1

New Theory of Gravitation

Mitsuru Watanabe Shizuoka-ken Japan x1. Introduction In the General relativity, a metric is used as mathematical expression of the gravity. However, the metric does not resemble gravity. It will be a local inertia coordinate to be good for expression of the gravity. We de point-coordinate-systems as a mathematical expression of the ne local inertia coordinate. The way of a new gravity theory opened out hereby. On the other hand, we de light-cone. A new mathematne ical model of space-time is made by this point-coordinate-systems and light-cone. An interesting vector Ai appears when we de a ne light-ray on this model. This Ai will behave like a vector potential of electromagnetism. x2. Description of Necessary Mathematics.

In this chapter, because we generally deal with a N -space , the subscripts i; j; k; l; m; n; ::: are assumed to take the values 1; 2; 3; :::; N . We i easily write (xi ) the coordinates (x1 ; x2 ; :::; xN ) . A symbol and a j 0 symbol are the Kronecker s delta . ij

2.1 Tensors In this paper, the de nition of the tensor followed the reference[1]. We easily introduce it here. The de nition of a tensor of type (m; n) is the following. We describe
ij it by using the example. Let us consider a set of real functions Tklm ij in the N -space consisted of N 5 elements. It is said that the set Tklm

is a tensor of type (2,3), if they transform on change of coordinates (xi ) ! ( ) , according to the equations xi @ xo @ xp @xk @xl @xm ij op T : Tqrs = @xi @xj @ xq @ xr @ xs klm
op ned on coordinates ( ) . xi Here, Tqrs is de

(2:1:1)

2 A covariant vector Ai is a tensor of type (0,1) because it transform as follows. j @x Aj : (2:1:2) Ai = @ xi i A contravariant vector A is a tensor of type (1,0) because it transform as follows. @ xi j Ai = A : (2:1:3) @xj 2.2 Point-coordinate-systems and coe cients of connection. Let us consider a point P in the N -space and a neighborhood UP of P . In UP , we give a coordinate (z i ) whose origin is P . The (z i ) is called a point-coordinate of P in this paper. If the point-coordinate (z i ) is given to each point in the N -space, they are called a point-coordinatesystem in this paper. By using the point-coordinate-system (z i ) , we de the expression z i as follows. ne jk
z

i (P ) = jk

@xi @ 2 z l : @z l @xj @xk

(2:2:1)

Here, this partial derivatives are evaluated at the origin of (z i ) of P . In this paper, z i are called the coecients of connection de ned by the jk i point-coordinate-system (z ) .

2.3 Covariant derivatives In this section , we de the covariant derivative of tensor by usne ing the point-coordinate-system (z i ) . These methods are extremely e ective for our purpose. ned by the equations Let us consider a covariant vector Ei and Ei de
j @x Ej : Ei = @z i

(2:3:1)

It is eazy to prove the following. @z k @z l @ Ek @Ei = i @xj @z l @x @xj

z z

l El : ij

(2:3:2)

Here, @ Ek =@z l are evaluated at the origin of (z i ) . The expression rj Ei is de ned by the left-hand side or the right-hand side of (2.3.2). We can prove that z rj Ei is a tensor of type (0,2). z rj Ei is called the covariant derivative of Ei concerning z i in this paper. jk

3 Let us consider a contravariant vector F i and F i de ned by the equations @z i j Fi = F : (2:3:3) @xj It is eazy to prove the following. @z k @xi @ F l @F i = + j @z l @z k @x @xj
z

i F l : jl

(2:3:4)

Here, @ F l =@z k are evaluated at the origin of (z i ) . The expression z rj F i is de ned by the left-hand side or the right-hand side of (2.3.4). We can prove that z rj F i is a tensor of type (1,1). z rj F i is called the covariant derivative of F i concerning z i in this paper. jk Similarly in case of other tensors, we can de its covariant derivane tives. Let f be a scalar. Let gij be a tensor of type (0,2). Then, we have the de nitions as follows.
z z

ri f = @i f:
z

(2:3:5)
z

rk gij = @k gij
z

p gpj ki

p gip : kj

(2:3:6)
z

We can prove that

of type (0,3). Let Ai and Bi be two tensor of type (0,1). Let Eij be a tensor of type (0,2). Let g ij be a tensor of type (2,0). Then, we can prove the following.
z z

ri f is a tensor of type (0,1) and

rk gij is a tensor

rk (Ai + Bi ) =

rk A i +

rk B i :

rk (gij v j v j ) = (z rk gij )v i v j + gij (z rk v i )v j + gij v i (z rk v j ):

z z

rk (f Eij ) = (z rk f )Eij + f (z rk Eij ):

rk (g ij Aj ) = (z rk g ij )Aj + g ij (z rk Aj ):

These equations can be extended to general laws.

