Strength Exp 2 Brinell Hardness Test

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LABORATORY
Duhok Polytechnic University

Technical College of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Department
2nd Stage
Lecturer's Name: Experiment No. (2)
Mr.Mahir Ismael Ahmed Group (A2)
Title of Experiment:
Brinell Hardness Test
Student Name:
Hayder Hassan Hussain
Date Expt. Performed:
03/02/2022
Date Report Submitted:
10/02/2022
Contents
Objective: ................................................................................................. 1
Interodusion: ........................................................................................... 1
Theory: ..................................................................................................... 3
Advantages of Brinell Hardness Test: ............................................... 3
Disadvantages of Brinell Hardness Test: ........................................... 3
Applications of Brinell Hardness Test: .............................................. 3
Equipment and Tools: ............................................................................ 4
Procedure: ............................................................................................... 5
Calculation: ............................................................................................. 6
Discusion: ................................................................................................. 7
Conclusion: .............................................................................................. 8
Refrence: .................................................................................................. 9
Objective:
• To examine deformation of metal specimen when hardness steel specimen is
pressed into it under different normal loads.
• To use the indentation to determine the properties of metal.
• To develop a human error free system.
• To measure the diameter of indentation accurately.
• To reduce the lead time, required to measure the diameter of the indentation
manually.
• To determine Brinell hardness.
Interodusion:
Hardness is a characteristic of a material, not a fundamental physical property. It is
defined as the resistance to indentation, and it is determined by measuring the
permanent depth of the indentation.
More simply put, when using a fixed force (load) and a given indenter, the smaller
the indentation, the harder the material. Indentation hardness value is obtained by
measuring the depth or the area of the indentation using one of over 12 different test
methods. Learn more about hardness testing basics here.
The Brinell hardness test method as used to determine Brinell hardness, is defined
in ASTM E10. Most commonly it is used to test materials that have a structure that
is too coarse or that have a surface that is too rough to be tested using another test
method, e.g., castings and forgings. Brinell testing often use a very high-test load
(30 kg f) and a 10mm diameter indenter so that the resulting indentation averages
out most surface and sub-surface inconsistencies.
The Brinell method applies a predetermined test load (F) to a carbide ball of fixed
diameter (D) which is held for a predetermined time period and then removed. The
resulting impression is measured with a specially designed Brinell
microscope or optical system across at least two diameters – usually at right angles
1
to each other and these results are averaged (d). Although the calculation below can
be used to generate the Brinell number, most often a chart is then used to convert the
averaged diameter measurement to a Brinell hardness number.
2
Theory:
Advantages of Brinell Hardness Test:
• The flat irregular metal surface does not affect the Brinell hardness test.
• This hardness test is less sensitive.

• It is used to measure the hardness of components made from powder
metallurgy and cast.
• It can bear the heavy load for testing.
• Indentation made on the sample can be seen and measure under a
microscope or eyepiece.
Disadvantages of Brinell Hardness Test:

• The main disadvantage of this test is that it is not suitable for small size
objects due to large indenter impression.
• Slightly inaccurate hardness measurement while testing hard objects as
ball indenter deforms.
• Not suitable for thin objects due to deep penetration.
• This test can only perform on the flat surfaces.
• The Brinell hardness test is slow thus time-consuming.
• Chances of human error during measurements.
• The Components life may reduce because of high load and large
impressions.
Applications of Brinell Hardness Test:

• The Brinell hardness test is defined in ASTM E10 is used to calculate
Brinell hardness of the metal.
• It is used on the metal having a rough surface and harsh texture.
• The Brinell hardness test is used to measure the hardness of light metals
like lead and tin, also hard metals like steel and iron.
3
Equipment and Tools:
Brinell microscope
Brinell Hardness testing machine
Indenter sphere 2.5 mm
Under conventional test settings, these machines push a chromium-steel or

tungsten-carbide ball against the flat material surface to determine its hardness.
4
Procedure:
1- In the previous experience First, cut a 4 cm piece of steel with a cutting
machine, then smooth the top with a grinding machine, then fully
smooth with a grinding and polishing machine to be ready for Vickers
hardness
P
2- Since the specimen is steel, = 30, and the diameter of the ball is
D2
2.5mm, calculate pressure; the result will be 187.5, which means apply
187.5 pressure to the top of the soft steel, then look at the small hole
with a compound microscope to determine distance.
3- After knowing the distance, we substitute in the main law to find out
the height of the forces acting on the sample
5
Calculation:
D= 2.5mm d= 1mm
𝐹 𝐹
C= → 30 = (2.5)2 → F= 187.5 kg f
𝐷2
𝐹 2𝐹
h= → HB=
𝐷∗𝐻𝐵 𝐷(𝐷−√𝐷2 −𝑑 2 )
F= Applied lead (kg f)
D= The indenter ball dimeter (mm)
d= The dimeter of impression (mm)
The Stander
Naturals C
Steel Alloy 30
Copper Alloy 10
AL. Alloy 5
Lead Alloy 1
2𝐹 2∗187.5
HB= = = 228.76 kg f /mm2
𝐷(𝐷−√𝐷2 −𝑑2 ) 𝜋∗2.5∗228.76
𝐹 187.5
h= = = 0.1043 mm
𝜋𝐷∗𝐻𝐵 𝜋∗2.5∗228.76
6
Discusion:
To enhance critical thinking and problem solving in engineering, when a solid
steel ball was restrained in a sample that was used (steel), it was shown in the cross
section the amount of deformation caused by that sample. After our investigations,
we found out that in order to get the exact indentations which should provide us with
the special features of the mineral specimen, we must vary the load according to the
diameter of the indented ball.
7
Conclusion:
Misuse of the microscope negatively affects the correct reading, as when
placing the sample under the microscope, where it is very difficult to place the
sample on the zero point of the microscope ruler and calculate the distance, as when
looking at a certain angle, we will notice the distance is large, and if we look quickly
to make room for the participating students, the reading will be wrong and this matter
It is due to the lack of equipment in the laboratories and their old age if the
microscope lens is so unclean and poor that we could not read well
Error:
The errors that occurred in this experiment are when the device finished
making the gap in the sample and we wanted to remove the sample.
The second error is that the microscope was not clear, and if we move the sample
away from the microscope, the gap will narrow, and if we bring the sample very
close, there will be a big error because it will be very large.
Result:
The Brinell hardness number of the specimen is h= 0.1043 mm
8
Refrence:
Belan, J., 2012. Study of advanced materials for aircraft jet engines using
quantitative metallography. Recent Advances in Aircraft Technology, Rijeka,
Croatia.
Borggreen, K., Auerkari, P., 2001. Performance of some portable brinell hardness
test V – Condition and life management for power plants, Porvoo, Finland.
Note: Introduction and theory were taken from the above sources
9
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STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LABORATORY

Duhok Polytechnic University

Lecturer's Name: Experiment No. (2)

Mr.Mahir Ismael Ahmed Group (A2)

Brinell Hardness Test

Hayder Hassan Hussain

Date Expt. Performed:

Date Report Submitted:

Advantages of Brinell Hardness Test: ............................................... 3

Disadvantages of Brinell Hardness Test: ........................................... 3

Applications of Brinell Hardness Test: .............................................. 3

Equipment and Tools: ............................................................................ 4

• This hardness test is less sensitive.

Disadvantages of Brinell Hardness Test:

Applications of Brinell Hardness Test:

Brinell Hardness testing machine

Indenter sphere 2.5 mm

Under conventional test settings, these machines push a chromium-steel or

F= Applied lead (kg f)

D= The indenter ball dimeter (mm)

d= The dimeter of impression (mm)

diameter of the indented ball.

close, there will be a big error because it will be very large.

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