CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

This chapter takes into account, the background of the study, statement of the problem, purpose;

objectives, research questions, scope, significance and the conceptual framework of the study.

1.1 Background of the Study

Socio-political and economic factors such as unstable political transition, conflict, rejection by

family has resulted in an increased street children populace globally (Aptekarand Stoecklin, 201 4;

Beazley, 2013; Panter-Brick, 2002; Osei-Twun and Wasan, 2012). A report by (WHO, 2018) stated

that as the focus of the project is on developing the capacity of local organizations to prevent,

assess and manage psychoactive substance use problems among street children. Literature and sub

statistics within the African context reported an alarming increase of over 10million the street

children, from approximately 100million street children, (UNICEF, 2012 to 2015).

A great number of these children have little access to education and health facilities (Bordenaro,

2012; Henley, Me Alpine, Mueller and Venter, 2010. In 2015, under the UN convention on the

rights of the children and African charter on the rights and welfare of the child, constitution of

Uganda and children act, children in Uganda have certain rights. These include the rights to

survival, education and development, protection and participation.

Developed and developing countries widely acknowledge and recognize the phenomenon of street

children. The phenomenon is often associated with difficulty of definition and classification due to

varied context in which street children live. Some researchers consider that the concept of street

children is the manifestation of various societal and civil agendas (Panter-Brick, 2002).
Controversies relating to this definition of street children continue to prevail within varied

sociopolitical contexts (Ursin, 2011). according to UNICEF (2005) are grouped into three main

heterogeneous categories that include; children at risk, children of the streets and children on the

streets. In Uganda, street children are defined according to the (Children's Act Cap. 59. 2016) they

are described as "a street child means a child who; -

(a) because of abuse, neglect, poverty, community upheaval or any other reason, has left his or her

home, family or community and lives, begs, or works on streets or (b) because of inadequate care,

begs or works on the streets but returns home after night" (Constitution of the Republic of Uganda

1995).

Street children in street children Uganda are also described as children living and working on the

streets. In Uganda, the increase in street children numbers has raised concern by authorities who

have begun to review policies and legislation on street children (Baatjies, 2005; Sevenhuijsen,

Bozalek, GouwsandMinaar-Mc Donald, 2003). An estimated 50,000 children reside on the streets

and great number are living within greater towns and cities of Uganda. The increase in the street

children population in the country has reached an alarming rates and is a major cause of concern

that has been linked to the HIV/AIDs pandemic (Cluver& Gardner, 2006; Ward &Seagar, 20 10).

The influential factors that draw children to the streets have an impact on their general well-being

and place them at further risk due to the adversities of street life (Malindi, 2014). Problems such as

alcohol, drug abuse, abuse, sexual risk behaviors are common social ills that confront street

children (Adebeyi, 2014; Bambonye, and Elbeft, 2014; Suliman, 2010).

Street children often have little knowledge of the adverse effects of substances (Bamaby, Erikson

2010) and are more likely to use substances as a way of coping with life on the street (Ayuk,Atwoli,

Freeman and Braitstein2012).

2
In Uganda, socio-economic factors such as poverty abuse and poor social and economic conditions

have an impact on the children's development and a greater number of children continue and live on

the streets. In Uganda, studies focus in health problems, stigma, condom use among adolescents

and street children (Eaton, Flisher and Aaro, 2003; Thurman, Brown and Maharaj, 2006). It is

crucial to examine the psychological well-being of street children within a context like Uganda.

1.2 Statement of the problem

In Uganda, varied push and pull factors such as social, economic, and political factors have had a

waving impact on the causes and the increase of the children residing on the streets. (Bray. Ennew,

2003). Studies highlighted the many problems of government systems within a context like Uganda

(Gilson, Blaauw2006). The seemingly lack of concern and protection by authorities and the general

public of street children has been linked to the prevailing negative perceptions and stigma

associated with these children are often considered social problems and are less likely to be

safeguarded and cared for whilst living on the streets by authorities (Adeboyejo, Ogunkan2014).

Previous studies in Uganda focused on orphan-hood due to HIV/AIDs related knowledge, attitude,

behaviors and the backgrounds of the street children (Cluver, 2006; Ennew, 2003).

1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Study (impact of drug abuse on psychological well-being of

street children in Kampala district).