2.4 The equation z [xi =t] = 0 . Let us suppose that the coecients of connection z i and a curve jk xi (t) are given in the N -space. We de the expression z [xi =t] as ne follows.
z

[xi =t] =

dv i + dt

i v j v k ; v i = jk

dxi : dt

(2:4:1)

4 The z [xi =t] are vectors on the curve xi (t). Let xi (t) be the solution of z [xi =t] = 0 . If we change the parameter from t to s , then xi (s) generally is not the solution of z [xi =s] = 0 . Therefore, t is the special parameter of this curve. The t is called a orthonormal parameter of this curve in this paper. Let t be the orthonormal parameter. Let c be an arbitrary constant. Then ct is also the orthonormal parameter. In addition, if s is an arbitrary orthonormal parameter, then we have s = ct as follows. Here, c is a certain constant. By using (3) of section 2.5,
z

[xi =s] =

dt 2 ds

[xi =t] +

d2 t i dxi v = 0 ; vi = : ds2 dt

(2:4:2)

By (2.4.2), we obtain d2 t=ds2 = 0 ,i.e., s = ct . In (2,4,1), the vector v i is de ned only on the curve, however we i virtually can extend v to neighborhood of the curve. Then we can write
z

[xi =t] as follows.

z

[xi =t] =

@v i + @xk

i v j v k = (z rk v i )v k : jk

(2:4:3)

Lemma 2.4.1 Suppose that the coecient of connection z i and the metric tensor jk gij are given in the N -space. Let the curve xi (t) be a solution of z [xi =t] = 0 . Let a parameter s be the arc-length measured with gij along this curve . Then, we obtain the following. ds 2 d2 s 1 z dxi ( rk gij )V i V j V k =0 ; Vi = : 2 dt 2 dt ds dt d2 t 1 + (z rk gij )V i V j V k = 0: 2 ds 2 ds proof By (3) of section 2.5,
z

(1)

(2)

[xi =t] =
j

ds 2 dt

[xi =s] +

d2 s i V = 0: dt2

Multiplication by gij V gives ds 2 dt gij z [xi =s]V j + d2 s = 0: dt2 (3)

By gij V i V j = 1 , we have 0=
z

rk (gij V i V j )V k = (z rk gij )V i V j V k + 2gij (z rk V i )V k V j :

5 Because (z rk V i )V k =
z

[xi =s] , we have (4)

(z rk gij )V i V j V k = 2gij z [xi =s]V j :

By setting (4) to (3), we obtain the equation (1). Lastly, by using (1) of section 2.5 to (1), we obtain the equation (2). 2

2.5 Formulae. In this section, we give the formulae using in this paper. We can prove these formulae by the simple calculation. Suppose that t is some function of s , then we have ds 3 d2 t d2 s = : dt2 dt ds2 (1)

Suppose that (xi ); (yi ) are two coordinates in the N -space and xi (t) is a curve in the N -space , then we have d2 yi @y i d2 xn @xn @ 2 yl dxj dxk = + : dt2 @xn dt2 @y l @xj @xk dt dt (2)

Suppose that a coecient of connection a i and a curve xi (t) are jk given in the N -space. Let s be an arbitrary parameter of this curve. Then we have
a

[xi =t] =

ds 2 dt

[xi =s] +

d2 s dxi : dt2 ds

(3)

x3. Mathematical Model of Space-Time.

In the rst, let us suppose that our space-time consist of four dimen-

sions. Suppose that the subscripts i; j; k; l; m; n; :::; z take the values 1; 2; 3; 4 and the subscripts ; ; :::; ! take the values 0; 1; 2; 3; 4 .

3.1 Point-coordinate-systems expressing inertia and equations of free-fall. Let us construct the space-time in the 4-space. First, we consider a free-fall of the material-point. Here, suppose that the curve of freefall is irrelevant to its mass. At each point of the space-time, we can image the inertial frame of reference. Then, let us suppose that a certain point-coordinate-system (y i ) expresses the inertial frame of reference.

6 Let a curve xi ( be the free-fall of the material-point. Here, is the ) proper-time. Let P be some point on this curve. If we see this curve in the point-coordinate (y i ) of P , then we will have d2 y i = 0: 2 d By using (2) of section 2.5, we have @y i d2 xn @xn @ 2 y l dxj dxk d2 y i = + = 0: 2 2 d @xn d @yl @xj @xk d d The equation (3.1.1) is identical to
y

(3:1:1)

[xi = = 0: ]

(3:1:2)

The (3.1.2) is the equation of the free-fall and the proper-time is the orthonormal parameter of this curve.

