APA Referencing

Library/Te Whare Pukapuka

THIS IS A QUICK GUIDE TO THE APA REFERENCING STYLE (7TH EDITION)

See Library APA Online Guide for more examples at http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/study/referencing/styles/apa/examples
• The American Psychological Association reference style uses the Author-Date citation system.
• Refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.) for more information.
• When quoting directly or indirectly from a source, the source must be acknowledged in the text by author
name and year of publication.
IN-TEXT
To cite information directly or indirectly, there are two ways to acknowledge citations:
1) Make it a part of a sentence or 2) put it in parentheses at the end of the sentence.
Direct quotation – use double quotation marks around the quote and include page numbers
1) Cohen and Lotan (2014) argue that "many different kinds of abilities are essential for any profession" (p. 151).
2) “Many different kinds of abilities are essential for any profession" (Cohen & Lotan, 2014, p. 151).
N.B. See the Library’s APA webpage for a quotation of 40 or more words.

Indirect quotation/paraphrasing/summarising – no quotation marks

1) According to Cohen and Lotan (2014), professional knowledge alone does not make someone a very capable
professional.
2) Professional knowledge alone does not make someone a very capable professional (Cohen & Lotan, 2014).
N.B. Page numbers are optional when paraphrasing, although it is useful to include them (Publication Manual, p. 269).

Citations from a secondary source

1) Gould’s (1981, as cited in Cohen & Lotan, 2014) research “raises fundamental doubts as to whether we can
continue to think of intelligence as unidimensional” (pp. 151-152).
2) Intelligence cannot be believed to consist of one single entity any more (Gould, 1981, as cited in Cohen &
Lotan, 2014).
N.B. To cite a source you found in another source, you must acknowledge all the authors.
• The author(s) of the source referred to i.e. Gould, 1981
• The author(s) of the work which contains the original source i.e. Cohen & Lotan, 2014
In the reference list, only the book by Cohen & Lotan should be acknowledged. Do not list Gould.