The main aim of this study is to examine the impact of drug abuse on the psychological wellbeing

of street children and associated risk behaviors they may engage in. the specific objectives of the

study are:

i) To understand the reasons or causes of increasing population of street children in

Kampala district.

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 To analyse the effects of street children on education of the children in Kampala district.

iii) To find out the strategies for reducing street children in Kampala district.

1.4 Research Questions

In order to achieve the above-mentioned aim and objectives of this study, the following research

questions will be asked;

i) What are the causes of increasing population of street children in Kampala district?

ii) What are the effects of street children on education of both girls and boys in Kampala district at

large?

iii) Which strategies can be put to overcome the issue of street children in Kampala district?

1.5 Ethnical Considerations

The researcher will get a letter from the head of department of Applied psychological, Kampala

International University that service as an introduction to various respondents; after he proceeded to

the field for research. In addition, some people will be voluntarily asked to participate in the various

interviews. Research assistants will be informed about the procedures of the research.

1.6 Content Scope

Street children, while identifying the causes of street children in the towns and cities, to measure

effects of street children in the towns to find out strategies used by authorities to resolve street

children or rooming streets.

1.7 Time scope

The study will take place for a short period of three months that is to say from December to April

2019.

1.8 Significance of the Study

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After data collection for this research, street children will be able to realize that they have equal

rights as other children, the study will increase the awareness, knowledge and sensitivity among

parents, staff of the respective towns and cities in the country and the study will be researcher to

accomplish his or her three years course in social work and social administration,

KampalaInternational University.

5
 CHAPTER Two
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

This chapter explains what other researchers had in relation to psychological well-being of street

children in urban areas. Information gathered here was mainly from textbook, journals, magazines,

newspapers plus internet. Street children is a common problem and has been occurring throughout

the world for a long time since even before written history. Developed countries have managed to

protect, however it is not fully controlled.

201 Causes of Increasing Population of Street Children

This section presents an overview of street children by reporting on the prevalence of the possible

causes of the increasing street children population. It is also essential to note that in describing

children that live on the street, various words such as homeless youth and street youth.

The reasons why children are drawn to reside within the domains of the streets is complex and

multifaceted Veeran (2004) likes possible causes of street children to socio-economic and political

structures that prevails worldwide. Previous research suggests that the reason or possible causes for

children to reside on the streets include but not limited to; low purchasing power, overcrowding.

abuse. neglect, and family disintegration (Consortium of Children 2014). Poverty as a social factor

in Uganda cannot be viewed in isolation when comprehending the causes of street children in the

country (Kok at al 2010). Bamaby, Penny and Erickson (2010) affirm that being homeless increase

the risk of being in conflict with the law, using substance and engaging in illegal activities.

In Uganda, the origins of street children have been criticized (Kok et al 2010). Question whether it

could be due to poor housing and infrastructure a combination of multiple factors. Health, social

6
and economic factors have been repoffed to be possible causes for street children population in

Uganda.

The history of Uganda characterized by great inequalities and fragmented legislation and policy on

the protection, nurture and development of children, especially those on the streets.

Factors such as fragile support, parental poor health and child neglect have reported as common

causes for the increase in the number of street children (Olley, 2006). Gender is another factor that

has been reported to play a role in the cause of homeless youths (Olufemi, 2000). When examining

the causes that contribute to the phenomenon of street children. consideration regarding the analysis

of the childhood adversity, urban poverty, and social segregation should be taken into account

(Panter Brick, 2004). Regardless of the reasons why children reside on the streets, a large

proportion of street children find themselves without family support (UNICEF, 2004). Available

literature to date on street children continue to focus on the drivers of street populace, rather than

the impact of living on the street children's general well-being. Little is known about the extent of

the psychological impact of homelessness of children living on the street.

2.2 Potential effects of street children

Behavioral problems reviewed include hyperactivity, conduct and emotional problems. comorbidity

of psychiatric disorders and suicidal behaviors among street children. Hyperactivity conduct and

poor problems. Street children's behavioral patterns often show signs of mental health problems.

These problems may also influence their psychological well-being. According to

Schmutte and Ryff (1997) the definition of psychological well-being encompass a range of

attributes such as desirable psychological state and mental functioning that can be influenced by

7
predisposing factors when examining behavioral problems among homeless youths, Bamaby et al.

