First Lesson (1st)

The Alphabet

A
J KB C
L H
MDI E
N F
O G
P
Q R
S T U VZ W X Y
Exercise: Spell the following words.

New York:
Telephone:
California:
Window:
Hollywood:

Indefinite Pronouns
the word A or AN used in English to refer to a person or thing that is not identified or
specified,  You use one or the other, depending on the first letter of the word following the
article, for pronunciation reasons. Use A when the next word starts with a consonant, or before
words starting in u and eu when they sound like you. Use AN when the next word starts with a
vowel (a,e,i,o,u) or with a mute h.

EXAMPLES:

A boy AN apple
A car AN elephant
A helicopter AN European
A university AN hour
 A unit AN honor
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Definite Pronouns

The word "the" is one of the most common words in English. It is our only definite article.
Nouns in English are preceded by the definite article when the speaker believes that the
listener already knows what he is referring to. It means The : Él, La, Los, Las.

The red car The red cars

The white house The white roses

Exercise: Add the right article and then make the plural.

_car _train _airplane

_truck _boat _bicycle

_ship _banana _orange

_pear _watermelon _pineapple

_strawberry _melon _peach

_apple _pig _dog

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_cat _sheep _horse

_ant _cow _bear

_plant _bird _daisy

_orchid _rose
_tree

_knife _fork _spoon

_glass _cup
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PLURARIZATION
Most singular nouns are made plural by simply putting an -s at the end. There are many
different rules regarding pluralization depending on what letter a noun ends in. Irregular nouns
do not follow plural noun rules, so they must be memorized or looked up in the dictionary.

Plural Noun Rules

There are many plural noun rules, and because we use nouns so frequently when writing, it’s
important to know all of them! The correct spelling of plurals usually depends on what letter the
singular noun ends in.

✔ A singular noun ending in -o, -s, -x, -z, -ch, -sh makes the plural by adding
-es.

Singular Plural Singular Plural

bus buses box boxes
glass glasses tomato tomatoes
wish wishes potato potatoes
pitch pitches quizz quizzes
✔ A singular noun ending in -f, -fe makes the plural by dropping the -f, -fe
and adding –ves

Singular Plural Singular Plural

half halves belief beliefs
knife knives proof proofs
wife wives chief chiefs
life lives cliff cliffs
elf elves proof proofs
loaf loaves roof roofs
leaf leaves safe safes
Wolf Wolves
✔ A singular noun ending in a consonant + y makes the plural by dropping the -y
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and adding -ies.
 Singular Plural Singular Plural
penny pennies city cities
spy spies daisy daisies
baby babies company companies
Singular Plural Singular Plural
analysis analyses thesis theses
diagnosis diagnoses crisis crises
oasis oases axis axes

✔ A singular noun ending in -is makes the plural by dropping the –is and adding
-es.
Singular Plural fungus fungi
cactus cacti nucleus nuclei
syllabi/
focus foci syllabus
syllabuses

✔ A singular noun ending in -us makes the plural by dropping the -us and adding -i.

One Cactus three Cacti One Octupus Three Octopi

✔ Most singular nouns form the plural by adding -s.

Singular Plural Singular Plural

boat boats river rivers
house houses boy boys
cat cats toy toys
One Ball Three Balls
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Some irregular nouns
 one man three men one woman three women

One Tooth Teeth

One Goose Three Geese One Sheep Two Sheep

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

woman women sheep sheep goose geese
man men fish fish ox oxen
child children louse lice fish fish
tooth teeth dormouse dormice phenomenon phenomena
foot feet goose geese criterion criteria
person people ox oxen datum data
mouse mice aircraft aircraft species species

Personal Pronouns
Numbe Personal Pronoun
Person
r
1st I
2nd You
Singul
ar
3rd He
3rd She
3rd It*
1st We
Plural 2nd You
3rd They*
*It: It’s used for animals and things in singular.

*They: It’s used for animals, things and people in plural.

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Exercise: Match the name to the personal pronoun.
Scooby Doo I

Gabe and you They

Jesus You

Mark and Charles She

Kate We

Frank, Ann and I They

Mary and Jason It

He
Your name

Choose the right personal pronoun to change the subjects in the next senteces.

Luis is a nice boy. ______ is a nice boy.

Sarah and Charles are good friends. ______ are friends.

A car, a plane and a ship are things. ______ are things.

You and I are persons. ______ are persons.

Anna is an excellent teacher. ______ is an excellent teacher.

A pear, an apple and an orange are fruits. ______ are fruits.

A dog is an animal. ______ is an animal.

Mary is a beauty girl. ______ is a beauty girl.

Pluralizes the following nouns.

A fly A hat A horse

A key A fox A tomato

A box A dish A mouse

A baby A tooth A woman

A watch A beach A hero

A monkey A wish A country

A boy A wolf A glass

A knife A bus A fruit

 A child A goose A spoon

A sheep A friend A foot

A church A house A lemon

A wife A kiss A roof

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Instrucciones y traducciones

Pronombres indefinidos

La palabra A o AN se usa en inglés para referirse a una persona o cosa que no está identificada o
especificada. Usted usa una u otra, según la primera letra de la palabra que sigue al artículo, por razones
de pronunciación. Use A cuando la siguiente palabra comience con una consonante, o antes de las palabras
que comienzan en u y eu cuando suenan como (iu). Use AN cuando la siguiente palabra comience con una
vocal (a, e, i, o, u) o con una h muda.

Pronombres definidos

La palabra "the" es una de las palabras más comunes en inglés. Es nuestro único artículo definido. Los
nombres en inglés están precedidos por el artículo definido cuando el orador cree que el oyente ya sabe a
qué se refiere. Significa El: Él, La, Los, Las.

Pluralización

Los sustantivos más singulares se hacen en plural simplemente poniendo una -s al final. Hay muchas reglas
diferentes con respecto a la pluralización dependiendo de la letra en la que termina un sustantivo. Los
sustantivos irregulares no siguen las reglas del plural, por lo que deben memorizarse o buscarse en el
diccionario.
Reglas del sustantivo plural

Hay muchas reglas de sustantivos en plural, y como los utilizamos con tanta frecuencia al escribir, ¡es
importante conocerlos todos! La ortografía correcta de los plurales generalmente depende de en qué
letra termina el nombre singular.
✔ Un sustantivo singular que termina en -o, -s, -x, -z, -ch, -sh se hace el plural al agregar -es.
✔ Un sustantivo singular que termina en -f, -fe se hace el plural quitando la -f, -fe y agregando –
ves.
✔ un sustantivo singular que termina en una consonante + y se hace el plural quitando la y añada -ies.
✔ Un sustantivo singular que termina en –is se hace el plural quitando –is y agregando -es.
✔ Un sustantivo singular que termina en -us se hace el plural quitando el -us y agregando -i.
✔ La mayoría de los sustantivos singulares forman el plural agregando -s.