Unit-1:Basics of CAD_Hardware

Computer Aided Design (EME-356) HBTU

Prof. Jitendra Bhaskar

(PhD-IITK)
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Harcourt Butler Technical University
KANPUR-208002
[email protected] 9452006116
 Syllabus-CAD (EME-306)
Credit 5 [3-Lecture, 01 hr Tutorial, 2 hr- one Lab]

UNIT-1 07 Lectures
Introduction to CAD- Computer systems & hardware for CAD-
Input & output devices, types of display devices- CRT, principles of
raster scan and vector graphics. Scan conversions, Plotting of
points, Line drawing, Computer Graphic & its standards- GKS,
IGES. Computer Graphics Software & its Configuration. Graphics
Standard.
 Lecture Topics of each lecture
Sl. No

0 Mission /Vision of HBTU & Deptt, Program objectives, Course Objectives,

Syllabus, Lecture Plan
Unit-1: Required Lecture=07
1 1Introduction: Computer-History-Computation-Mathematics, Super computer,
Present Era of computers.
Present Industry scenario- Industry 4.0, CAD/CAM/CIM, Concurrent Engg.
Computers for -Digital Manufacturing/ CNC machine. Group Technology, Robotics

2 1Computers & CAD for Design & Analysis. Reverse Engineering, Rapid Prototyping.
3 1Computer systems: Hardware for CAD-Input & output devices,
T-1 Tutorial: Activity- Find out industries specific use of computers.
Motivation-Extra topic
4 1Design Types of display devices- CRT, principles of raster scan and vector graphics.
5 1Scan conversions, Plotting of points, Line drawing,
6 1Computer Graphic & its standards- GKS, IGES. Computer Graphics Software & its
Configuration. Graphics Standard.
T-2 Tutorial: Activity- Plotting of points and Line drawing sing MATLAB.
Motivation-Extra topic
7 -----Extra----- Margin
Industrial Revolutions:
Cloud computing:
Heavy computation work need computing power and data storage,
without direct active management by the user.

Resource availability over multiple locations, each location being a

data center.
Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence
and economies of scale, typically using a "pay-as-you-go" model which
can help in reducing capital expenses but may also lead to
unexpected operating expenses for unaware users.[3]

Cognitive Computing: Cognitive computing is the use of

computerized models to simulate the human thought process in
complex situations where the answers may be ambiguous and
uncertain.

The phrase is closely associated with IBM's cognitive computer

system, Watson. Cognitive computing overlaps with AI and involves
many of the same underlying technologies to power cognitive
applications, including expert systems, neural networks, robotics and
virtual reality (VR).
Reverse Engineering:
Reverse engineering is a methodology to develop new designs and
products using the design of existing products. Reduce time of new
product launching.
Existing products are scanned using 3D scanners
3D model are created.
These geometric models are modified according to need.
Modified geometric models are fabricated using additive
manufacturing / 3D Printing.

Rapid Prototyping:
Rapid prototyping' is a group of techniques used to quickly
fabricate a scale model of a physical part or assembly using three-
dimensional computer aided design (CAD) data.
Construction of the part or assembly is usually done using 3D
printing or "additive layer manufacturing" technology
CAD/CAM
Concurrent Engineering:
New design management system.
The basic premise for concurrent engineering revolves around two
concepts.
a) The first is the idea that all elements of a product’s life-cycle, from
functionality, production ability, assembly, testability, maintenance
issues, environmental impact and finally disposal and recycling,
should be taken into careful consideration in the early design
phases.
b) The second concept is that the preceding design activities should all
be occurring at the same time, i.e., concurrently.
• System Software: Essential part of the software without which no
computer system can operate the operating system generally forms
part of the hardware, and together with it provides for the use of all
hardware elements in an optimal manner.

• Programming Languages:
Through which the software development takes place.

• Object Oriented Programming (OOP): The objects are basically

reusable code that can be used in many of the programs to reduce
the system development time greatly.