(2010) reported that street youth experience feelings of loneliness, homelessness, fear, shame,

doubt, despair, trauma and stress.

Mental health of street children, street children are vulnerable and known to experience general and

mental health problems. This section discusses the mental health of street children with particular

focus on their behavioral problems and substance use behaviors.

Co-morbidity of psychiatric disorders, homeless youths or children are category of groups at high

risk for psychiatric disorders such as depression (Whitbeck, Hayt and Bao, 2000). Common mental

health disorders diagnosed in street children include depression, anxiety, bi-polar and schizophrenia

(Bamaby et al 2010). A study by Taib and Ahmad (2014) reported high prevalence rate of co-

morbid psychiatric conclitions among street children. The same authors revealed that over a half of

participants in their study had co-morbid conditions such as depression and anxiety (Taib and

Ahmad 2014). Findings from a study by Whitbeck et al (2000) on psychiatric disorder alnong street

children fund that about a fourth of participants had elevated scores on the depression scales. A

positive correlation between the experience of violence and aggression and its reciprocal illipact on

adolescent depression was reported (Lartzman and swisher, 2005). In a psychological study on

psychiatric disorders among homeless youths with over 57 percent of participants who were be

street youth met criteria for anxiety disorders, in particularly linked to post traumatic street disorder

(PTSD). Similarly, the researcher in the same study found that over 29 percent had childhood

suicide attempts and suicide ideation among street children are been reported to be prevalent.

Yoder, Whit beck and Hoyt (2008) suggest a view of suicidality as psychological progression that

begins with thoughts of death and continues to suicidal ideation then move to suicidal attempts,

8
which may have led to completed suicide. This view was also earlier supported by Desai, Liu-

Mares, Dausey and Rosenheck (2003) who viewed suicidality on a continuum that begins from

suicidal thoughts, attempts and completed suicide. Conclusion drawn by Desai et al. (2003)

suggested that homeless persons with a mental illness are at a greater risk for suicidal behaviors

than the general populace. Studies conducted in United States of America (USA) and Canada on

suicide among street children reported that self-esteem played a key protective role in predicting

feelings of hopelessness and helplessness amongst street children (Kidd and Shabar,

2008),

A study in Sudan reported factors such as adverse street life conditions, family disintegration,

economic factors and abuse to have impacted the psychological functioning of street children (Ali,

2011).

Substance use among street children, has been widely documented to be highly prevalent the who

(2014, pg 1) defines substance abuse as "persistent or sporadic drug abuse inconsistent with or

unrelated to acceptable medical practice" street children, especially adolescents, are populations

that are at risk groups for using and abusing substances (Merscham, Van Leewen, and McGuire,

2008). A strong correlation between the use of substance and mental health issues among street

children was found to be prevalent (Krupiwnicki, 2012). The use of substance in developed and

developing countries. The use of illicit drugs is relatively high among the youth population in

Uganda. In a study by childhood enhancement through training and action about 500 of street

children were addicted to more than one type of substance. Furthermore, homeless youth were at a

great risk for substance use ancl poly substance (Bousman et al, 2015). Dhawan 2009 found the

onset of substance use among street children to occur from an early age. A study by Bamaby et al,

9
(2010) found the onset of substance use among street children to be from the age of 12 years. due to

the difficult and unstable environment of street children, they are more vulnerable to the use of

substance (UN, 2014).

Factors linked to the onset of substance use include availability and access of substance, the nature

of the drug use, background, social networks and individual motivation (Bamaby et al 2010).

Violence and violent behaviors, street children are risk of exposure to violence, engagement in

violent behaviors on the streets or being the victims of violence. Violence according to the WI-IO

(2017) involves intended force or power directed at an individual, group or community which can

result in physical injuries, death or psychological injury.

In this study, violence includes all forms and exposure within the street with street children may

endure. In a report by (WHO, 2006) the types of drugs and substance used by street children are

associated with the nature of violence they encounter. Homeless youth, prior to homeless, are

reported to experience high rate of trauma and abuse (Huemeret all, 2016). Street youths, who

previously had concurrent mental health and substance use problems, were more likely to

experience abuse and be victimized (Kirst et al, 201 1). the risk of victimization correlates with

mental health problems in street children within a history of trauma were likely to present with

suicidal ideation (Merscham et al, 2008).

