ME4110 Group2

Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 loc. 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
A CASE STUDY ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION IN INDIA
In Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements in
ENGG 413 - Environmental Science and Engineering
Submitted by:
Alcantara, Lloyd M.
Dablo, John Rustom A
De Leon, Dwine P.
Hidalgo, Jerome M.
Reyes, Arriane Pearl A.
Tanyag, Harley C.
Submitted to:
Engr. Niel Ivan Q. Vergara
October 28, 2022
Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

Introduction
Urbanization and rising industrialization are both contributing to a very high level
of stress on India’s water environment, which is limiting the supply of clean water. Water
pollution affects their ecosystem and is a serious worry for all the humans, plants,
animals, and the human race. All sectors must work together effectively to promote the
preservation of our aquatic environment, which is integral to sustainable development.
While efficient wastewater treatment has the potential to save the water environment,
incorporating environmental policies into the actor firms' core objectives as well as
ongoing, periodic education on the current and future effects of environmental/water
pollution will greatly aid in protecting the water environment. With this case study, it will
be of interest to the people as well as officials of India in order to remediate the ongoing
incident of water pollution that affects the country’s nature as well as the life expectancy
of all the people in India, most especially the poor and unstable.
Background of the Case Study
One of the most significant problems now facing India is water pollution. The
largest source of this type of pollution in India, as may be obvious, is untreated sewage.
Other sources of contamination include runoff from the agriculture industry and
unregulated small-scale industrial facilities. Given the gravity of the situation, it's
possible that no body of water in India is entirely unpolluted (Samudranil, 2016).
Urbanization in India is occurring at an unchecked rate, which is the main cause
of water pollution. Even while India's aquatic resources have only been significantly
impacted by urbanization within the past ten or so years, it has done so at a rapid rate.

Long-term effects of this include a lack of freshwater supplies, wastewater generation,
and collection, to name a few. In some locations, unchecked urbanization has also
caused sewage water to be produced. Urban regions use water from water bodies such
rivers, lakes, streams, wells, and ponds for both industrial and domestic uses. To make
matters worse, according to Samudranil (2016), wastewater constitutes 80% of the
water we use for home reasons. Most of the time, this water is not properly treated,
which results in significant freshwater surface contamination.
Moreover, any life forms consuming water that has been partially or significantly
contaminated might have a highly negative impact on their health if they live near a
polluted water body or use it. Polluted water can, to a certain extent, affect crops and
decrease soil fertility, which would then be bad for the nation's agriculture as a whole.
Additionally, aquatic life may suffer when seawater is contaminated. However, the
quality of the water is the most fundamental impact of water pollution, and consuming it
can cause a number of illnesses. Indeed, one of the main causes of India's generally
poor health, particularly in the rural areas, is dirty water, according to official data from
the country. Cholera, TB, dysentery, jaundice, diarrhea, and other illnesses can be
brought on by contaminated water. Actually, drinking contaminated water is to blame for
80% of gastrointestinal problems in India.
Preventing these problems is the best approach to handle them. In this situation,
soil conservation is the first significant answer. Water pollution can result from soil
erosion. Therefore, if soil can be protected, water pollution can be avoided as well. We
can take steps like increasing the number of trees we plant, better managing erosion,
and using soil-friendly farming practices. Following the proper procedures for getting rid

of dangerous trash is equally crucial. We can utilize items that contain fewer volatile
organic compounds to begin with. Even when harmful materials are utilized, such as
paint, cleaning agents, and stain removers, they still need to be disposed of properly.
Investigating oil leaks in one's machines and autos is also crucial.
It is claimed that one of the main causes of water contamination, even from
vehicles and equipment, is oil leakage. Therefore, it's crucial to regularly inspect
oil-powered vehicles and equipment to look for any signs of an oil leak. Cleaning up old
oil after work is crucial, especially in factories and other production facilities that use it,
and the people of India should either properly dispose of it or save it for another time.
The following are some more ways that this issue can be appropriately addressed: by
cleaning up waterways and beaches, refraining from using materials like plastic, and
becoming more involved in various water pollution prevention activities.
Evaluation of the Case Study
Industrialization and Urbanization
In every society, most especially in India, industrialization plays a key role in
spurring growth and urbanization. Despite the myriad benefits of industrialization, it has
been recognized as a serious environmental hazard since it discharges harmful gasses,
solid waste, poisonous chemicals, and different kinds of germs into the air, water, and
land around us. Water pollution, a problem on a worldwide scale, is of particular concern
since it has a significant impact on developing countries and has become one of those
challenges (Rana et al., 2017).

