Model Question Solution

Made By : Krishna shah

Group 'A'
1. A meter rule is used to measure the length of a piece of string in a certain
experiment. It is found to be 20 cm long to the nearest millimeter. How should this
result be recorded in a table of results?
(a) 0.2000 m (b) 0.200 m (c) 0.20 m (d) 0.2 m

Answer: (b) 0.200 m

Explanation:
From the question, it is obvious that the least count of the meter scale is 1 mm
as it measures up to the millimeter. Since, 1 mm = 0.001 m. So, result should
have three significant figures. Thus,20cm=20100∴20cm=0.200m

2. Forces are applied to a rigid body. The forces all act in the same plane. In which
diagram is the body in equilibrium?

Answer: (b)
Explanation:
In this case, the downward force has balanced the upward force and hence the
body is in equilibrium.

3. An athlete makes a long jump and follows a projectile motion. Air resistance is
negligible. Which of the following statements is true bout the athlete?

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 a. The athlete has a constant horizontal and vertical velocities.
b. The athlete has a constant horizontal velocity and constant downward
acceleration.
c. The athlete has a constant upward acceleration followed by a constant
downward acceleration.
d. The athlete has a constant upward velocity followed by a constant
downward velocity.

Answer: (b) The athlete has a constant horizontal velocity and constant
downward acceleration.
Explanation:
In case of projectile motion, there is no horizontal force acting on the
athlete(i.e., body in projectile motion) due to which there is no change in
horizontal velocity. But the force of gravity is always acting towards the center
of the earth with constant acceleration due to gravity always downward.

4. At Kulekhani-I Hydro-power station, water flows from Indra Sarowar into the
turbines that are a vertical distance of 550 m below the lake, as shown in the
diagram. Generally, 780 000 kg of water flows into the turbines every minute. The
turbines have the efficiency of 85%. What is the output power of the turbines?
a. 71 MW b. 60MW
c. 4.2 GW d. 3.6 GW

Answer: (b) 60 MW
Explanation:
Input power (P in ) is calculated as,
Pin=might=780000×10×55060=7.15×107W

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Since efficiency of machine is 85%, we can calculate Pout as,
Pout=85%ofPin=85100×7.15×107=60775000≈60×106
∴Pout=60MW

5. Graphs of stress-strain for four different materials are shown below. Which
graph represents the stiffest material?

Answer: (a)
Explanation:
Stiffness means resistance to deformation. In graph, to find the stiffest material,
we have to look for the one for which the change in strain is very small and is
linear with change in stress.

6. A boy walks towards a stationary plane mirror at a speed of 1.2 ms-1. What is the
relative speed of approach of the boy and his image?
a. zero b. 1.2 ms–1
c. 2.4 ms–1 d. 1.44 ms–1

Answer: (a) Zero

Explanation:
When a boy walks towards a stationary plane mirror with a speed of u(1.2 m/s),
his image also travels with the same speed but in opposite direction v(= - 1.2 m/s)
(i.e., towards the boy). Since, the velocity of object and image are in opposite
direction, the relative velocity is, Vr=u−v=1.2−(−1.2) ∴Vr=2.4m/s

7. The critical angle between an equilateral prism and air is 450. What happens to
the incident ray perpendicular to the refracting surface?
a. It is reflected totally from the second surface and emerges
perpendicular from the third surface.
b. It gets reflected from second and third surfaces and emerges from the
first surface.
c. It keeps reflecting from all the three sides of the prism and never
emerges out.
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d. After deviation, it gets refracted from the second surface.

Answer: (a) It is reflected totally from the second surface and emerges
perpendicular from the third surface.
Explanation:
See the figure!

8. In the formation of a rainbow, the light from the sun on water droplets
undergoes which of the following phenomenon / phenomena?
a. Dispersion only b. Only total reflection.
c. Dispersion and total internal reflection d. Scattering

Answer: (C) Dispersion and total internal reflection

Explanation:
A rainbow is caused by dispersion, refraction and internal
reflection of sunlight by tiny water droplets, present in the atmosphere
and always formed in a direction opposite to that of the sun. The water
droplets act like small prisms.

9. In what unit is the power of lens measured?

a. watt b. metre
c. diopter d. Hertz

Answer: (c) diopter

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Explanation:
A diopter (British spelling) or diopter (American spelling) is
a unit of measurement of the optical power of a lens or curved mirror, which
is equal to the reciprocal of the focal length measured in meters. (1 diopter =
1 m−1.)

10. A piece of wire of resistance R is bent through 1800 at mid-point and the two
halves are twisted together. What is the resistance of the wire thus formed?
a. R/4 b. R/2
c. R d. 2R
Answer: (a) R/4
Explanation:
Since,
R∝l
When the wire is bent to two halves through 1800 and twisted together, the
equal resistances R2 is seen to be connected in parallel as in figure.