Sexual health risk behaviors among street children, life within the domains of the streets sometimes

exposes street children to high level of health risks due to the adverse environments that they are

embedded in. the most vulnerable group exposed to varied forms of exploitation includes the abuse

of street children (Raja, Bano and Ahmed cited 2005) which impact their health. Risks that confront

10
street children include abuse, sexual risk behaviors with increased susceptibility to sexually

transmitted diseases, mental and general health problems (Celik, 2009, UNESCO 2016).

Street children move in groups that are sexually active with over two-thirds of them being sexually

active as reported in a study conducted in Canada (Marshall, Kerr, Shoveller and Patterson, 2009).

There is a noteworthy correlation between high-risk sexual behaviors and the form of abuse that

homeless youths are exposed to (Ferguson, 2009). There are higher rates of physical and sexual;

violence among street children than the general populace (Bamaby et al, 2010). When examining

sexual risk behaviors among street children, sexual abuse was found to be prevalent among street

children with over 68 percent reported experiencing sexual abuse and about 39 percent reported

victimizing other street pears. Ferguson 2009, found that experience for homeless youths. Risky

sexual behaviors are on the increase among street children and this vulnerability may result in

sexual health illness and diseases (WHO, 2017). In western Kenya, the majority of children and

youth begin to engage in sexual activities with a lack knowledge of the consequences of their

behaviors (Kayembe et al, 2008). In a report by WHO (2013), the age of sexual debut was

correlated by high-risk behaviors which included multiple sexual partners and little condom use

negotiation. Within Central region, district of Kampala, the use of substances, petty theft and risky

sexual behaviors are highly prevalent (Old Stadium Street Children, 2017). In a study conducted in

Kampala district it was found that gender plays an influential role in the onset of sexual debut

among street children (Manzini, 2001). Young females were found to be a risk for engaging in risky

sexual behaviors in exchange for food, clothing or shelter (Manzini, 2001).

Survival sex, the sexual behaviors street youths adopt as a way of life within the realm of the streets

place them at high-risk for STDs including HIV infection (Maestro et al, 2014: Tyler Whit beck,

11
Chen and Johnson, 2007). Some of the behavior street youths engage in may include survival sex

and the exchange of sex for substance use (Van Leeuwen et al, 2004; Maestro et al, 2012, Nada and

Suliman, 2010). Survival sex is sometimes a consequence of trauma and being homeless, which is

also associated with health risks problem (the national child traumatic street network, 2017). Within

the sub-Sahara region, studies have examined sexual behaviors among homeless youths. In

Zimbabwe a positive correlation between risky sexual behaviors and the use of substance among

street children (WHO, 2014). The way of life of street children make them vulnerable to injuries

and substances use that might include sexual and reprocluctive health (UN, 2014).

IVIultiple sexual partners, there is a link between survival sex among street children and health

riskthis include sexual multiple partners and inconsistent condom use. In a study on sexual

behaviors among street children, about 54 percent reported having sexual multiple partners for

survival reasons (Nada and Suliman, 2010). The conditions in which street children reside correlate

within a high prevalence of sexual multiple partners (Marshall, Kerr, Shoveller and Patterson,

2009). Some of the predictors of sexual multiple partners among street children are associated with

living conditions and the use of substance (Solorio et al, 2008; UN, 2014).

Non-condom use, although studies in Uganda have examined sexual risk behaviors among street

children. studies date from early 2000s. Not much is available and known on the current sexual

behaviors of this category of youths in Uganda. In a study on condom use among homeless youths

(Nada and Suliman, 2010) found that 52 percent of the participants reported never using condoms.

Non-condom use amongst street children is association with the use of substance (tucker et al,

2012). In a report by the UN (2014) street children that use substances were more likely to engage

in risky sexual behaviors, which may involve the non-use of condoms.

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2.3 Strategies for reducing street children.
The organizations, street children are and have been a major issue in Bloemfontein. Therefore,

several organizations working with the issue. As a social worker described; a rewarding party of

social work is the realization that there is awareness of the issue now as well as the politicians are

engaged in the phenomenon of the street children.

