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    Danny

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    References
    JavaScript

    English (US)
    In this article
    Tutorials
    Reference
    JavaScript
    Tutorials
    Complete beginners
    JavaScript Guide
    Intermediate
    Advanced
    References
    Built-in objects
    Expressions & operators
    Statements & declarations
    Functions
    Classes
    Errors
    Misc
    JavaScript
    JavaScript (JS) is a lightweight, interpreted, or just-in-time compiled programming
    language with first-class functions. While it is most well-known as the scripting
    language for Web pages, many non-browser environments also use it, such as Node.js,
    Apache CouchDB and Adobe Acrobat. JavaScript is a prototype-based, multi-paradigm,
    single-threaded, dynamic language, supporting object-oriented, imperative, and
    declarative (e.g. functional programming) styles.

    JavaScript's dynamic capabilities include runtime object construction, variable


    parameter lists, function variables, dynamic script creation (via eval), object
    introspection (via for...in and Object utilities), and source-code recovery
    (JavaScript functions store their source text and can be retrieved through
    toString()).

    This section is dedicated to the JavaScript language itself, and not the parts that
    are specific to Web pages or other host environments. For information about APIs
    that are specific to Web pages, please see Web APIs and DOM.

    The standards for JavaScript are the ECMAScript Language Specification (ECMA-262)
    and the ECMAScript Internationalization API specification (ECMA-402). As soon as
    one browser implements a feature, we try to document it. This means that cases
    where some proposals for new ECMAScript features have already been implemented in
    browsers, documentation and examples in MDN articles may use some of those new
    features. Most of the time, this happens between the stages 3 and 4, and is usually
    before the spec is officially published.

    Do not confuse JavaScript with the Java programming language — JavaScript is not
    "Interpreted Java". Both "Java" and "JavaScript" are trademarks or registered
    trademarks of Oracle in the U.S. and other countries. However, the two programming
    languages have very different syntax, semantics, and use.

    JavaScript documentation of core language features (pure ECMAScript, for the most
    part) includes the following:

    The JavaScript guide


    The JavaScript reference
    For more information about JavaScript specifications and related technologies, see
    JavaScript technologies overview.

    Looking to become a front-end web developer?

    We have put together a course that includes all the essential information you need
    to work towards your goal.

    Get started

    Tutorials
    Learn how to program in JavaScript with guides and tutorials.

    For complete beginners


    Head over to our Learning Area JavaScript topic if you want to learn JavaScript but
    have no previous experience with JavaScript or programming. The complete modules
    available there are as follows:

    JavaScript first steps


    Answers some fundamental questions such as "what is JavaScript?", "what does it
    look like?", and "what can it do?", along with discussing key JavaScript features
    such as variables, strings, numbers, and arrays.

    JavaScript building blocks


    Continues our coverage of JavaScript's key fundamental features, turning our
    attention to commonly-encountered types of code blocks such as conditional
    statements, loops, functions, and events.

    Introducing JavaScript objects


    The object-oriented nature of JavaScript is important to understand if you want to
    go further with your knowledge of the language and write more efficient code,
    therefore we've provided this module to help you.

    Asynchronous JavaScript
    Discusses asynchronous JavaScript, why it is important, and how it can be used to
    effectively handle potential blocking operations such as fetching resources from a
    server.

    Client-side web APIs


    Explores what APIs are, and how to use some of the most common APIs you'll come
    across often in your development work.

    JavaScript guide
    JavaScript Guide
    A much more detailed guide to the JavaScript language, aimed at those with previous
    programming experience either in JavaScript or another language.

    Intermediate
    Understanding client-side JavaScript frameworks
    JavaScript frameworks are an essential part of modern front-end web development,
    providing developers with proven tools for building scalable, interactive web
    applications. This module gives you some fundamental background knowledge about how
    client-side frameworks work and how they fit into your toolset, before moving on to
    a series of tutorials covering some of today's most popular ones.

    JavaScript language overview


    An overview of the basic syntax and semantics of JavaScript for those coming from
    other programming languages to get up to speed.

    JavaScript data structures


    Overview of available data structures in JavaScript.

    Equality comparisons and sameness


    JavaScript provides three different value comparison operations: strict equality
    using ===, loose equality using ==, and the Object.is() method.

    Enumerability and ownership of properties


    How different methods that visit a group of object properties one-by-one handle the
    enumerability and ownership of properties.

    Closures
    A closure is the combination of a function and the lexical environment within which
    that function was declared.

    Advanced
    Inheritance and the prototype chain
    Explanation of the widely misunderstood and underestimated prototype-based
    inheritance.

    JavaScript typed arrays


    JavaScript typed arrays provide a mechanism for accessing raw binary data.

    Memory Management
    Memory life cycle and garbage collection in JavaScript.

    Concurrency model and Event Loop


    JavaScript has a concurrency model based on an "event loop".

    Reference
    Browse the complete JavaScript reference documentation.

    Standard objects
    Get to know standard built-in objects Array, Boolean, Date, Error, Function, JSON,
    Math, Number, Object, RegExp, String, Map, Set, WeakMap, WeakSet, and others.

    Expressions and operators


    Learn more about the behavior of JavaScript's operators instanceof, typeof, new,
    this, the operator precedence, and more.

    Statements and declarations


    Learn how do-while, for-in, for-of, try-catch, let, var, const, if-else, switch,
    and more JavaScript statements and keywords work.
    Functions
    Learn how to work with JavaScript's functions to develop your applications.

    Classes
    JavaScript classes are the most appropriate way to do object-oriented programming.

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