A significant threat to both humans and aquatic ecology is posed by water body
pollution, while a noticeable increase in population is a major catalyst for climatic
changes (Palmate et al., 2017). For instance, a number of human activities as well as
the emission of greenhouse gasses by businesses all significantly contribute to global
warming, an increase in planet temperature, and a decline in atmospheric air quality.
Water pollution prevention strategies must be part of the push for sustainable
development in India. One strategy to prevent water contamination is to effectively treat
wastewater before it is eventually discharged. Water pollution remediation strategies
can also be investigated as a kind of climate change mitigation.
Environmental Sustainability
In any civilization, sustainable development is a way to start establishing a high
standard of living for the people. In other words, we must think about the future as we
make decisions today in order to address the economic, environmental, and societal
concerns without endangering human and environmental future growth. Additionally,
these include environmental preservation, natural resource conservation, social
advancement and equality, and steady economic growth (Ilin et al., 2016).
Urbanization has repeatedly harmed the ecosystem and jeopardized its
prospects of surviving. In order to protect the natural environment from harm and
devastation, sustainable development took our ability to survive into account.
Sustainability is one of the main issues with urbanization because modern society,
whether developed or developing, uses a lot of natural resources every day. Although

most of these resources are sufficient for human requirements, they are also finite. In
general, sustainable development seeks to reconcile society's conflicting needs.
Numerous scientific organizations and bodies have recognized the need for
sustainable development in accomplishing this and have established objectives and
aims to meet it. Additionally, this has compelled these institutions to play a part in
measuring and keeping track of how these objectives are having an influence on
society. However, scientists should contribute to sustainable development in more ways
than just the environment. In order to ensure that no aspect of life suffers, it should also
take into account the population's health (Frone & Frone, 2015).
Environmental sustainability is all-inclusive, despite the fact that sustainable
development may mean different things to different individuals. It outlines how we
should safeguard and manage the sustainability of resources, air quality, water quality,
and ecosystems, all of which are intimately related to the future of humanity.
Additionally, it aids in shielding the ecosystem from impending harm brought on by
technological growth. Effective wastewater treatment is one method for achieving
environmental sustainability.
There are several traditional wastewater treatment techniques that can be used;
these techniques range in operation complexity, sludge formation, and other aspects, to
varied shortcomings. Due to the high cost of their machinery, the difficulty of their
processes, and the need for skilled labor, they suffer from numerous economic
disadvantages. Due to their financial disadvantages, conventional wastewater treatment
procedures are avoided by many enterprises, resulting in the discharge of untreated or

inadequately treated effluent into water bodies. So as to promote efficient wastewater
treatment and safeguard the water environment from pollution, a straightforward and
affordable wastewater treatment technology is necessary.
Environmental Effects
Water is a basic necessity for life that has an influence, whether direct or indirect
that cannot be disputed. Water is necessary for every metabolic, industrial, and
environmental process. Water is used by living things in a variety of ways, such as a
solvent, temperature buffer, metabolite, living environment, and lubricant (Hanslmeier,
2011). However, water is considered to be contaminated when some of the factors
governing its quality have been interfered with by unintended and anomalies caused by
a variety of anthropogenic activities, making it unfit for its intended use.
The ecosystem and human life in India may be seriously threatened by water
contamination. Depending on the source and nature of a pollutant, different impacts
may result. For example, whilst heavy metals, dyes, and some other organic pollutants
have been linked to cancer, hormones, medications, and waste from cosmetic and
personal care products are referred to as endocrine disrupting chemicals (Adeogun et
al., 2016). Due to the many risks they represent to the ecosystem, these contaminants,
which enter the water body through a variety of channels but are primarily manmade,
have become a major worry for environmentalists.