Street children are an issue on the agenda or the political levels. One social worker described that;

"there are many organizations who work with street children but there often not specialized

nongovernment organization that mainly focus on crime prevention. The NGO/NPOs work with

social development, churches and there are organizations specialized in street children and

organizations specialized in family problems.

Preventive work as an effect, the social worker described, one specific organization that works

preventively with different schools where the children are struggling by measuring what the need is,

it makes it easier to work from where the children are, emotionally and physical. Another interview

discloses that the organizations can exhort the children to not use drugs, to explain the invortance of

good relationships and to prevent criminal activities.

The possibility of making a difference, according to the social workers with the children. the Inost

meaningful part in their work is the possibility of making a difference in the street children's lives;

it is not always a difference as in changing everything for better in tie, it's about the ability to have

an impact the process of the system and on the political level. Some of the interviews mentioned

that all humans need love and respect. Every child in the world has a need of love, attention and

care in order to change behavior. street children have a tendency to respond negatively to

generosity and action of love due to the lack of love in their earlier experience.

13
Genders method does not look the same for boys and girls. Firstly, the boys are usually easier to

find on the street and are more openly selling items or begging for money. The children always

need to come up with things to entertain people in order to get money. There are specific actions on

how to reach out to the girls, there is. a first need to make contact with the leaders (often males) of

the group. We do not see female street children, most are boys. We often see female's prostitutes.

They could be 14 years old or younger. Street children as we know it are not really females. In the

cities there are more boys, but there most boys in charge of the decisions.

Family-based work. it was brought to our attention that street children usually have done everything

that could have done at home in order to save themselves without any success and this leads to

feelings of not being loved. It is a child that takes charge of their own lifeand when they decide to

leave their families, there is usually nothing that can make them return home. Sometimes, when you

see what they been through at home.

Government have implemented programs to deal with street children, the general solution involves

placing the children into orphanages juvenile homes, or correctional institutions. Efforts will be

macle by various government has tried to implement programs to put these children in state-run

homes, but efforts have largely failed, and street children have become a victim group of social

cleaning by the national policy, because they assumed to be drug users and criminal.

In Uganda, the primary response to homelessness is the supported accommodation assistance

program.

Public approaches to street children, there are four categories as follow;

14
i) The correctional model is primarily used by governments and the police. They view children as

a public nuisance and risk to the security of the general public. The objective of this model would

be to protect the public and help keep the kids away from the life of crime are the juvenile justice

system.

ii) The rehabilitative model is supported by churches and NGOs. The view of this model is that

street children are damaged and in need of help. The objective of this model is to rehabilitate

children into mainstream society. The method used to keep children from going back to the streets

are education, drug detoxification programs and providing children with safe family-like

environment.

iii) The outreach strategy is supported by street teachers, NGOs, and church organizations. The

strategy views street children as oppressed individuals in need of support from their communities.

The objective of the outreach education and training to support children.

iv) The preventive approach is supported by NGOs, the coalition of street children, and lobbying

governments. They view street children's poor circumstances from negative social and economic

forces. In order to help street children, this approach focuses on the problems that cause children to

leave their homes for the street.

2.4 Conclusion

This chapter provided an overview about the phenomenon of street children that included the

definition, prevalence and causes of this phenomenon. The study will be comprehensively review

literature on the mental health and sexual health risk behaviors among street children. In addition,

research finding on these issues were discussed.

15
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter deal with the research design, the description of street children, the sample

and sampling procedures, data collection procedures, data quality control measurements

and finally data analysis procedures.

3.1 Research Design

This study will adopt the survey method to gather data. The survey research had the right

attributes that allowed for guiding, systematic and objective collection of the needed data

statistics; hence, the choice of the survey research method. As suggested by Terre-Blanche

and Durrheim (1999). The research design is a planned background for achievement that

serves as a tie between research questions and the implementation of research. The

research will be in a preferred methodological approach that can significantly influence

methods in which data is collected, analyzed, and interpreted. Although each methodology

varies, be it, quantitative and qualitative, it is critical to assess the strengths and weakness

of each design (Terre-Blanche and Durrheim, 1999). In reaching the objectives of this

research study on the psychological well-being of street children, the study will use a

purely quantitative approach in line with the aims and objectives of the study. The specific

used will be a cross-sectional design, whereby the study collected data as a specific point

in time (Diclemente and Salazar, 2006). Across-sectional design typically comprises of

data used to identify patterns of association in the groups as whole or sharing

characteristics or attributes (Sumekh and Lewin, 2005). Across-sectional design will be

deemed appropriate for this study, as participants had different backgrounds and reasons

for on the streets.

