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    Doppler Effect PDF

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    aokfreak
    The Doppler effect describes how the observed frequency of a wave is changed by relative motion between the source and observer. There are three main cases: 1) for a moving source and stationary observer, the observed frequency is higher if they are approaching and lower if receding; 2) for a stationary source and moving observer, the opposite frequency shifts occur; 3) for both moving, the frequency shift depends on the relative velocities. The Doppler effect applies to all wave types and has various applications like measuring blood flow speed, radar guns, and determining galaxy velocities from their redshift.

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    Doppler Effect PDF

    Uploaded by

    aokfreak
    87 views14 pages
    The Doppler effect describes how the observed frequency of a wave is changed by relative motion between the source and observer. There are three main cases: 1) for a moving source and stationary observer, the observed frequency is higher if they are approaching and lower if receding; 2) for a stationary source and moving observer, the opposite frequency shifts occur; 3) for both moving, the frequency shift depends on the relative velocities. The Doppler effect applies to all wave types and has various applications like measuring blood flow speed, radar guns, and determining galaxy velocities from their redshift.

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    The Doppler effect describes how the observed frequency of a wave is changed by relative motion between the source and observer. There are three main cases: 1) for a moving source and stationary observer, the observed frequency is higher if they are approaching and lower if receding; 2) for a stationary source and moving observer, the opposite frequency shifts occur; 3) for both moving, the frequency shift depends on the relative velocities. The Doppler effect applies to all wave types and has various applications like measuring blood flow speed, radar guns, and determining galaxy velocities from their redshift.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    87 views14 pages

    Doppler Effect PDF

    Uploaded by

    aokfreak
    The Doppler effect describes how the observed frequency of a wave is changed by relative motion between the source and observer. There are three main cases: 1) for a moving source and stationary observer, the observed frequency is higher if they are approaching and lower if receding; 2) for a stationary source and moving observer, the opposite frequency shifts occur; 3) for both moving, the frequency shift depends on the relative velocities. The Doppler effect applies to all wave types and has various applications like measuring blood flow speed, radar guns, and determining galaxy velocities from their redshift.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 14

    Chapter-5 Doppler Effect

    Stationary source
    Stationary observer

    Moving source
    Stationary observer

    Stationary source
    Moving observer

    Moving source
    Moving observer
    Doppler Effect

    The Doppler effect is the apparent change in


    the frequency of a wave motion when there
    is relative motion between the source of the
    waves and the observer.
    The apparent change in frequency f
    experienced as a result of the Doppler effect
    is known as the Doppler shift.
    The value of the Doppler shift increases as
    the relative velocity v between the source and
    the observer increases.
    The Doppler effect applies to all forms of
    waves.
    Doppler Effect (Moving Source)
    http://www.absorblearning.com/advancedphysics/demo/units/040103.html
    Suppose the source moves at a steady velocity vs
    towards a stationary observer.
    The source emits sound wave with frequency f.
    From the diagram, we can see that the distance
    between crests is shortened such that  '    vs
    Since  = c/f and  = 1/f,
    We get 
    c c vs
     
    f' f f
    c vs
     f ' ( )f
    c  vs
    Doppler Effect (Moving Observer)

    Consider an observer moving with velocity vo


    toward a stationary source S.
    The source emits a sound wave with frequency f
    and wavelength  = c/f.
    The velocity of the sound wave relative to the
    observer is c + vo.

    c
    Doppler Shift
    Consider a source moving towards an
    observer, the Doppler shift f is
    c
    f  f ' f  ( )f  f
    c  vs
    f vs
     
    f c  vs
    f vs
    If vs<<c, then we get 
    f c
    The above equation also applies to a receding
    source, with vs taking as negative.
    Doppler Effect (Moving Reflector) [1]

    When a sound wave is reflected from a


    moving object, the frequency of the reflected
    wave will be different, because of the Doppler
    effect, from that of the incident wave.
    Consider a sound wave of frequency f is
    directed toward an object moving with a
    speed v toward the stationary source.
    Reflecting
    Transmitter f f’ surface

    Receiver f” f’

    v
    Doppler Effect (Moving Reflector) [2]

    For the outward journey, the source is


    stationary and the observer (reflecting surface)
    is moving.
    cv
    f ' ( )f
    c
    For the return journey the source (reflecting
    surface) is moving and the observer is
    stationary. c
    f " f'
    cv
    Combining the two equations
    gives cv
    f " ( )f
    cv
    Summary of the Doppler Effect

    The Doppler effect can be summarized qualitatively :


    The observed frequency of sound is increased when
    the source and observer are approaching each other
    and is decreased when they are receding from each
    other.
    Or mathematically,
    c  vo
    f ' ( )f
    c  vs
    Applications of Doppler Effect (Medicine)

    • Ultrasonic waves reflected from red blood cells


    can be used to determine the velocity of blood flow.
    • Reflection of ultrasonic waves can also be used to
    detect the movement of the chest of a young fetus
    and to monitor its heartbeat.
    Applications of Doppler Effect (Astronomy)

    • The velocities of distant galaxies can be determined from


    the Doppler shift ( The apparent change in frequency).
    • Light from such galaxies is shifted toward lower frequencies,
    indicating that the galaxies are moving away from us.
    This is called the red shift.

    Red
    shift

    Blue
    shift
    Red Shift
    Applications of Doppler Effect (Radar Speed Trap)

    The police monitor the speeds of vehicles with


    radar gun. The radar gun sends microwaves
    towards the car. The waves reflected back to
    the gun have a higher frequency because of
    the Doppler effect.
    The microwave receiver in
    the radar gun detects the
    difference in frequency f
    between the emitted signal
    and the received signal.
    The speed of the car is
    calculated from this, and
    displayed automatically
    on a screen.
    Weather Radar

    Doppler radar not


    only can figure out
    how far away a
    raindrop is, it can
    also calculate if
    it's moving toward
    or away from the
    radar.

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