blokhuis, 2020). This idea is consistent with American Jurisprudence and

not only for the benefits of American Children but also for the world-wide problem

about home-based education. As per experience, this article is related to my work field

and it could help me identify of which learning modality would best fit to implement in

our school. Maybe at first, some people have criticized this situation but they don’t

have the choice but to follow the government and world-wide role. A lot of rants they

heard between students, parents and teachers side such as: the requirements and

activities to do, the materials and tools to be use, the additional schedules and double-

time duties, the selected strategies, methods & techniques to be use by the teacher

and so on, it’s not easy to determine the basic needs about this problem but the only

solution for this is to build and help each other overcome this situation. As stated in

this article, American education addresses the major issue or theme from an
Graduate Studies
Butuan City

illuminating interdisciplinary perspective historian partners and philosopher James G.

Dwyer and historian Shawn F. Peters offer an approach to the regulation of

homeschooling predicated on the duties of the State as parents patriae and the

corresponding rights of children. The Historian Philosopher partners offers this

approach because they are searching for an answer of what role can parents perform

to help their children learn? In the first place, learner’s education starts at home,

parents are the first teachers and they have a big role in shaping up the learner’s

character. Homeschooling had a big impact for children’s comforts in their daily

classes, their learning environment like home would help them easily learn because

their parents as a role model, may inspire them to learn and discover more things. It

is one good example that would help their children learning phase, but this ideas

depends upon the situation of every learners, we may not know, but some of the

learners are not comfortable in homeschooling because maybe their parents are busy

at work or they don’t have the guardians at home to guide in their learning phase.

In Verharen (2020) works about the future of ethics and education that aims to

describe the different values of philosophy in a time of existential crises, Ethics and

Education. His idea is about the teaching styles to be used by teacher and it is very

helpful for me as a teacher because it gives a lot of ideas on how to apply this in my

teaching career.

There’s a lot of teaching methods may be use by teachers but there is only one

commonly used by teachers and it is the teacher centered or direct instructional

method, this research review points out that in order for students to easily overcome

their academic and non-academic achievements as well as the quality of education,


Graduate Studies
Butuan City

teachers need to change his teaching styles from teacher-centered base to student-

centered base. According to Verharen (2020) article:

The curriculum is ‘holistic’ in the sense that its underlying paradigm ‘challenges us and
engages us to learn from the basic principles of the workings of our planet for more than
three billion years’ (Nzamujo 2018, 20).

Meaning to say, to change and choose their teaching practices is a challenge

for teachers but the most important thing to know the effects for this is they are

teaching in related to their own experience and applying their own theories for students

to expose in real life situation. Teachers must focus to the “how” and “what” means

how to deliver the content to students with the combination of how to apply this learning

into skills, and what needs to deliver and to be taught? As per experience as a teacher,

the effect of using the different teaching methods to student is good because learners

also have a different learning style such as teaching in a way of collaborating with the

students, make them work in a group, make them learn while discovering and so on.

In this way, teacher’s effort is not only for students to learn but for them to grasp the

content of the lesson and align them with real life situation. As stated in the article of

Verharen (2020), Nzamujo’s third principle about:

“the village must be authentic in the sense of being committed


to the flourishing of its residents and their neighbors”

The key to his sense of authenticity is ethical education in which it shows to train

students for competency in setting up their own learning preference. So therefore, this

idea is the effects of using the different teaching methods to students that had a big

impact but teachers make sure that they will choose the best effective methods in

teaching especially for today’s generations. There is a great need of new teaching
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Butuan City

methods and pedagogies to meet global challenges. Hence, we can say that there is

also a need of change in the learner and teachers’ means of interaction.

According to Dewey in developing the skills and attitudes required by inquiry in

Michaud (2020) article about Pedagogy for children (P4C), it is a form of democratic

education in the pragmatist view. A few examples of these skills and attitudes that P4C

seeks to explicitly and intentionally develop are critical, creative, and caring thinking,

self-correction, seeking reasons to sustain arguments, being vigilant with regard to

weak reasoning, contextualizing ideas, using examples and counter-examples to

illustrate a point or to induce reflection, and so on. The facilitator function is to ensure

that the procedures of the inquiry are respected and that it makes progress. With that

objective, the teacher invites the students to make use of certain skills relating to the

stage of inquiry they have reached at that point.

In the article of Michaud (2020) his research talks about the different pedagogies

to be used by teachers and transform it into skills to students. This presentation of the

skills for students may help them motivate to learn more. Because when teachers

teaching not only by listening but also by doing, students may easily understand and

remembered everything from the beginning up to the last content delivered by

teachers, in this way, teachers may easily apply their own theories so that students

also directly apply of what they’ve learn into skills. Engaging in philosophy with young

people should not, in this theory (Pedagogy of Interruption), be about learning skills

but rather about creating a space where children can meet each other, be bewildered

by ideas, and experience their own uniqueness (Michaud,2020). In order for students

be motivated to learn in their academic subjects, teachers must be one of the learning

tools for students for them to guide in their learning phase, through this it would help
Graduate Studies
Butuan City

them develop their capabilities, apply their own uniqueness, use their experience and

exposed them into real life scenario.

To be able to continue the quality of education for all children who are affected

in this crisis yet interested to continue their learning, Alain Badiou (2009) on the article

of Torill Strand (2020) entitled of Thinking a pedagogy for justice now stated a strongly

promotes the prospects of an education is by truths. To him, ‘truths’ are existential,

ongoing and open-ended ontological operations. An education by such truths works

through a subtraction from the state of the situation and proposes a different direction

regarding the true life. In short, they are about to search the possible solutions for

children benefits, in this way teachers are given a hint on how to apply the current

situation as per experience and as a challenge also for them to plan and prepare their

daily lessons. The term “truths” are the best description of “experience” in order for

students to expose the real-life scenario, the article entitled Philosophy of education

in a new key: Education for justice now in which the authors study is related to the

current situation. In other words, their article helps me to review some of the raises

neglected rants and question coming from citizens without knowing the facts.

In ‘Thinking about Children in Times of Crisis’ Anna Kouppanou focuses on the

plight of children and in the time of the Anthropocene, how can we think crisis, and

children together? She likes a number of others finds the ‘new materialist and

posthumanist thinking’ an approach equals to the task. Torill Strand focuses on a

pedagogy for justice now that understands the current waves of protest as a call for

‘rethinking of ethical-political education. The authors ideas address to the government

that whatever problem billions of people facing now, it is the responsibility and the duty

of Political Government to involve in such issue.


Graduate Studies
Butuan City

Therefore, as above mentioned, the quality of education is important not

because the government follows only to the provision whatever learning modality

implemented to students in this new normal but also to provide the children’s right in

education and this is what the children’s need especially in times of crises.

As per experience, it has shown that during this times of crisis, both students

and teachers must make adjustments. As a teacher, the most essential thing I can

provide and serve to my beloved students is solely my teaching methods. I can utilize

cutting-edge teaching and learning materials in combination with contemporary

technology, but I can't guarantee that they will be happy with my method of instruction.

However, I can guarantee that I will be the one to assist them.

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