Heavy Metal Pollution
The most harmful inorganic pollutants for humans, plants, and aquatic life are
heavy metals. Industries, mining operations, agricultural practices, and other activities
all contribute to the emission of heavy metals into the environment (Cao et al., 2017).
As a result of plants absorbing bioavailable metals from the soil, plant metabolism may
become seriously disrupted (Inyinbor et al., 2018). High levels of heavy metal ions have
also been linked to cellular membrane damage, altered chlorophyll-producing enzymes
that lower photosynthetic rates, and a reduction in pollen and seed viability, all of which
have an impact on plant reproduction (Xun et al., 2017). With this information, the plants
that the people of India may also become polluted by heavy metals which is definitely
harmful for their body. Since the plants are polluted, so is their food due to the plants
being their producers and thus, they may accumulate the heavy metals by ingestion or
inhalation which is very dangerous.
Through the food chain, direct intake of metal-contaminated water, and inhalation
are three ways that humans and animals can be exposed to heavy metal toxicity (Popa
& Petrus, 2017). Vegetables easily bioaccumulate heavy metals, which then enter
humans and other animals through the food chain. The effects of heavy metal toxicity
on humans range from minor eye, nose, and skin irritations to severe headaches,
nausea, vomiting, and dizziness, as well as organ malfunction such cirrhosis, necrosis,
low blood pressure, hypertension, and gastrointestinal distress (Dada et al., 2015).
While the body needs trace amounts of some heavy metals, also known as essential
elements, such as cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, vanadium, and zinc for various

biochemical processes, others, such as lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury, pose a
serious threat and are regarded as foreign substances in the body.
Ingestion of arsenic-contaminated water by people can result in bladder, lungs,
and liver cancer, to name a few. Ingestion of cadmium-containing water may cause
harm to the kidneys, lungs, and bones as well as fragility. The brain and kidneys are
particularly vulnerable to lead damage. Even at extremely low concentrations, lead
exposure in children can have a negative impact on their ability to learn, impair their
memory, interfere with their ability to pay attention and respond, and in general make
them more aggressive (Sun et al., 2017; Verma & Schneider, 2017). In contrast to how
lead can harm a man's sperm-producing organs, lead exposure during pregnancy can
result in miscarriage in pregnant women.
Unlike other heavy metals, mercury has the ability to move over a great distance,
which is why it has been labeled a global contaminant. Analyzing their toxicity also
requires consideration of the chemical form of mercury in the environment. It is well
known that the organic forms of mercury, methyl mercury (MeHg) and dimethyl mercury
(DMeHg), are more hazardous than inorganic mercury. While inhaled mercury enters
the bloodstream, the body expels it either through the urine or the feces. Because
mercury can linger in the urine for up to two months, people with renal disease (Li et al.,
2015).
Organic Pollutants
Organic pollutants come in a great diversity and have a wide spectrum of toxicity.
Dyes, medications derived from plants and animals, trash from personal care items, and

organic pollutants from petroleum are just a few of the organic pollutants that have
posed a serious threat to aquatic life, plants, and people. The organic pollutants
category, which is categorized as an emerging class of contaminants, also includes a
group of substances known as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). EDCs are
defined as exogenous substances that disrupt hormonal processes, impacting normal
homeostatic behavior, development, or reproduction (Jung et al., 2015).
To affect the color of products, dyes, a powerful water-soluble chemical, are
widely employed in a variety of industries, including textile, leather and tanning, food,
paper, etc. The presence of dyes in water has a significant impact on aquatic species,
plants, and people. They prevent sunlight from reaching water bodies and lower the
amount of dissolved oxygen, which kills photosynthesis-dependent organisms and other
aquatic life. Through the ingestion of vegetables and fish that bioaccumulate colors,
humans may be exposed to dye poisoning. Another kind of exposure to people is
through the usage of colorful paper towels for hand drying and food preparation
(Oplatowska et al., 2011). Since dyes are thought to be mutagenic and carcinogenic,
removing them from wastewater before disposal is crucial.
Chemicals used to treat or prevent a variety of ailments are known as human and
veterinary medicines, which are members of EDCs (Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals).
Veterinary pharmaceuticals may also be used to improve food production efficiency.
Due to their widespread and unavoidable use, pharmaceuticals inevitably end up in the
environment via one of four channels: indiscriminate hospital and household waste
disposal, landfill leaching, drainage water, or sewage. Despite the fact that medicines
have been discovered in a variety of environmental samples at concentrations between

