Power DELTA->WYE WYE->DELTA

Phase Angle=θ=θ v −θi =tan −1 ( QP ) RA=

R AB R AC
R AB+ R AC + R BC
R AB=
R A R B + R A RC + R B R C
RC
¿
Complex Power=S=P+ jQ=V rms I rms ∠(θ )
R AB R AC R A R B + R A R C + R B RC
Apparent Power=|S|=V rms I rms =√ P +Q
2 2 RA= R BC =
R AB+ R AC + R BC RA
Real Power=P=ℜ ( S )=S cos(θ) R AB R AC R A R B + R A R C + R B RC
RA= R AC =
Reactive Power=Q=ℑ ( S )=S sin (θ) R AB+ R AC + R BC RB

Power Factor=
P
|S|
=cos ( θ ) =cos tan−1
Q
P[ ( )] Magnetic Circuits
MMF =F =¿=H c l c (+ H g g for air gap)
Instantaneous Voltage=v ( t )=√ 2 ¿V rms cos(ωt+ θv )

InstanteousCurrent =i ( t )=√ 2 ¿ I rms cos(ωt +θ i) Magnetic Flux Density=B=μH =μ ¿

lc
Instantaneous Power= p ( t ) =v ( t )∗i ( t )
Permeability=μ=μr μo μo =4 π ×10−7
V F
Total Impedance=Z=Z R +Z L + Z C (Z= ) Flux=∅= Core Flux=∅C =BC AC
I Rtot
Leading is Capacitive and Laggind is Inductive l g
Core Reluctance=Rc = C Gap Reluctance=R g
Q is Negative for Leading and Positive for Laggind μ AC μo A g
Component 1
Permeance=P tot =
2
P Resistor / Lineloss =|I Resistor/ lineloss| R R tot
Z R=R
dλ d∅
Induced Voltage=e= =−N
2
Q Inductor=|I Inductor| X L dt dt
2
V Flux Linkage =λ=N ∅
Z L = jωL X L = ¿
SC
N2 λ N2
2 Inductance=L=μ A= =
Q Capacitor =−|I Capacitor| X C lC i Rtot
2
1 V
ZC = XC= ¿ Induced Force on aWire =F=ilBsin(θ)
jωC SC
Linear Motor
P F =i ( ⃗l × ⃗
Forceinduced on ¯¿ ⃗ B ) =i|l||B|sin (θlB) ⃗n
Motor Efficiency=η= out
P¿
e ind =( v × B ) ∙l=|v||B|sin(θvB )|l|∗cos(θ vB−l )
Horsepower=HP=746 W
(𝜃vB is the angle between v and B)
Apparent Power for 3 phase=|S|= √ 3 V L− L I L− L= √ P +Q 2 2 (𝜃vB-l is angle between resultant vector = (v × B) and l)
e ind−start =0
3-Phase Wiring VB
I L−L 3∗( V L−L 2 ) i inrushupyobumandaroundthecorner = R
DELTA=I L− N = V L− N =V L−L W DELTA =
√3 R
i steady state (ss) =F ind−ss =0
VL V L−L
2
WYE=I L−N =I L− L V L− N = W WYE = e ind−ss =V B=|v (t )||B||l|
√3 R
VB
vind− ss =
Bl
F ind−start =i |l||B| 2. Short circuit the secondary winding
3. Measure V1 and P1
Transformers Autobots, roll out 4. Resultant allows you to find R1 and X1
Ideal Transformer Assumptions and Relationships
Open Circuit Test
1. Windings have no resistance so no I2R losses for windings.
1. Apply rated voltage V2 to the secondary winding
2. Core permeability, µC is infinite so zero core reluctance. 2. Leave primary terminals as an open circuit
3. No leakage flux, so ∅C is confined to core and links windings. 3. Measure I2 and P2
4. No core losses. 4. Resultant allows you to find Rc and Xm
¿ ¿ V p I ¿s Is N p
V I =V I = = Per Unit Analysis
p p s s
V s I ¿p I p Ns
1 Pole Procedure
Np 1. Pick a 1 pole VA base for the entire system, SB
Turn Ratio=a t=
Ns 2. Pick a voltage base for each different voltage level, V Base.
P¿ =V p I p cos ⁡(θ¿¿ p)¿ Pout =V s I s cos ⁡(θ¿¿ s)¿ - Voltage bases are related to transformer turns ratio
- Voltages are line to neutral
θ p =θs =θ
3. Calculate the impedance base, ZB = (VB)2/ SB
Referring the Load to Primary Side (Equivalent Circuit) 4. Calculate the current base, I B = VB/ ZB
E 5. Convert actual values to per unit
Z2 = 2 - Units is p.u only
I2 - Magnitude only, not angles.
- SBase = PBase = QBase
' E 1 at E 2 2
Z2 = = =a t Z 2 - Zp p.u = Zs p.u
I 1 I 2 /at
Non-Ideal Transformers 3 Pole Procedure
1. Windings have resistance so I2R losses exist. 1. Pick a 3 pole VA base for the entire system, S B3∅
2. Core permeability, µC is finite. 2. Pick a voltage base for each different voltage level, V B
3. Have leakage flux, so ∅C is not confined to the core. - VOLTAGES ARE LINE TO LINE
4. Have copper losses. 3. Calculate the impedance base
2
5. Core losses due to eddy currents and hysteresis. V B ,≪¿ 2 ( √ 3V B , ln ) 2
V B , ln
Z B= = = ¿
S3B∅ 3 S 1B∅ S 1B∅
4. Calculate the current base, I B
3∅ S3B∅
I =
B
3 S 1B∅ S 1B∅
√ 3V B ,≪¿ = = =I 1 ∅ ¿
√3 √ 3 V B ,ln V B , ln B
5. Convert actual values to per unit
- Zp p.u = Zs p.u
- System is same regardless of winding type (wye-delta etc)

PU Change of Bases
2 2
( V base ) ( V base )
Z base = Z base =
new old

new
Sbase new
old
S base old

2
S base ( V base )
Z base =(Z ¿ ¿ base old ) old
¿ new

new
S base new ( V base )
2
old

2
Z Sbase ( V base )
[ ] [ ]
Z pu = actual =(Z ¿ ¿ pu old ) ¿
( ) ( )
old
2 2 new
N1 N1 Z base Sbase 2
Re 1= R1 + R2 j X e1= j X 1+ X2 ( V base )
new

N2 N2
new old new

Short Circuit Test

1. Apply rated current I1 to the primary winding
Transformer Connections
Y-Y Connection
V An V AB IA 1
=a , =a , =
V an V ab Ia a

∆-∆ Connection
V AB I AB 1 I A 1
=a , = , =
V ab I ab a I a a

∆-Y Connection
V AB V
=a , AB =V an , V ab=√ 3 V An ∠ 30°
V an a

V AB ∠ 30° V ∠ 30 °
V ab= √3 , V a n=√ 3 A n
a a
IAB 1 1
= → I a=a I A B , I A= √ 3 I A B ∠ 30 → I A B=
° °
I A ∠ 30
I ab a √3
1 °
I a=a I A ∠ 30
√3
Y-∆ Connection
V AN V AN V AN
=a √ 3 ∠ 30
°
=a , =a ,
V ab √3 V a n ∠ 30 °
V an

1
V an= V A N ∠−30 ° , I a=a √3 ∠−30° I A
a √3
IA 1 IA 1 I 1
= , = , A= ∠ 30°
I ab a I a
∠ 30
° a I a a √ 3
√ 3