• Applications Program:
Finally, these refer to the application programs, which are generally
stand-alone programs that are meant for doing specific tasks. Auto
CAD, Solidworks.
Networked Systems for CAD:
• No of Designers working simultaneously:-Need of Number of
workstations
• Server: All resources are used by many persons at same time:
resources grouped together grouped together and connected to a
high speed computer termed as server.
• LAN: Local area network: Many machine are interconnected
locally / nearby.
Design Process with Computer
 Capabilities of CAD:
1) Graphical representation :
a) Complex geometries can be created easily.
b) Various views of the product - orthogonal, isometric
view, etc.
c) Shaded models
d) Real time interactions are possible.
e) Alteration and modification of geometry.
f) Animation: kinematics of mechanical system or
mechanism
g) Preparing detailed component drawings and assembly
drawings.
2) Engineering Analysis
3) Studying the product for its manufacturing planning,
standardization and simplification.
4) Cost of product.
5) Database for future reference and record.
Mathematics involved in CAD:
For engineering analysis – solving inetegrtion /
differential equations by using numerical methods.
Solving large number of linear algebraic equations.

Mathematical Modelling:
A mathematical model is a description of a system using
mathematical concepts and language.
A model may help to explain a system and to study the
effects of different components, and to make predictions
about behaviour.
Curve Fitting:
It is required to express data obtained from certain
observations, in form of a law or relation, connecting two or
more variables involved.
The relations obtained in form of mathematical equations
can be used to predict values of dependent variables.
Several equations of different types can be obtained to
represent the given data approximately.
But the challenge is to find the equation that best fits the
given data. The process of finding such an equation is known
as “Curve Fitting”.
The Finite Element Method – FEM
Geometrical meaning:
Analogous to the idea that connecting many tiny straight lines can
approximate a larger circle, FEM encompasses all the methods for
connecting many simple element equations over many small
subdomains, named finite elements, to approximate a more
complex equation over a larger domain.

Basics: method is to replace a continuous function by mean of

piecewise polynomials - cubic splines.
Large number of linear algebraic equations are solved using
matrix systems.
Computer Hardware:
a) Personal computers, (PCs), Graphics workstations
b) Input devices like mouse, keyboard and digitizer and Output devices, like
plotter and printer.
The heart of any computer is a microprocessor, which is designed on the basis of the
length of the word it can handle.
Operating system and application programs in a part of its primary memory. RAM
and ROM are also called Primary Memory or Main Memory.

RAM: The remaining part of this memory acts as the working storage and buffer
storage for input and output. The contents of this memory are lost when the power
is switched off and therefore it is called volatile memory. This memory is called
Random Access Memory (RAM) or read-write Memory.
Another type of primary memory is the Read Only Memory (ROM) in which some
programs stay resident. Data to be copied from ROM to RAM so that CPU can access
its data.

Networked environment: the software is

HDD is also called Secondary Memory.
stored in the hard disc of the server and the users can access the software
from the different terminals or nodes connected to the server.
Input Devices:
The computer receives data and instructions through input devices. Touch
screens-
Two types : mechanical and optical.
Mechanical type is a transparent screen overlay which detects the location
of the touch.
Optical touch screen systems use rows of light emitters and receptors
mounted just in front of the screen with the touched location determined
by broken beams.

Mouse
Mouse is today one of the widely used input devices in graphics
applications. An optical mouse works on the basis of signal generated by
the reflecting light from a special metallic plate or which the mouse is
moved.
Joysticks:
Joystick is a potentiometric device that contains
sets of variable resistors which feed signals that
indicates the device position to the computer.
Three dimensional capability is possible by
moving the handle up and down or by twisting
it to provide data entry in the Z-axis.

Track balls:
Track ball is similar to mouse, has a ball and
socket construction but the ball must be rolled
with fingers or the palm of the hand. The cursor
moves in the direction of the roll at a rate
corresponding to rotational speed.
Light Pen: user use tablet PC input panel to
enter text and use the tablet pen to point.
• A tablet light pen is computer input device
in the form of a light-senisitve wand used
in conjunction with the computer CRT
monitor.
• It allows the user to point to displayed
objects, or draw on the screen, with
greater positional accuracy.