ng/l and μg/l, it is thought that both aquatic life and people are seriously threatened by
this (Archer et al., 2017). Pharmaceuticals in water are known to be hazardous to
aquatic organisms both acutely and chronically (Aguirre-Martínez et al., 2016; Kar &
Roy, 2010). As implied by their name, EDCs alter normal endocrine functions and raise
the risk of cancer in people. Their impacts on aquatic life may range from feminization of
female aquatics to endocrine system disruption caused by a decrease in the generation
of eggs and sperm cells (Akanyeti et al., 2017; Saha et al., 2010).
Aquatic Environment: Demands and Expectations
Water is an essential component of daily life in India, and the importance of
protecting it cannot be overstated. Water makes up three-quarters of the fluid in a man,
and it is the primary medium in which the body's biochemical events occur. Water aids
in digestion, circulates blood throughout the body, and holds and transports electrically
charged ions that are necessary for the production of nerve signals in the human brain.
All of the primary components of cells, including protein, DNA, and polysaccharides, are
soluble in water, which is why it is sometimes referred to as the "universal solvent" and
is a good solvent.
Aquatic plants and organisms can thrive in pure water because it is translucent,
tasteless, and unscented, and because sunlight can penetrate the water to them. The
supply of fresh water is sadly unevenly distributed and seriously threatened when it is
present due to issues with climate change, ineffective water management, and pollution.
Although clean water is an essential resource for human well-being, it is also a
necessary commodity. According to a recent assessment, a sizable portion of the

world's population still lacks access to clean water for both human survival and
environmental preservation (Costa et al., 2016). Finding a balance between economic
progress and a sustainable natural environment is a challenge that the entire globe
must address.
With a full overview of efficient, affordable, and accessible methods of
wastewater treatment, successful wastewater treatment has already been suggested as
a technique of conserving the aquatic environment (Inyinbor et al., 2018). Other water
purification techniques with their associated difficulties have been published in the
literature, including forward and/or reverse osmosis (Roy et al., 2016; Zhang et al.,
2017), precipitations (Mella et al., 2015; Prazeres et al., 2016), coagulation (Kausley et
al., 2017; Nair & Ahammed, 2015),filtrations (Benito et al., 2017; Rizzo et al., 2015),
modular anaerobic systems (Pang et al., 2017), microbial fuel cells (Abourached et al.,
2016), and advanced oxidation process (Bilińska et al., 2017).
There are numerous environmental regulations dictating discharge procedures.
The industries, however, view these policies as harmful to business, therefore they are
not properly implemented. Our natural environment will be preserved to the extent that
industries can operate within the various environmental discharge laws. To make policy
performance easier, it is crucial to integrate policies, which means incorporating
pressing environmental concerns into the core of economic development. The major
players in environmental issues, including businesses, agro companies, and the general
public, exhibit very little comprehension of how their actions affect the environment both
now and in the future. While environmental policy objectives should include periodic

organized training on environmental sustainability, it's also critical to make sure these
objectives are incorporated into all relevant sectors' plans and strategies.
Microbial Perspective
Rivers, springs, and subterranean sources in India are typically where their towns
get their drinking water. Although some sources of water are fairly free of harmful
microorganisms and can be clean, such as deep wells, most water sources require
some type of treatment to assure it is fit for drinking. In many poor nations, one supply
of water can be used for drinking, washing, swimming, bathing, and other purposes. In a
similar vein, sewage can be directed into bodies of water. A broad variety of trash,
chemicals, and bacteria are found in sewage, which is used water that drains from
residences and commercial buildings. Such water is thought to pose a risk to the health
of customers or other users. Pathogenic organisms found in such water are a significant
type of risk. Water is often treated in three stages for this reason (Lévesque et al.,
2017). The people of India suffer from water pollution and this leads to their inability to
drink clean and safe water. The microbes are responsible for making a person sick and
it is important to know the microbial perspective and its remediation when it comes to
India’s water pollution.
The first stage separates big matter from the water source, while the second
stage removes more hazardous chemicals and other materials. Water is completely
purified at the tertiary step, typically by chemical disinfection. Membrane bioreactors,
which are being employed more lately, have been discovered to be quite effective at