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11. What are the elementary particles with half spin called?
a. quarks b. bosons
c. fermions d. hadrons

Answer: (c) fermions

Explanation:
Elementary particles are classified according to their spin.
Fermions have half-integer spin while bosons have integer spin.

Group 'B'
1. (a) State the law of conservation of momentum.
Solution:
It states that, " If no external force act on the system of two colliding objects
then the vector sum of the linear momentum of each body remains constant
and is not affected by their mutual interaction."
If two bodies of masses m1 and m2 are moving with respective initial velocities
of u1 and u2 before collision. After some time, they collide and their final
velocities becomes v1 and v2 respectively. Then from conservation of linear
momentum, we write,
m1u1+m2u2=m1v1+m2v2
(b) A jumbo jet of mass 4×105 kg travelling at a speed of 5000 m/s lands on the
airport. It takes 2 minutes to come to rest. Calculate the average force applied by
the ground on the aeroplane.

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Solution:

(c) After landing the aeroplane's momentum becomes zero. Explain how the law of
conservation holds here.
Solution:
Aeroplane and ground (i.e., Earth) is an isolated system of colliding objects. We
know from the conservation of linear momentum that for an isolated system, the
momentum before collision is equal to the momentum after collision. When
aeroplane and the ground collides, the aeroplane imparts its momentum to the
ground as total momentum has to be conserved. Due to this, the ground (i.e.,
Earth) gains the recoil velocity which is however very negligible due to the
massive size of earth.

OR
(a)State Hooke's law.
Solution:
Hooke's law states that the restoring force acting on a body is directly
proportional to extension produced within elastic limit.
i.e.,

F∝ x
−F= kx

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 Here, x is the extension produced on a body and k is the force constant or
spring constant.

Hooke's law can also be stated as, "For the small deformation, the stress
produced on a body is proportional to the corresponding strain."
i.e.,

Here, E is the constant of proportionality which is called modulus of elasticity of

the material. Its value depends up on the material and on the type of deformation
involved.

(b) The walls of the tyres on a car are made of a rubber compound. The variation
with stress of the strain of a specimen of this rubber compound is shown in Fig.
1.2. As the car moves, the walls of the tyres end and straighten continuously. Use
Fig. 1.2 to explain why the walls of the tyres become warm.

Solution:
The curve shown in the figure shows the phenomena 'elastic hysteresis'. The

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area between the two curves gives the thermal energy loss. When stress is
applied on rubber (i.e., the wall of tyre), the energy is stored in it and some of
the energy is lost in the form of heat energy as shown in figure. Thus, the walls
of the tyre become warm.

2. (a) What is meant by specific latent heat of vaporization of water = 2.26MJkg−1?

Solution:
It means that to vaporize 1 kg of water, 2.26 MJ of heat energy is to be supplied
on it.

(b) A 1.0 kW kettle contains 500g of boiling water. Calculate the time needed to
evaporate all the water in the kettle. (Specific latent heat of vaporization of water
= 2.26MJkg−1).
Solution:
power of a heater, P = 1 kW = 1000 W
mass of boiling water, m = 500 g = 0.5 kg
specific latent heat of vaporization of water, L = 2.26 MJ/kg = 2.26×106 J/kg
time needed to evaporate all the water, t = ?
Now, the heat required to boil the water is,
Q=mL=0.5×2.26×106
∴Q=1.13×106J
Again,

(c) Explain why the actual time needed is a little longer than the time calculated in
2(b).
Solution:
Since the efficiency of any real machine is always less than 100%, the kettle does
not deliver the power of 1 kW and thus the time taken is longer than the
calculated.

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3. (a) State any three properties of an ideal gas as assumed by the kinetic theory of
gas.
Solution:
The three properties of an ideal gas as assumed by the kinetic theory of gas are,
(i) The gas molecules are in random motion.
(ii) There exists no intermolecular force of attraction between the gas molecules.
(iii) The collision between the gas molecules or between the gas molecules and
the container is elastic in nature.

(b) A student needed to use the ideal gas for a certain experiment. But, the ideal
gas does not exist. Suggest what two different things this student could do to solve
his problem.
Solution:
At low pressure and high temperature, the volume of the real gas is negligible and
the kinetic energy of the molecules is quite large as compared to the mutual force
between them. Hence, he could lower the pressure and increase the temperature
to approximate the ideal gas and use in his experiment.

4. (a) Define temperature gradient in an object.

Solution:
The rate of change of temperature of an object with respect to the distance in the
direction of the maximum change of temperature. Temperature gradient= dθdx
Here, dθ is the difference in temperature and dx is the distance along the
maximum change in temperature.