Digitizer
Digitizer boards or tablets are electro-
mechanical vector graphic input devices
(copy existing drawings) that resemble a
drafting board, to draw on computer
screen. More precise control than mouse
or trackball using stylus like a pen.
Computer Screen
The computer screen / display
devices can be classified into
two subgroups:
• CRT – Cathode rays tube
principle.
• Solid state Monitors.- LCD,
LED, Plasma display
Some common types of display
devices are given below:
Rater Scan display
Random scan display
Direct view storage tube

CRT
Principle- CRT is a glass enclosed tube in which an electron beam is
produced by the electron gun and is finally focused and deflected to
specific position on the phosphor coated screen. The phosphor then emits a
small spot of light at the positions impinged by the electron beam. The
screen glows to produce a visible trace.
Component of CRT –Electron gun, Electron beam focusing system,
Deflection system, Phosphor coated screen
Electron gun-produces the electron beam.
Screen: In CRT, display screen is coated with phosphor.
Mechanism of displaying:
• Electrons are emitted from electron guns. Electron strikes with screen and
phosphor.
• The kinetic energy of electron is absorbed by phosphor. Light is emitted from
phosphor to glow the screen.

Persistence is defined as the time it takes by the light emitted by the screen to
decay to 1/10th of its original intensity. Phosphor with lower persistent value
needs high refresh rates to maintain a flicker free image.

It has been observed that if the repetition rate is at least 30 times per second, the human
eye will perceive a steady picture, without any flicker.

The phosphor on the screen of a raster CRT is composed of a large number of

small spots in a fixed pattern – pixels.
Typically, the scanning rate is kept between 30 and 60 times per second to obtain
a flicker free image. This type of display is called refresh CRT since the entire
picture is refreshed during each scan.
Color Screen: RGB : three electron guns, Red, Green and Blue.
 Scanning techniques:
In refresh type video displays, the electron beam scans the phosphor coated glass
screen by using two techniques named Raster Scan and Random scan.

(a) Raster Scan Display:

In raster scan the electron beam follows a fixed path. The electron beam
moves from top to bottom and from left to right one row at a time (scan line).
Pixels - it is addressable. The quality of monitor is
referred in terms of resolution.

In addition to CPU, there is video controller or

display controller is used to control display.

A display processor is used to make CPU free

from graphics chores.

Display processor digitizes the picture definition

into set of pixel intensity values for storage in the
frame buffer. This digitization process is called
“scan conversion”.
This memory area stores the set of intensity values
for all the picture elements.
 A basic problem: Jagged appearance / Stair casing.
Scan converting straight line segment, for example, means that we
have to locate the pixel positions closest to line path and store
the intensity for each position in the frame buffer.
Run Length Encoding: For reducing memory
requirements in raster system by encoding the
intensity information, store each line as a set of integer
pairs.
1st number in pair—intensity value.
2nd number in pair—No of pixels on the scan line that
have same intensity value.
When encoding is purposefully for rectangular areas –
“cell encoding”.
(a) Random Scan Display-vector refresh:
In random scan technique, the electron beam moves in a random order controlled
by a user or a software.
This implies that the electron beam is directed only to the parts of the screen
where a picture is to be drawn.
It cannot display colored images, shaded and animation images.
Flicker free image is obtained (about 30 Hz).

No CPU control. Vectors or lines are drawn one at a time.

No color image is obtained.

Inability to edit local area. There is no flood gun.

(b) Direct View Storage System (DVST) - adaption of CRT:
Another method of maintaining the image on the screen is to store the
picture information inside CRT as charge distribution on a fine mesh wire
grid, coated with dielectric, mounted just behind the phosphor coated screen
instead of refresh the screen.
Principle-DVST makes the use of two electron guns, a primary gun and a
flood gun.
Primary gun is used to store picture pattern.
Flood gun is used to maintain the picture display. Very complex pictures
can be displayed at very high resolutions.
Advantages: Flicker free image. This is because image is stored on screen
itself rather than being constantly refreshed from the computer memory.

