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    Lesson 2 - Unit 4 - Voicing and Consonants

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    Tuz Huong
    This document discusses the organs of speech and the production of consonants. It describes the three main systems that produce speech sounds: the respiratory system, the phonatory system including the larynx and vocal folds, and the articulatory system including the lips, teeth, palate, and tongue. It then explains how consonants are defined by their voicing, place of articulation using different articulators, and manner of articulation such as plosives, nasals, and fricatives.

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    Lesson 2 - Unit 4 - Voicing and Consonants

    Uploaded by

    Tuz Huong
    28 views15 pages
    This document discusses the organs of speech and the production of consonants. It describes the three main systems that produce speech sounds: the respiratory system, the phonatory system including the larynx and vocal folds, and the articulatory system including the lips, teeth, palate, and tongue. It then explains how consonants are defined by their voicing, place of articulation using different articulators, and manner of articulation such as plosives, nasals, and fricatives.

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    Lesson 2- Unit 4- Voicing and consonants

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    This document discusses the organs of speech and the production of consonants. It describes the three main systems that produce speech sounds: the respiratory system, the phonatory system including the larynx and vocal folds, and the articulatory system including the lips, teeth, palate, and tongue. It then explains how consonants are defined by their voicing, place of articulation using different articulators, and manner of articulation such as plosives, nasals, and fricatives.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    28 views15 pages

    Lesson 2 - Unit 4 - Voicing and Consonants

    Uploaded by

    Tuz Huong
    This document discusses the organs of speech and the production of consonants. It describes the three main systems that produce speech sounds: the respiratory system, the phonatory system including the larynx and vocal folds, and the articulatory system including the lips, teeth, palate, and tongue. It then explains how consonants are defined by their voicing, place of articulation using different articulators, and manner of articulation such as plosives, nasals, and fricatives.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 15

    UNIT 2:

    VOICING AND CONSONANTS


    12/25/2022 2

    Organs of Speech

    Respiratory System Phonatory System Articulatory System

    Lungs Muscles of Trachea Pharynx Lips Teeth Roof Tongue


    the chest of the
    Larynx mouth

    Vocal Teeth Hard Soft Uvula


    cords ridge palate palate

    Tip Blade Front Back Rims


    12/25/2022 3

    The larynx
    • The air from the lungs comes through the
    wind pipe or trachea, at the top of which is
    the larynx.
    • In the larynx are two vocal cords, which are
    like a pair of lips placed horizontally from
    front to back.
    • They are joined in the front, but can be
    separated at the back, and the opening
    between them is called the glottis.
    The larynx
    12/25/2022 6

    Consonants and Vowels


    The description of a consonant includes the following
    description:

    - The state of the glottis: voiced / voiceless (Voicing)

    - The articulators involved (i.e, the place of


    articulation)

    - The nature of stricture involved (i.e., the manner of


    articulation)
    12/25/2022 7

    The State of the Glottis


    • When we breathe in and out, the glottis is
    open. That is, the vocal cords are drawn
    wide apart producing voiceless sounds.

    • If the vocal cords are held loosely together,


    the pressure of the air coming from the
    lungs makes them vibrate; that is, they
    open and close regularly many times a
    second. Sounds produced in this way are
    called voiced sounds.
    12/25/2022 8

    State of the soft palate

    Raised Lowered

    Nasal passage blocked Nasal passage open

    Oral sounds produced

    Oral passage blocked Oral passage open


    Nasal sounds produced
    Nasalized sounds produced
    12/25/2022 9

    The Articulators
    • The organs of speech above the glottis are the
    articulators involved in the production of
    consonants:
    • Active articulator
    • the lower lip and the tongue
    • Passive articulator
    • the upper lip, the upper teeth, the roof of the mouth and the back
    wall of the throat (or Pharynx).

    • In the production of a consonant, the active


    articulator is moved towards the passive
    articulator.
    12/25/2022 10

    The Place of Articulation


    • The place of articulation simply means the
    active and passive articulators involved in
    the production of a particular consonant.
    • A few are:
    • Bilabial : The two lips are the articulators. E.g., /p/,
    /b/, /m/
    • Labio-dental: The lower lip is the active articulator
    and the upper teeth are the passive articulators.
    E.g., /f/, /v/
    • Dental: the tip of the tongue is the active articulator
    and the upper front teeth are the passive
    articulators.
    12/25/2022 11

    The Place of Articulation


    • Alveolar: The tip or blade of the tongue is the
    active articulator and the teeth-ridge is the
    passive articulator.
    • Post-alveolar: The tip of the tongue is the
    active articulator and the back of the teeth-
    ridge is the passive articulator.
    12/25/2022 12

    The Place of Articulation

    • Palato-alveolar: The tip, blade, and front of the


    tongue are the active articulators and the teeth-
    ridge and hard palate are the passive articulators.
    • Palatal: The front of the tongue is the active
    articulator and the hard palate is the passive
    articulator.
    • Velar. The back of the tongue is the active
    articulator and the soft palate is the passive
    articulator. E.g. /k/, /g/
    • Glottal: Produced at the glottis. E.g., [h]
    12/25/2022 13

    The Manner of Articulation


    According to the manner of articulation
    consonants are usually classified as follows:
    • Plosive (stop): In the production of a plosive, there
    is a simultaneous oral and nasal closure. The air
    behind the oral closure is compressed and when the
    active articulator is removed suddenly from contact
    with the passive one, the air escapes with an
    explosion.
    • Nasal: A nasal is produced by a stricture of complete
    oral closure, but in this case there is no closure of
    nasal passage. The soft palate is lowered and the
    air passes through the nose.
    12/25/2022 14

    The Manner of Articulation


    • Lateral : A lateral consonant is produced by a stricture of closure
    in the centre of the vocal tract , but the air has a free passage on
    the sides. E.g., /l/.
    • Fricative: In the production of a fricative consonant the articulator
    is one of close approximation. The active articulator is brought so
    close to the passive articulator that the passage between them is
    very narrow and the air passes through it with audible friction. E.g.,
    /f/, /v/
    • Affricate: A complete obstruction is released gradually; the air,
    which has built up behind the obstruction squeezes through the
    gap creating audible friction. English has only two: [ʧ] church and
    [ʤ] judge.
    • Approximant (w, j, r) : the vocal tract is narrowed but not enough
    to produce friction: no audible hiss is produced
    • - the tip of the tongue is the active articulator, and it is curled back.
    The back of the teeth-ridge or the hard palate is the passive
    articulator.
    Phonation (voicing of sound)

    The larynx is a box of cartilage

    Inside the larynx is the glottis containing


    the vocal folds
    The vocal folds can open and shut like curtains

    Consonant speech sounds are either:

    - Voiceless (fortis): if air passes freely from the lungs through


    the larynx
    - Voiced (lenis): if the vocal folds are brought together and the
    air is forced through making the folds vibrate

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