removing impurities. These are contamination removal systems that incorporate
communities and high-efficiency membranes.
The second stage, when microorganisms actively carry out the biodegradation of
organic materials in the watery fraction created after the first stage, makes clear the
involvement of bacteria. Bacteria, algae, and protozoa are responsible for the
biodegradation of materials including paper and petroleum. Water can pick up saprobic
bacteria from the air, soil, and effluents, as well as pathogens including
Cryptosporidium, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, and other species.
It may not be feasible to monitor water for each of these pathogens, but fecal
contamination detection provides a simpler method of identifying contamination. When
fecal contamination is substantial, germs are likely present and the water is deemed
dangerous to drink. In order to identify fecal pollution of water, indicator organisms are
used as instruments. They are typically found in the intestines of mammals and birds,
and they are simple to identify using standard laboratory techniques. It will be nearly
impossible to find the viruses themselves, which will make water protection a challenge.
Because of this, some organisms that meet particular requirements are utilized as
"indicators" of the presence of enteric pathogens in a water sample. There should be an
indicator bacteria that can be used for all sorts of water analysis, that can be discovered
whenever enteric pathogens are present, and that can survive in the wastewater longer
than the toughest enteric pathogen. Additionally, such an organism shouldn't grow in
contaminated water because doing so would result in inflated measurements and
shouldn't be detrimental to humans. Additionally, the assay process for the indicator
organism must be extremely specific, and the test procedure must be simple to carry

out. The degree of contamination must be exactly proportionate to the quantity of fecal
contamination.
Escherichia coli, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci/enterococci,
coliphage, and Clostridium perfringens are frequently employed as indications of fecal
contamination in water. Coliforms belong to the Enterobacteriaceae family (they include
E. coli). These Gram-negative, non-sporing, rod-shaped facultative anaerobic bacteria
digest lactose with gas production in less than 48 hours at 35 °C (Inyinbor et al., 2018).
To properly control pathogens in water and prevent diseases transmitted by
water, numerous barriers should be used. By taking into account the removal of
nutrients (such as nitrate and phosphate) and easily broken down organic compounds
as well as the potential presence of toxic compounds and variations in pH of the
wastewater, microbial treatment methods go further than traditional municipal
wastewater treatment. The bioreactor that will be employed must have a more
sophisticated design. When building a treatment system, some factors should be taken
into account, including biomass yield, nutrient addition, oxygen or another electron
donor supply, pH control, and kinetics, or the rates of biological reactions
(biotransformation). It is significant to note that many chemicals of interest are
poisonous to bacteria employed for treatment at high concentrations. Additionally, some
dissolved organic and inorganic substances might act as hindrances to an organism's
capacity for biodegradation. Lagoon treatment, activated sludge, and fixed film
bioreactors are not required components of biological treatment procedures.

Lagoon treatment uses long-detention time basins, but not solid recycling like
activated sludge technologies do. A treatment plan like this can fall into one of three
categories: anaerobic lagoon treatment, which uses highly filled lakes to create
anaerobic conditions. It has been successfully applied to the pretreatment of meat and
poultry processing effluent, significantly lowering the biochemical oxygen demand (Liu &
Haynes, 2011).
Moreover, the activated sludge technique is another intriguing biological
treatment method. It consists of an aeration basin where aeration equipment supplies
oxygen and adequately mixes wastewater to maintain an evenly mixed liquid
suspended solids (MLSS). The settled biomass is then reintroduced to the activated
sludge basin after the liquid-solid separation, which is typically done by gravity in a
clarifier. Plug-flow systems, one entirely mixed basin, and basins in series are a few
examples of aeration basin layouts. In the course of this treatment, the solid retention
time (SRT) is significant. The biomass is kept alive in a biological treatment process
response for an average amount of time, which is known as the solid retention time.
SRT control is typically temperature-dependent, and for a warmer environment
(15–25°C), SRT should be between 4 and 9 days (Shahzad et al., 2015).
When it comes to the efficiency of activated sludge processes, the clarifier is
crucial. It makes sure that the blended liquor is effectively clarified and thickened. When
the wastewaters' quickly degradable soluble biochemical oxygen demand is high,
filamentous bacterial growth is promoted, which results in poor sludge settlement. It has
been found that the use of powdered activated carbon (PAC) increases the
effectiveness of activated sludge procedures. Adsorbing inhibitory compounds or