• At the end of your assignment, you are required to provide the full bibliographic information for each source.
References must be listed in alphabetical order by author.
EXAMPLES OF REFERENCES BY TYPE
N.B. If a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is available, include it at the end of the reference.
A DOI is a unique code assigned to an online scholarly/academic publication.
In a reference list In-text citation
1. Book or ebook with one author
King, M. (2000). Wrestling with the angel: A life of Janet Frame. Viking. (King, 2000) or
N.B. The first letter of the first word of the main title, subtitle and all proper nouns have King (2000) compares Frame ...
capital letters.
New: Publisher locations (city/state/country) are no longer required. For ebooks, include
both the publisher and a DOI (if available).
2. Book or ebook with two authors
Bromiley, P., & Rau, D. (2017). Behavioral strategic management. Routledge. (Bromiley & Rau, 2017) or
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315232980 Bromiley and Rau (2017) said …
N.B. Before “&” between authors, do not forget to put a comma. When paraphrasing in text, use
New: Publisher locations (city/state/country) are no longer required. For ebooks, include and, not &.
both the publisher and a DOI (if available).
3. Book or ebook with three or more authors (Krause et al., 2006) or
Krause, K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne, S. (2006). Educational psychology for Krause et al. (2006) stated …
learning and teaching (2nd ed.). Thomson. New: For three or more authors,
New: Publisher locations (City/State/Country) are no longer required. For ebooks, cite only the first author followed
include both the publisher and a DOI (if available). by et al.
4. Book or report by group author e.g. organisation, association, government department
International Labour Organization. (2007). Equality at work: Tackling the challenges (International Labour
(International Labour Conference report #ILC07-567). Organization, 2007) or
N.B. In text, some group authors may be abbreviated in subsequent citations if they are If abbreviating the author’s name,
readily recognisable. in the first citation
New: When the author and the publisher are the same, omit the publisher from the (International Labour
reference. Publisher locations (City/State/Country) are no longer required. For ebooks, Organization [ILO], 2007), then
include both the publisher and a DOI (if available).
(ILO, 2007)
5. Book chapter in edited book
Kestly, T. (2010). Group sandplay in elementary schools. In A. A. Drewes & C. E. (Kestly, 2010) or
Shaefer (Eds.), School-based play therapy (2nd ed., pp. 257-282). John Wiley
& Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118269701 Kestly (2010) compares
N.B. Include the page numbers of the chapter after the book title. educational settings of ...
New: Publisher locations (City/State/Country) are no longer required. For ebooks, include
both the publisher and a DOI (if available).
6. Course handout/Lecture notes (electronic version)
Archard, S., Merry, R., & Nicholson, C. (2011). Karakia and waiata [PowerPoint (Archard et al., 2011) or
slides]. Moodle. http://elearn.waikato.ac.nz/mod/resource/view.php?id=174650
N.B. Put format in square brackets - e.g. [Lecture notes] [Panopto video]. This referencing Archard et al. (2011) discuss
format should be used only for your assignments. that ...
New: Include the site name (e.g. Moodle, Blackboard).
7. Video (e.g. YouTube)
University of Waikato Library. (2017, September 18). APA referencing [Video]. (University of Waikato Library,
YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8nhWZ_RumSE&t=95s 2017) or
N.B. Use the uploader’s name as the author.
New: Include the site name (e.g. YouTube, Dailymotion). University of Waikato Library
(2017) demonstrates …
8. Journal article (academic/scholarly)
Cavenagh, N., & Ramadurai, R. (2017). On the distances between Latin squares (Cavenagh & Ramadurai, 2017)
and the smallest defining set size. Journal of Combinatorial Designs, 25(4), or
147-158. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcd.21529
N.B. Retain original punctuation of titles. A capital letter is used for key words in the Cavenagh and Ramadurai
journal title. The journal title and volume number are italicised, followed by the issue (2017) recommend …
number in brackets (not italicised).
N.B. When information is missing, e.g. DOI, issue number etc., omit it.
9. Magazine – popular/trade/general interest
Goodwin, D. K. (2002, February 4). How I caused that story. Time, 159(5), 69. (Goodwin, 2002) or
N.B. Full date is used if published weekly; month and year if monthly. Goodwin (2002) defends ...
10. Newspaper article
Gluckman, P., & Hanson, M. (2019, November 30). Are humans too ingenious for (Gluckman & Hanson, 2019) or
our own good? New Zealand Herald.
https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12288685 Gluckman and Hanson (2019)
N.B. Provide the URL if the article was from the newspaper’s actual website. report that ...
New: If the article is from a news website (e.g. Stuff), without an associated daily or
weekly newspaper, use the format for a webpage instead.
11. Personal Communication
N.B. Information such as letters, phone conversations, emails, & private social networks (W. Bush, personal
is called “Personal Communication”, and no reference list entry is required communication, May 8, 2019)
12. Reference book – dictionary or encyclopedia entry
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Climate change. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. (Merriam-Webster, 2016) or
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/climate%20change Merriam-Webster (2016) state ...
N.B. (n.d.) = no date. If no author stated, the entry’s title takes the author position.
13. Webpage
Patel, V. (2019, November 11). Where was ‘The Mandalorian’ filmed? TheCinemaholic. If abbreviating the author’s name,
https://www.thecinemaholic.com/where-was-the-mandalorian-filmed/ in the first citation
Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. (n.d.). Supporting Māori tourism. Ministry of Business, Innovation
https://www.mbie.govt.nz/immigration-and-tourism/tourism/tourism- and Employment (MBIE, n.d.)
projects/supporting-maori-tourism/ then
N.B. The basic format is: (1) Author (could be a group e.g. government department). (2) It is “…” (MBIE, n.d., para. 3)
Date. (3) Title. (4) Website name and URL.
New: Include the website name. If the author is the same as the website name, leave the For direct quote, cite the
website name out. Use the most specific date possible, year; year and month; or year, paragraph number in text
month and day. Use either date of publication or latest update.

www.waikato.ac.nz/library/guidance/referencing/apa/examples
APA Group April 2022