3.2 Light-cones and equations of light-ray. We de the matrix Bij as follows. ne B11 = B22 = B33 = 1 ; B44 = 1 ; Bij = 0 if i 6= j: (3:2:1)

Let P be an arbitrary point in the 4-space. Suppose that the light-cone Gij (P ) of P has some following features. Gij (P ) = Gji (P ): (3:2:2)

If a vector v i grown from P is the direction of the light-ray starting from P , then Gij (P )v i v j = 0: (3:2:3)

The light-cone Gij is the tensor of type (0,2). Let be an arbitrary G scalar. If Gij is the light-cone , then ij is also the light-cone of i the same light-wave. Additionally, a non-singular matrix Sj exists as follows.
k l Si Sj Gkl = Bij :

(3:2:4)

Already, we gave the equation of free-fall of the material-point. Sim) ilarly, the equation of the light-ray xi ( is also given by (3.1.2). On the

7 other hand, the light-ray has to meet the equation (3.2.3) at all points. Therefore, we have 0= d (Gij v i v j ) = d
y

rk (Gij v i v j )v k dxi : d (3:2:5)

= (y rk Gij )v i v j v k + 2Gij (y rk v i )v k v j ; v i = By setting (y rk v i )v k = we obtain (y rk Gij )v i v j v k = 0: (3:2:6)

y

[xi = = 0; ]

The equation (3.2.6) has to apply to all the light-rays starting from P . Therefore, the polynomial (y rk Gij )X i X j X k can just be divided by the polynomial Gij X i X j , because Gij X i X j is irreducible by Lemma 3.2.1 (! reference[2]) . Therefore 2Ai exists as follows.
y

rk Gij X i X j X k = (2Ai X i )(Gjk X j X k ):

(3:2:7)

Now, we pay attention to the Ai . Let us change the light-cone from Gij to Gij = ij . By the equation G
y

rk Gij = (@k ij + y rk Gij ; )G

(3:2:8)

we have
y

rk Gij X i X j X k = (@k ij X i X j X k + y rk Gij X i X j X k : )G

(3:2:9)

By setting (3.2.7) to (3.2.9), we have

y

1 =2 @k + Ak Gij X i X j X k : 2 By the (3.2.10), we obtain Ak = Ak + @k log p

rk Gij X i X j X k = f(@k ij + 2 k Gij gX i X j X k )G A (3:2:10)

(3:2:11) :

Here, Ai is corresponding to Gij . By the equation (3.2.11), it seems that Ai is the vector potential of electromagnetism.

8 Lemma 3.2.1 If Gij is a light-cone, the polynomial Gij X i X j is irreducible. (proof) We will lead a contradiction from the supposition which j Gij X i X j is reducible. By a certain non-singular matrix Si , we have
k l Bij = Si Sj Gkl :

(1)

If Gij X i X j is reducible, ai and bi exist as follows. Gij X i X j = ai X i bj X j : Therefore we have Gij = 1 (ai bj + aj bi ): 2 (3) (2)

By using (1) and (3), we have Bij = Here,

p p ai = S i ap ; = S i b p : bi

1 k l 1 S S (ak bl + al bk ) = ( + aj ): ai bj bi 2 i j 2 (5)

(4)

In the special case of (4), we have b1 b2 1 = B11 = a1 ; 1 = B22 = a2 : Therefore we have =1 ; =1 : b1 b2 a1 a2 Similarly by using (4), we have 0 = B12 = By setting (7) to (8), we have 0= 1 a1 a2 + : 2 a2 a1 (9) 1 b1 ( b2 + a2 ): a1 2 (8) (7) (6)

Multiplication by a1 a2 to (9), we have 0 = a1 a1 + a2 a2 : (10)

We obtain a1 = a2 = 0 by (10), however these results contradict (6). 2

9 3.3 Space-time-potential and guage transformations. Suppose that the light-cone Gij and the point-coordinate-system (y i ) expressing the inertial frame of reference are given in the 4-space. Let xi ( be the curve of free-fall of the material-point. Let s be the arc) length measured with the metric Gij along this curve, i.e., ds2 = Gij dxi dxj : According to Lemma 2.4.1 d dxi d2 1 y + ( rk Gij )V i V j V k = 0 ; Vi = : 2 ds 2 ds ds On the other hand, according to the section 3.2 , (y rk Gij )V i V j V k = 2(Ak V k )(Gij V i V j ): Because Gij V i V j = 1 , we obtain d d2 + (Ak V k ) = 0: 2 ds ds Z (3:3:4) (3:3:3) (3:3:2) (3:3:1)

) Let P; Q be two point on the xi ( . We consider

P

)= (P

Ai dxi + C:
Q

(3:3:5)