molecules that buffer fluctuating loads allows the PAC to work. It has been
demonstrated that adding between 10 and 50 mg/liter of wastewater can promote
nitrification by removing organic inhibitors of the process and by absorbing substances
that can stop autotrophic bacteria from converting ammonia to nitrite or nitrate
(Lederberg, 1992).
Furthemore, anaerobic bioreactors are useful for treating industrial effluent in
addition to the aforementioned benefits. This is due to the fact that it is economical and
suitable for highly concentrated industrial effluent. Methane and other gasses are
produced primarily as a result of the anaerobic bioreactor's activities. However, because
methanogenic bacteria are slow-growing, it is important to maintain a balance between
their activity and that of fermentation bacteria. Anaerobic treatment has several benefits,
including less sludge formation, beneficial product output, minimal nutrient
requirements, and most notably, low energy requirements because aeration is not
required. Anaerobic wastewater treatment has several benefits over other wastewater
treatment methods, including energy production, high organic matter removal efficiency,
low surplus sludge creation, and stable operation (Dvořák et al., 2016).
Nevertheless, use of membranes in bioreactors represents a recent development
in the biological treatment of wastewater. In these circumstances, the membrane can
have three main functions. First off, membranes can be employed as a surface for
attachment, allowing organisms to proliferate and allowing oxygen to permeate the
biofilm. The gas-permeable membranes made of hollow fibers used in wastewater
treatment are an illustration of this. Almost 100% of oxygen can pass through this
membrane, which is made of microporous, hydrophobic polypropylene and maintains a

high biomass density in the area. The second method for using membranes as picky
barriers. Although such membranes allow organic components in wastewater to pass
through, they do not carry ions into the bioreactor. It enables the choice of organic
molecules that degrade naturally. Silicone rubber is an example of a substance utilized
for such a membrane. Membranes can also be used to separate biomass. This third
type demands that after treating activated sludge, the membrane be employed instead
of a clarifier. The effluent produced when such membranes are utilized is of excellent
quality and contains less sludge. Automated processing can also be used with ease.
However, the financial burden of the initial start-up and ongoing maintenance costs
must be considered (Lederberg, 1992; Mutamim et al., 2012; Sharrer et al., 2010).
Water Distribution System
It is crucial to implement control measures since coliform bacteria are frequently
found in drinking water and frequently, the source of contamination is unknown.
Because water quality deterioration (i.e., poor quality changes that take place from the
point of distribution to the point of detection) could happen, the water distribution
systems must be taken into account. This might result in excessive microbial
development, which the consumer might not perceive, as a result of inadequate
treatment or poor maintenance of the distribution system. In order to prevent the growth
of germs inside the pipe and the accumulation of dirt and deposits, water distribution
systems should be cleansed routinely. With the excessive microbial growth, the people
of India are and will always be at risk without the management of proper waste disposal
and proper water distribution systems.

Monochloramine secondary disinfection should be used in conjunction with
regular maintenance in places where the flow rate is low and there is a high likelihood
that the water will become stale. This will help to prevent nitrification. Avoiding a break
in the distribution system is another important consideration, particularly during
construction, repairs or installs, and cross connections. Additionally, the officers should
make sure that the level of treatment a water sample receives is consistent with the
caliber of the water source. Furthermore, when aseptic methods are compromised, the
sampling for laboratory analysis must also be taken into account and carefully
supervised.
Even though most industrialized countries have seen fewer and less serious
instances of waterborne illnesses, this is still a big problem in some developing nations,
particularly those that have recently experienced war. However, it is crucial to employ a
multi barrier strategy, which will guarantee the security of the water supply and also
vouch for adequate treatment and distribution of water. To protect the public's health, it
is crucial that every instance of coliforms in drinking water be thoroughly investigated. If
the contamination was caused by an operational flaw, this could be fixed and future
occurrences might be avoided (Inyinbor et al., 2018).
Herbal Disinfection
In today's world, a number of contemporary water purifying techniques have
found wide acceptance. Water contamination is still a big problem for some rural
residents who may not be able to afford these contemporary remediation options