(b) An electric kitchen range has a total wall area of 1.40 m2 and is insulted with a
layer of fiber glass 4 cm thick that has a inside temperature of 175oC and its
outside surface is 35 oC. The fiber glass has a thermal conductivity of 0.040 Wm-1K-
1
. Calculate the rate of flow of heat through the insulation, assuming the fiber as a
flat slab of area of 1.40 m2.

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Solution:
Area of fiber glass, A = 1.40 m2
Thickness of fiber glass, x = 4 cm = 0.04 m
Higher temperature, θ1 = 1750 C
Lower temperature, θ2 = 350 C
Thermal conductivity of fiber glass, k = 0.040 Wm-1K-1
Rate of heat flow, Q/t = ?

Hence the rate of heat flow is 196 W .

(c) How might the rate of conduction be affected if the fiber absorbs moisture?
Justify your answer.
Solution:
Thermal conductivity of the fiber will increase with increase in the moisture
content as it increases the rate of heat transfer by conduction.

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5. Figure 5.1 shows a ray of light is entering and emerging through a part of a
convex lens.

(i) Define 'convex lens', and state one daily application of it.
Solution: A lens which is thick at the centre and thin at the edges is called a
convex lens. It is also called the converging lens. Convex lens is mainly used in
magnifying glasses and to put one, we can say that it is used to treat
hypermetropia.

(ii) Explain why this lens is also called converging lens?

Solution: Converging of rays means to meet the rays at a fixed point. Convex
lens converges the parallel rays to a fixed point on its principal axis (i.e., at
Focus). It is shown in figure.

(iii) Calculate the refractive index of the material of the lens shown in the figure.
Solution:
angle of incidence, i = 900-540 = 36 0
angle of refraction, r = 320
refractive index, μ = ?
Now,

Hence the refractive index of the material is 1.1.

OR

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(a) Define 'concave mirror' and state one daily application of it.
Solution: Concave mirror is a spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is caved
in. Concave mirror is used in shaving mirror as it produces a larger image of a
face that is upright as well as in nature.
I guess there is some typo or printing mistake in question no.(b) because of
which I have not solved it here.

6. (a) Sketch an electric field pattern around two identical negative point charges
shown below.
Solution:
I have discussed it in detail in video with simulation where necessary. So, please
go through that for proper understanding.

Figure: Electric field pattern

(b) Obtain an equation, in terms of Q and r, for the field strength at point X due to
two charges shown in shown in Fig. 6.1

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Solution:

7. (a) Define capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor and state one application of it
in electric circuit.
Solution: Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is the ability of a parallel plate
capacitor to store charge which is mathematically written as, C=ϵ0AdWhere, C is
the capacitance, ε0 is the permittivity of free space, A is the area of the plate of
capacitor and d is the distance between two plates of capacitor.
Capacitor is used in rectifiers to filter the a.c. out of mixed d.c. components.

(b) Three capacitors each of 1000μF are connected in an electric circuit as shown
below.

Solution:
The combination is parallel

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The effective capacitance of parallel combination of capacitors is equal to the sum
of their capacitances.
C=1000+1000+1000=3000μF

8. (a) What is meant by a power of a heater is 2kW?

Solution:
It means that 2000 J of electrical energy is converted into the thermal energy by
the heater.

(b) Calculate the resistance of the above mentioned heater when it is connected to
220V source.
Solution:
power, P = 2000 J
voltage, V = 220 V
resistance, R = ?
Now,
R=V2P=22022000∴R=24.2ΩHence, the resistance of the heater is 24.2 Ω.

(c) Suggest what changes must be done to the heater so that it gives more heat.
Justify your answer.
Solution:
From the Joule's law of heating, H=I2RtFor constant R, heat depends on I2 and t.
So, by increasing the current (with rheostat adjusted) and flowing the current
through the heater wire for longer time t.

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 Group 'C'
9. (a) A box at rest is accelerated by a rope attached with a motor as shown in the
Fig. The velocity-time graph given below shows the pattern of its motion for 20 s.

(a) If the box is pulled with constant unbalanced force 10 N. Show that the initial
acceleration of the box is 2.5 m/s2, and calculate its mass.
Solution:
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. Taking time from 0 to 5 sec ( See x-
axis ), we see the change in velocity as 12.5 m

(b) After 2.0 second the box is being pulled by a constant force 12 N. Determine
the size of frictional forces acting on the box at this time.

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Solution:
Since the sliding body experiences frictional force in the opposite direction (see
the diagram below), the net force is,

(c) Determine the distance of the box travels along the ground at 8.0s.
Solution:
When calculating distance, we find the area of the curve or line up to which we
have to calculate the distance.
Up to 8 sec,
t=8
Δv=20
Thus, the distance is calculated as,

10. A boy is operating a remote-controlled toy car on a horizontal circular track, as

shown in Figure.
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The track has a radius of 1·8 m and the car travels around the track with a constant
speed.

