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    Lecture 5

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    rafey amer
    The document discusses sources of error in electrical instrumentation and measurement, including systematic errors which are consistently in one direction, and random errors. It describes main sources of systematic error such as instrument disturbance of the measured system, environmental disturbances, wear over time, and resistance of connecting leads.

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    Lecture 5

    Uploaded by

    rafey amer
    14 views16 pages
    The document discusses sources of error in electrical instrumentation and measurement, including systematic errors which are consistently in one direction, and random errors. It describes main sources of systematic error such as instrument disturbance of the measured system, environmental disturbances, wear over time, and resistance of connecting leads.

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    The document discusses sources of error in electrical instrumentation and measurement, including systematic errors which are consistently in one direction, and random errors. It describes main sources of systematic error such as instrument disturbance of the measured system, environmental disturbances, wear over time, and resistance of connecting leads.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    14 views16 pages

    Lecture 5

    Uploaded by

    rafey amer
    The document discusses sources of error in electrical instrumentation and measurement, including systematic errors which are consistently in one direction, and random errors. It describes main sources of systematic error such as instrument disturbance of the measured system, environmental disturbances, wear over time, and resistance of connecting leads.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 16

    EE 213: Electrical Instrumentation

    & measurement
    (2 Credit Hours)
    Errors arising during the measurement process can be divided into
    two groups, known as

    • Systematic errors
    • Random errors
    Systematic errors describe errors in the output readings of a
    measurement system that are consistently on one side of the
    correct reading, that is, either all errors are positive or are all
    negative.
    Sources of Systematic Error

    The main sources of systematic error in the output of measuring instruments are

    • disturbance of the measured system by the act of measurement


    • effect of environmental disturbances
    • changes in characteristics due to wear in instrument components over a
    period of time
    • resistance of connecting leads
    System Disturbance due to Measurement

    Disturbance of the measured system by the act of measurement is


    a common source of systematic error.
    The temperature of hot water in beaker is to be measured with a
    mercury-in-glass thermometer, then we would take the thermometer,
    which would initially be at room temperature, and plunge it into the
    water.

    In so doing, we would be introducing a relatively cold mass (the


    thermometer) into the hot water and a heat transfer would take
    place between the water and the thermometer.

    This heat transfer would lower the temperature of the water. While
    the reduction in temperature in this case would be so small as to
    be undetectable by the limited measurement resolution of such a
    thermometer
    A particularly important example of this occurs with the orifice plate.
    This is placed into a fluid-carrying pipe to measure the flow rate,
    which is a function of the pressure that is measured either side of the
    orifice plate.

    This measurement procedure causes a permanent pressure loss in


    the flowing fluid. The disturbance of the measured system can often
    be very significant.
    Thus, as a general rule, the process of measurement always
    disturbs the system being measured.

    The magnitude of the disturbance varies from one measurement


    system to the next and is affected particularly by the type of
    instrument used for measurement.
    For instance, consider the circuit shown in Figure in which the voltage across
    resistor R5 is to be measured by a voltmeter with resistance Rm.

    Here, Rm acts as a shunt resistance across R5, decreasing the resistance


    between points AB and so disturbing the circuit.

    Therefore, the voltage Em measured by the meter is not the value of the
    voltage Eo that existed prior to measurement.
    Errors due to Environmental Inputs

    Errors occurred in the measurement system by a change in the


    environmental conditions.

    The magnitude of this environment-induced variation is quantified by


    the two constants known as sensitivity drift and zero drift, both of
    which are generally included in the published specifications for an
    instrument.
    Wear in Instrument Components

    Systematic errors can frequently develop over a period of time


    because of wear in instrument components.

    Recalibration often provides a full solution to this problem.


    Connecting Leads

    In connecting together the components of a measurement system, a


    common source of error is the failure to take proper account of the
    resistance of connecting leads
    For instance, in typical applications of a resistance thermometer, it is
    common to find that the thermometer is separated from other parts
    of the measurement system by perhaps 100 meters.

    The resistance of such a length of 20-gauge copper wire is 7 Ω, and


    there is a further complication that such wire has a temperature
    coefficient of 1 mΩ/C.

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