32 participants
The research participants in the study will be street children living on the streets of

Kampala district, Busoga sub-region (Central Uganda). The study will be used as a non-

probability convenience sampling technique due to easier access the street children

population within the Ignnga district area.

Broadly defines sampling as a procedure that comprises choices about which people,

settings, circumstances and social processes to note. The non-probability convenience

sampling of street children within Kampala district, Central Uganda (Busoga

allow researcher

to choose participants which are available from the population at a point in time (Haer and

Becher, 2012). This sampling method will be useful, as the most convenient way of

collecting data was unknown. This sampling type method will also justify because

participants will be interviewed based on their availability and accessibility. A total of 20

street children will be interviewed within Kampala district area. The sample size of 20 will

viewed to adequate due to the difficulty in accessing this transient population.

3.3 Research Instrument/ Measures

the literacy levels of homeless youths may vary greatly, making it difficult for them to

complete it themselves. Three research assistants and principal researcher will be primarily

responsible for the cla„tl collection process and procedure. The questionnaire will consist

of socio-demographic questions, and other measures that assessed psychological

functioning of youths and health risk behaviors.

3.4 Data Collection and Procedure

an NGO that provides multifaceted interventions for children on the streets in Kampala

district, and Kampala International University, Humanities and Social Sciences.

The NGO acted as gatekeepers because these youths will be vested on their well-being,

rights and welfare in their care (Blanche, Durrheim and Painter, 2006). Once access will

be granted, one of the officials from the organization contacted the researcher to facilitate

the data collection process. With this primary relationship established, the data collection

process will be more effective and efficient with less confusion from all participants

involved. Each participant on the street will be informed about the focus of the study, after

which they asked if they will be willing to participate. Voluntary participation will be

emphasized and the participants will be informed that they could freely withdraw from the

study at any time. Verbal consent will be obtained from those who agreed to participate in

the study. Those who participatecl will be interviewed to complete the questionnaires

pertaining to the biological data sheet. The participants that will be available within the

organization and within the streets during the early hours of the morning will be selected

and interviewed.

3.5 Ethnical Considerations

This study —approved by the Head of the Depaltment of Applied psychological, Kampala

International University. In addition, the Kampala Child Rights Community Street

Children Organization will be approached for consent as they serve as legal guardians of

children living on the streets. All participants will be informed about the purpose of the

study and the duration.

they so with, Participants will be encouraged to ask questions concerning the study if they

had any objections.

3.6 Data Analysis

Descriptive statistics ill analyze and describe the nature of the data collected, as well as to

determine the levels of psychological functioning and health risks. In addition, data will be

used by the use of questionnaire; it will be entered into a computer, edited and coded to

minimize errors. Then it will be grouped into tables, analyzed, interpreted, discussed and

conclusions will be made.

3.7 Validity

After constructing questionnaire, the researcher will contact expertise in this area to go

through it to ensure that instrument is clear, relevant, specific and logically arranged.

3.8 Reliability

The research assistants sed for content analysis for the researcher. To calculate this kind

of reliability, the researcher reported the percentage of agreement on the same subject

between his raters and that of the assistants. However, half of the test, instrument, or a

survey, were used to analyze half as if it be the whole thing. The test-retest reliability of

individual items will be determined using intra-class correlation coefficient.

3.9 Data Quality Control

The information obtained through questionnaires will be cross-checked by observing

whether the behavior patterns match with what the respondents filled in the questionnaires.
 3.10 Limitations of the Study

Whole research on information from the selected population and sub-mission of

questionnaires to different respondents in Kampala district at large. However, this will

deal with through use of my family members in Kampala district to submit different

questions to respondents especially those in distant places.

Question avoidance arose in the answers for fear of some respondents to speak the truth

and others regard of their information as being confidential especially homeless youths

and street children. This will overcome through use of community leaders and introduction

of researcher's identification as a student to make respondents understand that this research

will not business minded but for education purposes.

Poor infrastructures limited data collection especially in some areas, however, this will
overcome through use of all means for instance foot, bicycle.