Disadvantage:
Do not display color.
Selected parts of the picture
cannot be erased.
Image is not refreshed.
The display has low brightness
and contrast.
 Random/ vector Raster Scan Display DVST (adaption of
Scan Display (CRT)-useful for CAD CRT)
(CRT) Not for (Flat screen)
CAD
Picture is stored as line Scanning of horizontal lines, Picture stored as charge
Image drawing instructions Picture is as Bit Map distribution. Image is stored
Stored by primary guns directly on the screen.
drawing Not local editing

No color image, Color image, zig zag lines,

Color High brightness and
resolution.
No zig-zag (smooth
line)

Refresh Flicker free 30 Hz Refresh process is Flicker free

Images are retained independent of complexity No refresh
rate indefinitely of image.
Primary gun: store the
picture.
Display memory buffer, Large buffer memory & need
Storage type, fast processor- Not problem Display has low brightness
now days and contrast.

Resolution High resolution. Poor resolution Flood gun: used to maintain

picture display.

Flood gun Maintaining display Maintaining display with

without flood gun. flood gun.
 Features of Raster Scan Display:
a) Pixels or points are there.
b) ¼ million pixels are present.
c) Get image by lightening the pixel.
d) Large memory or buffer is required / have colored images.
e) CPU controlled with flood guns.
Features of Vector Refresh:
a) Storage type.
b) Image can be retained indefinitely / Flicker free image is obtained
(about 30Hz).
c) Expensive since large buffer memory is required and fast processor for
display is required.
d) No CPU control. There is no flood gun. / No color image is obtained./
Inability to edit local area.
e) Vectors or lines are drawn one at a time.
FLAT PANEL DISPLAY:
CRT: bulky, consumes considerable power and needs increased heat
dissipation.
Due to these disadvantages of CRT, different types of flat screen
display.
Liquid crystal display, LED, Plasma screen display
Plasma screen display-
It consists of two glass plates, gapping between them filled with inert
gas argon, arranged very close to each other. A series of very fine
vertical conducting and horizontal conducting wires are arranged on
the inside of one glass plate and another glass plate respectively. When
a suitable voltage is applied to this fine mesh of horizontal and vertical
conductors, it causes the gas at the intersections to breakdown into
glowing plasma of electrons and iron.

Liquid crystal display-

LCD makes use of liquid crystalline material through which
polarized light is passed. The crystalline arrangement of
molecules in liquid crystal material has special characteristic to flow
like liquid. Due to less space requirement, low power
consumption, this display is widely used in computers, laptop,
calculators, and notebooks. Low response speed. Controlled by
electric field. Working is similar to Raster scan display.
PRINTERS
Several types of printers are available:
Impact printers: They use small hammers or print heads
containing small pins to strike a ribbon to form dot matrix
images. Color intensity is fixed and creating shades is
almost impossible. Impact printers are suitable for high
speed, low cost, high volume hard copies.
Inkjet printer: Inkjet printers produce images by propelling
fine droplets of ink on to the medium to be printed. The
laser jet printers are capable of giving good quality color
prints with shading at reasonable cost.
Laser printer: Laser printer is one of the most widely used
output devices. This type combines high speed with high
resolution and the quality of output is very fine.
PLOTTERS
Plotters are classified based several factors. Depending on the maximum size
of the drawing plotters are designated as A0, A1, A2, A3 and A4. Drawings are
created through a series of short vectors which requires movement to the pen in X
and Y direction.
Plotters can be classified on the basis of their construction:
On the basis of bed type:
Flat bed plotter has the pen moving on a flat surface on which the drawing
paper is fixed. The linear movements in the X and Y direction generate the
required drawing.
Drum plotter, the paper is wound around on a cylindrical drum. The pen holder
is attached to a moving slide. The co-ordinated motion generated by the rotation
of the drum and linear movement draws the pictures on the paper. In the third
type, i.e. the pinch roller plotter, the paper is tightly held between two sets of
rollers.
Plotters can also classify as pen plotters and electrostatic plotters. Pen plotters use
1, 4, 8 or more different color pens. The drawings thus can be made in several
colors.
Electrostatic plotters are faster but there is no color variety. They are also cheaper.
Inkjet plotters are the ones that are now commonly used. These are available in
color or monochrome versions. These are fast, reliable and more accurate than pen
plotters.