9 FM V40 o XL BTQ Oa Hs 1 No IU2 DZW Jou DJB9 NA5 X1 WX9

Vern J.
Ostdiek
Donald J. Bord
Chapter 3
Energy and Conservation
Laws
sections 6,8,
Chapter 3
Energy and Conservation Laws
Collisions
Collisions
A collision is when two objects interact to:
1. exchange momentum:
the law of conservation of linear momentum.
2. exchange energy:
In some collisions, the only form of energy
involved, before and after, is kinetic energy.
In other collisions, forms of energy like potential
energy and internal energy play a role.
Collisions
Collisions can be classified as follows:
An elastic collision is one in which the total
kinetic energy remains constant.
total kinetic energy of the colliding bodies after
the collision equals the total kinetic energy before
the collision.
An inelastic collision is one in which the
total kinetic energy does not remain constant.
total kinetic energy of the colliding bodies after the collision
is not equal to the total kinetic energy before the collision.
Not equal means :It can be greater than, or less than
Collisions
The first case shows an elastic collision.
The second
case shows a
perfectly
inelastic
collision.
In both collisions, the total linear momentum before the

collision equals the total after.
Collisions, elastic collision
The figure, shows two equal-mass carts traveling with the
same speed but in opposite directions collide.
the carts bounce apart because of a spring attached to one of
them.
After the collision,
each cart has the
same speed it had
before, but it is going in the opposite direction.
Consequently, the total kinetic energy of the two
carts is the same after the collision as it was before.
This is an elastic collision.
Collisions, inelastic collision
This figure is an example of an inelastic
collision.
This time the two carts stick together and
stop.
The total kinetic energy after the collision is
zero in this case.
Example
Example 3.9
Recall the automobile collision analyzed in
Example 3.2. Compare the amounts of
kinetic energy in the system before and after
the collision.
Example
Example 3.9
ANSWER: m1 1,000 kg
The problem gives us: v1 10 m/s
m2 2,500 kg
v2 4 m/s
The initial KE is:
2
1
KEi 2
1000 kg 10 m/s 50 kJ
The final KE is:
2
1
KE f 2
2500 kg 4 m/s 20 kJ
Example
Example 3.8
DISCUSSION:
30 kJ of energy was lost during the collision.
Converted to heat and sound, used to deform the cars,
etc.
Since KE was lost, the collision was inelastic.
It is perfectly inelastic because they stuck together.
Rotation and angular
momentum
Our final conservation law applies to rotational
motion.
We defined linear momentum as p mv
Consider an object moving
in a circle.
If we shorten the string, the
There must be some relation

between the speed and radius.
momentum
Angular momentum is the momentum of an
object moving in a circle.
For a point particle, e.g., a ball, the angular
momentum is
mvr
Notice that the angular momentum of the object
is also equal to its linear momentum (mv)
multiplied by the radius of its circular path.
momentum
Conservation of Angular Momentum states
that the total angular momentum of an
isolated system is constant.
For our ball on a string:
initial: mvi ri
final: mv f rf
momentum
By conservation of momentum:
mvi ri mv f rf
vi ri v f rf
The right hand side must equal the left hand
side.
So as rf gets smaller, vf must get larger.
momentum
This also holds for orbits.
As the satellite
gets to B, it
must move
faster than at
A.
Example
You spin a ball attached to the end of a 1.0-
meter string with a speed of
the string to 10 centimeters.

Example
ANSWER: vi 10 m/s
The problem gives us:
ri 1m
rf 0.10 m
From angular momentum conservation:
ri
vi ri v f rf vf vi
rf
Example
ANSWER:
Inserting the numbers:
Example
DISCUSSION:
length shortens.
a spinning skater s hands, arms, shoulders, and
other body parts are all moving in circles.
When the arms are pulled in closer to the body, the
skater spins faster. Pulling the arms in decreases the
radius but she spins faster.
The reverse happens if the arms are moved out the
skater slows down.
total angular momentum remains the same.

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Vern J.

In both collisions, the total linear momentum before the

There must be some relation

the string to 10 centimeters.

From angular momentum conservation:

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