(i) Explain why the car is accelerating, even though it is travelling at a constant
speed.
Solution: During circular motion, the velocity of the body changes continuously
(since their direction changes). As acceleration is the change in velocity, it also
changes.

(ii) The car has a mass of 0·50 kg. The boy now increases the speed of the car to
6·0 m/s. The total radial friction between the car and the track has a maximum
value of 7.0 N.
Show by calculation that the car cannot continue to travel in a circular path.
Solution:
The necessary centripetal force for the toy car to move in a a uniform circular
motion is provided by the friction between the car and the track. So, for the car
to move in a track, the frictional force should be equal to the centripetal force
required to move the car in circular motion. Calculating the necessary
centripetal force as,

Since, the force of friction between the car and the track i.e., 7 N is less than the
necessary centripetal force i.e., 10 N, the car cannot continue to travel in a
circular path.

(iii) The car is now placed on a track, which includes a raised section. This is shown
in Figure.

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The raised section of the track can be considered as the arc of a circle, which has
radius r of 0·85 m. The car will lose contact with the raised section of track if its
speed is greater than vmax. Show that vmax is given by the relationship vmax =
√𝑟𝑔 .
Solution:
We know the normal force acting on the car is

OR
Juno is a NASA orbiter with a mission to survey Jupiter. It is in an elliptical orbit
around Jupiter as shown in the figure below.

The gravitational potential at point A in the orbit of Juno is -1·70 × 109 J kg-1.
(a) State what is meant by a gravitational potential at point A is -1·70 × 109 J kg-1.
Solution: It means that 1.70×109 J of work is done on unit mass of a body to
bring it from infinity to the point A without acceleration.

(b) At point B, Juno is 1·69 × 108 m from the centre of Jupiter. If the mass if Jupiter
is 1.90 ×1027 kg, calculate the gravitational potential at point B.

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Solution:
Gravitational potential at point B is calculated as,

(c) The mass of Juno is 1·6 × 103 kg. Determine the change in gravitational
potential energy if Juno moves from Point A to Point B.
Solution:
The gravitational potential energy is,

11. (a) Explain how Rutherford’s α-scattering experiment suggested that the
nucleus of an atom is very small, very dense and positively charged.
Solution:
In his alpha scattering experiment, Rutherford directed the energetic alpha
particles at a thin gold foil and measured the extent to which they are deflected
as they passed through the foil. The respective suggestions of alpha scattering
experiment are:
(i) Small nucleus : Most of the alpha particles were either undeflected or only
slightly deflected but a few are deflected through large angles. It suggests that,
the nucleus is very small as the influence is seen only for small fraction of alpha
particles.
(ii) Very dense and positively charged nucleus: Some of the alpha particles were
deflected backward which means that there should exist large force inside the
atom. This large force could only be provided if the positive charge (because
alpha particle is positive and thus for it to be deflected requires another positive
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charge), instead of being spread throughout the atom, were concentrated
tightly at its center. It suggests that the nucleus is very dense and positively
charged.

(b) Considering that the α-particles carry average kinetic energy of 2.00 x 1010 J,
calculate the maximum size of the gold nucleus. [Atomic number of gold is 79 and
e= 1.60 x 10-19C]
Solution:
(I want you to know that the typical energy range of alpha particle is 3 to 7 MeV
which is 4.8×10-13 J to 1.12×10-12 J. In the question, the kinetic energy of the
alpha particle is 2.00×1010 J which is a printing error. So, I will use the kinetic
energy of alpha particle as 5 MeV i.e., 8×10-13 J. Did you find how I changed
MevV to J? Don't be confused! Just use the relation1MeV=1.6×10−13J) Only for
idea

Given,
Kinetic energy of the alpha particle, Kα = 5 MeV = 8×10-13 J
charge of alpha particle, q1 = +2e
charge of gold nucleus, q2 = +79e
Now,
The kinetic energy of the alpha particle is transferred to the electric potential
energy as the alpha particle enters the atom. The transfer is complete when the
alpha particle momentarily stops at the distance d of the closest approach to
the target nucleus (i.e., gold nucleus).
Thus,

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Though not completely correct, the maximum size of the gold nucleus, i.e., its
diameter can be written as,
2d=9.08×10−14m
(c) Explain why the radius of the gold nucleus must be much smaller than the value
calculated in 11 (b) above.
Solution:
To be more precise, the value calculated above i.e., d is actually the distance of
the closest approach between nucleus and the alpha particle. This in no way can
represent the size or radius of the gold nucleus. Even if the alpha particle had
touched the gold nucleus, it would be wrong to interpret 2d as the actual size of
nucleus.

THE END

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