Here, C is a constant. If is de ned as d= exp( )ds; then (3:3:6)

dxi d d2 = exp( ) = exp( i )A : (3:3:7) ds2 ds ds The equation (3.3.7) shows that is the solution of the equation (3.3.4). In this paper, is called a space-time-potential. By (3.3.6),
2 d = exp(2 ij dxi dxj : )G

(3:3:8)

We hope to deal with exp(2 ij as the metric , however is not a )G i function in the 4-space (x ) . Then, let us extend the space-time to a ne 5-space (x) , and let us consider x0 = . We de a new metric g in the 5-space (x) as follows. gij = exp(2x0 )Gij (x1 ; :::; x4 ) ; g0 = g0 = 0: (3:3:9)

10 According to the de nitions, the curve xi ( is written x( in the ) ) 5-space (x ). Let dx be a line element on this curve. Then, dx0 = d= Ai dxi ; i.e., dx0 + Ai dxi = 0: (3:3:11) (3:3:10)

fth If we de A0 = 1 as a element of Ai , then we can write (3.3.11) ne as follows. Adx = 0: (3:3:12)

gauge transformation. As an example, we have Ai ! Ai + @i ; = log p

G In this paper, transformations appeared by Gij ! ij are called a (3:3:13) :

How does the space-time-potential of the curve transform by the gauge transformation ? Let be a space-time-potential of the new gauge. According to the de nitions, d= (Ai + @i i ; ) = )dx (P Z
P Q

d+ C:

(3:3:14)

Here, Q and C are not xed. Then, let us suppose that the proper-time does not vary by the gauge transformation. That is,
2 d = exp(2 ij dxi dxj = exp(2 Gij dxi dxj )G )

= exp(2+ 2 ij dxi dxj : )G Therefore ) = ) + ): (P (P (P

(3:3:15)

(3:3:16)

Now, we consider the transformation of coordinates as follows. x0 = x0 1 ; :::; x4 ) ; xi = xi : (x By (3.3.17), A transform as follows. @x0 @xj j A0 + Aj = 1 + Aj = 1; A0 = 0 @ x0 @ x0 (3:3:18) (3:3:19) (3:3:17)

0 j j @x A0 + @x Aj = @i + Aj = Ai + @i : Ai = i @ xi @ xi

11 Generally by using (3.3.17), a symmetric tensor c of type (0,2) transform as follows. cij = cij + @i 0j + @j 0i + @i j 00 ; c c @ c c0j = c0j + @j 00 ; c00 = c00 : c In the case of g , we have gij = gij ; g0 = g0 = 0: (3:3:21) (3:3:20)

3.4 Metrics of 5-space. ned in section 3.3 has not a inverse matrix. If g The metric g de has a inverse matrix g then g g = . In the case of = = 0 ,
0 0 = g 0g0 = = 1: 0

This is a contradiction. Therefore, g is abnormal as the metric of the 5-space. Let us de a normal metric h extended g . ne If a vector V grown from a point P is A(P )V = 0 then we wish h(P )V V = g(P )V V : Therefore, the polynomial (h g)X X (3:4:2) nd can just be divided by the polynomial AX . We can out a as follows. (h g)X X = (aX )(AX ): (3:4:3) As a result, we obtain 1 h = g + (aA + aA): 2 (3:4:4) (3:4:1)

By (3.3.20), the metric h transforms as follows. hij = hij + @i 0j + @j 0i + @i j 00 ; h h @ h h0j = h0j + @j 00 ; h00 = h00 : h Therefore, let us de the following. ne h0j = h00 Aj : (3:4:7) (3:4:5)

(3:4:6)

In (3.4.6), we know that h0j =h00 has the same transformation as Ai .

12 By using (3.4.4), h00 = a0 : By using (3.4.7) and (3.4.8), h0j = a0 Aj : On the other hand, by using (3.4.4) h0j = 1 (a0 Aj + aj ): 2 (3:4:10) (3:4:9) (3:4:8)

By using (3.4.10) and (3.4.9) aj = a0 Aj : On the other hand a0 = a0 A0 , therefore a = a0 A . As a result, we obtain h = g + a0 AA: length of dx is dl2 = hdxdx = h00 dx0 dx0 = a0 dx0 dx0 : We will expect dl2 = dx0 dx0 , i.e., a0 = 1. We obtain h = exp(2x0 )G + AA: (3:4:13) (3:4:12) (3:4:11) Lastly, we have to decide a0 . Let us consider dx = (dx0 ; 0; 0; 0; 0). The

If we disregard exp(2x0 ) , h is same as the Kaluza0 s metric . The h has a inverse matrix h as follows. hij = g ij ; hi0 = h0i = g ij Aj ; h00 = g ij Ai Aj + 1 ; g ij = exp(2x0 )Gij :

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