(Shannon et al., 2008). Another reason to support herbal attempts at water purification
in India is the disinfection byproducts that persist after treatment.
It's vital to remember that few researchers actually use their antibacterial extracts
or fractions for water treatment directly. While some groups go as far as using the
extracts in water treatment, many groups stop after determining the research plant's
antibacterial capabilities. For instance, in one published study, fresh juice, alcoholic, and
aqueous extracts of neem and tulsi were utilized in vitro to treat salmonella, which was
used as an indicator organism. For well water, the alcoholic extract produced the best
results; for lake water, the aqueous extract produced the best results (Bhattacharjee et
al., 2013).
Herbs have a secondary function in water purification, which is the creation of
nanoparticles that are then used to filter out impurities from water (Das & Mandal,
2015). Due to the clear benefits of natural disinfection, additional research is required
into natural ingredients for water purification. These extracts affect the surface
properties of the nanoparticles, determining their distinctive qualities. This will go a long
way toward assisting rural residents who want to live better lives by affordably
accessing clean water.
Impact on Climate Change
It may be preferable to first define climate in order to have a clear understanding
of what climate change is. Typically, climate is described statistically in terms of the
average and variability of pertinent characteristics or quantities of interest across an
interval of time that can range from a few days to millions of years. The latter definition

refers to the average weather. Most frequently, factors like temperature, precipitation,
wind, etc. are used. So, in a broad sense, climate can be defined as the condition of the
climatic system, including a statistical description. On the other side, climate change,
often known as global warming, is the increase in the mean temperature of the Earth's
surface. It is widely accepted that human use of fossil fuels, which causes the emission
of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere, is to blame
for the climate change phenomenon. The effects of these gasses, which trap heat within
the earth's atmosphere, can range from rising sea levels to extreme weather.
On the other hand, one of the main environmental problems facing humanity is
the growing global contamination of freshwater systems as a result of materials from
industry and chemical compounds being dumped into their courses and runs, primarily
in the form of micro-pollutants. Most of these pollutants exist in small amounts, but
many of them can cause serious toxicological issues, which is especially problematic
when these substances are present as components of composite mixes (Inyinbor et al.,
2018). Many micro-pollutants that have been discovered in the literature are transferred
to the aquatic environment while not being susceptible to current treatment methods
(Hering & Ingold, 2012; Luo et al., 2014). Pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals,
insecticides, steroid hormones, and many other developing materials are a few of them.
Due to this, marine life as well as human life are at danger. So it should come as no
surprise that freshwater pollution is a serious public matter that warrants attention on a
worldwide scale. Understanding climatic changes, assessing the dangers of irreparable
harm to natural systems, and addressing the challenges to human survival itself with the
utmost haste are all in everyone's best interests. In light of these, it is essential to

quickly consider climate change because it has the potential to put additional strain on
some parts of the world (Inyinbor et al., 2018).
Furthermore, environmental conditions are impacted by human activity. Others
affect the environment, even though some human actions are innocuous. While some
forms of abuse can be tolerated by the environment without having long-term
repercussions, a lot of destructive human activities exceed the capacity of the
environment to heal. One of the foreseeable problems brought on by human-induced
climate change that requires immediate corrective action is water contamination. Water
pollution will significantly impact or change the fundamental water quality metrics, which
include the micropollutants, physiochemical, and biological factors (Delpla et al., 2009).
A river's flow can be impacted by probable and constant fluctuations in rainfall and air
temperature, which can influence the kinetics of chemical reactions and lower the
ecological quality of freshwater. Contaminants and water sediment loads are diluted as
a result of this process, and when they enter lakes, they change the ecosystem there
and have an impact on the wildlife that lives there. This type of water pollution may
result from the addition of man-made hazardous chemicals or byproducts, which may
produce some poisonous and greenhouse gasses. These gasses may then contribute
to global warming activities or more serious environmental issues.
In the spectrum of thermal infrared radiation released by the earth's surface, the
atmosphere, and the clouds are certain wavelengths that the gaseous components of
the atmosphere (both natural and artificial) can absorb and emit. These wavelengths
are known as the greenhouse gasses. Carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O),
water vapor (H2O), methane (CH4), and ozone (O3) are the main greenhouse gasses

