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    Trypanosoma Brucei

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    Lowella Rose C. Donguines
    Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense are subspecies of parasitic protozoa that cause African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness in humans through the bite of tsetse flies. The disease has a varied presentation including fever, headaches, and excessive sleepiness that can progress to include neurological impairment if left untreated. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of body fluids and tissues for the presence of the parasite, while treatment consists of antiparasitic drugs like pentamidine, suramin, and eflornithine.

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    Trypanosoma Brucei

    Uploaded by

    Lowella Rose C. Donguines
    21 views18 pages
    Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense are subspecies of parasitic protozoa that cause African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness in humans through the bite of tsetse flies. The disease has a varied presentation including fever, headaches, and excessive sleepiness that can progress to include neurological impairment if left untreated. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of body fluids and tissues for the presence of the parasite, while treatment consists of antiparasitic drugs like pentamidine, suramin, and eflornithine.

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    Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense are subspecies of parasitic protozoa that cause African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness in humans through the bite of tsetse flies. The disease has a varied presentation including fever, headaches, and excessive sleepiness that can progress to include neurological impairment if left untreated. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of body fluids and tissues for the presence of the parasite, while treatment consists of antiparasitic drugs like pentamidine, suramin, and eflornithine.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    21 views18 pages

    Trypanosoma Brucei

    Uploaded by

    Lowella Rose C. Donguines
    Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense are subspecies of parasitic protozoa that cause African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness in humans through the bite of tsetse flies. The disease has a varied presentation including fever, headaches, and excessive sleepiness that can progress to include neurological impairment if left untreated. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of body fluids and tissues for the presence of the parasite, while treatment consists of antiparasitic drugs like pentamidine, suramin, and eflornithine.

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    TRYPANOSOMA

    BRUCEI
    rhodesiense & gambiense
    Presented by: Lowella Rose C. Donguines
    TOPIC OUTLINE
    Introduction Pathogenesis
    History Clinical Findings
    Epidemiology Diagnosis
    Habitat Treatment
    Life Cycle Prevention
    Trypanosoma brucei
    Definition
    a species of parasitic kinetoplastid
    belonging to the genus Trypanosoma
    exclusively extracellular
    inhabits the blood plasma and body
    fluids
    typical unicellular eukaryotic cell
    measures 8 to 50 μm in length
    elongated body with streamlined and
    tapered shape

    Two Subspecies of
    Trypanosoma brucei

    1. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense


    2. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
    Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and
    Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

    Pleomorphic flagellates
    15–30 μ in length by 1.5–3.5 μ in breadth
    Morphologically indistinguishable
    There are no intracellular forms
    Causes African Trypanosomiasis or African
    Sleeping Sickness
    It is called nagana in livestock and game animals
    History
    Early Records
    Sleeping sickness in animals were described in ancient Egyptian writings.
    In middle Ages sleeping sickness is prevalent among Africans and their dogs.
    Major infectious diseases in southern and eastern Africa in the 19th century.

    Outbreaks
    In Uganda, the first case of human infection was reported in 1898.
    It was followed by an outbreak in 1900.
    By 1901, it became severe with death toll estimated to about 20,000.
    More than 250,000 people died in the epidemic that lasted for two
    decades.
    Epidemiology

    Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense


    found in 13 countries in eastern and southern Africa
    mostly rampant in Eastern Africa thus the name
    "East African Sleeping Sickness"
    represents under 3% of reported cases

    Trypanosoma brucei gambiense


    found in 24 countries in west and central Africa.
    currently accounts for 97% of reported cases of sleeping sickness
    causes a chronic infection.
    Habitat

    T. brucei gambiense T. brucei rhodesiense


    Humans are considered the main Domestic Cattle are thought to be
    reservoir for Trypanosoma brucei the most epidemiologically-
    gambiense but this species can relevant animal reservoir of
    also be found in animals including Trypanosoma brucei rhodisiense.
    primates and ungulates Bushback and other antelopes may
    serve as reservoirs.
    Transmission
    Transmitted to humans by the bite of tse-tse flies
    Transplacental transmission also occurs.
    LIFE CYCLE
    LIFE CYCLE
    Diagnostic Stage: Circulating trypamastigotes in

    blood during acute phase; usually undetectable in

    latent phase

    Infective Stage: Tse tsetse fly takes a blood meal

    and injects metacyclic trypamastigotes

    Mode of Infection: Tse tse fly


    Pathogenesis
    African trypanomiasis
    Multiply at the site of inoculation to cause variable induration and
    swelling (primary lesion) which may progress to form trypanosomal
    chancre.
    African forms multiply extracellularyly as trypamastigotes in blood and
    lymphoid tissues
    Spread to the bloodstream, lymph nodes
    In terminal stages, they spread to the CNS where they produce the
    typical sleeping sickness syndrome:
    Lassitude
    Inability to eat
    Tissue wasting
    Unconsciousness
    Death
    CLINICAL FINDINGS

    Lymphoadenopathy Skin Chancre Rash

    Fever Headaches Itchy Skin

    Excessive sleepiness Muscle and joint pain Weight loss


    nic kn a m e 'slee p ing
    It gets its
    e ss' b ec a us e sy m pto m s
    sickn
    lu de a dist ur b ed sle e p
    can inc
    pattern. Why is called as
    ''Sleeping Sickness?
    Diagnosis
    T. b. gambiense
    light-microscopic detection of the parasite in a lymph node
    aspirate (usually, from a posterior cervical node).
    Concentration techniques and serial examinations
    (centrifugation followed by buffy coat examination, mini-
    anion exchange centrifugation technique, or microhematocrit
    centrifugation technique).
    T. b. rhodesiense
    microscopic examination of chancre fluid, lymph node
    aspirates, blood, bone marrow

    Treatment
    Antitrypanosomal treatment
    Pentamidine
    Suramin
    Melarsoprol
    Eflornithine
    Nifurtimox
    Used in combination with eflornithine
    Prevention

    Wear protective clothing, including long-


    sleeved shirts and pants.
    Wear neutral-colored clothing.
    Inspect vehicles for tsetse flies before
    entering.
    Avoid bushes.
    Use insect repellant.

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