in the Earth's atmosphere. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and
sulfur hexafluoride are the additional substances from the Kyoto Protocol that have
been named (SF6). The increase in earth's temperature, a decline in atmospheric air
quality, and the extinction of aquatic life are only a few of these environmental risks.
Due to the legacy of historical greenhouse gas emissions and the likelihood of
unavoidable climate change, one is forced to devote significant financial and technical
resources to reversing the effect through in-depth research efforts and public awareness
campaigns, with a focus on water pollution and other water-related issues (Prudhomme
et al., 2010). Because of this, managers of water resources are constantly and more
actively seeking information on potential changes in hydrological regimes that could
occur over the coming decades in order to develop suitable plans for adaptation
(Inyinbor et al., 2018).
An intriguing problem is that, while continual water pollution may influence the
climate through the greenhouse effect and human activity, the climate will also have an
impact on the water system and environment (hydrological cycles). This is because a
portion of the snowfall will eventually change into rain due to the greenhouse effect's
increased warmth, bringing on an early snowmelt season (Arnell et al., 2014). These
factors will subsequently significantly affect the timing and volume of the spring flood.
The subsequent saline water intrusion into groundwater aquifers near the shore brought
on by the sea level rise over this period will decrease the amount of groundwater
resources accessible. Humans will be significantly impacted by this process because
groundwater is used by over 50% of the world's population for a variety of purposes
(Inyinbor et al., 2018).

When comparing the projected and modeled data for the years spanning
2071-2100 to the years spanning 1971-2000, researchers using a physically based
hydrological and water temperature modeling framework found that about 35% of the
world's land area (which includes all continents) had more seasonal river discharge.
They also predicted a rise in temperature, indicating future predictions of a global
change (Inyinbor et al., 2018). Increasing the amount of atmospheric water vapor,
altering the moisture and runoff of the soil, and altering precipitation patterns are
additional consequences of climate change on the hydrological cycle (van Vliet et al.,
2013). Additional factors that might exacerbate many types of water pollution include
rising freshwater temperatures and changes in extreme weather, such as floods and
droughts. The authors also demonstrated how changes in the quantity and quality of
water have the potential to have an impact on the stability and availability of food,
reducing the food security of impoverished farmers who are particularly vulnerable to
these changes.
However, there are certain corrective climate change mitigation steps that can be
implemented to combat water contamination. Among other things, some of them include
farmland management for water and reduced tillage, planting of bio-energy crops,
efficient solid waste disposal, afforestation or reforestation, and carbon dioxide capture
and storage (van Vliet et al., 2013). Instead of only using the standard empirical
comparison approach, scientific studies on water contamination should focus more on
determining the physical underlying molecular mechanisms and causes. If the
underlying mechanisms are thoroughly understood, it will be much easier to identify
effective strategies for addressing the problems caused by water contamination.

This can be accomplished by creating a framework for evaluating the appropriate
tools to control water pollution that takes into account both the problem dimension
(causes and consequences) and sustainability dimension (long term and
cross-sectoral). More specifically, in emerging and poor nations where the threat of
water pollution has not been adequately addressed, a sustainable working strategy on
water pollution should be devised, adopted, and strictly followed (Metz & Ingold, 2014).
For managing water pollution successfully, a classification is offered in a
transparent manner (Bemelmans-Videc et al., 2011). These include (i) regulation (such
as substance bans and authorization restrictions), (ii) economic tools (such as product
or substance charges, which impose fees on substances that contain hazardous
compounds in an effort to reduce their usage), and (iii) information (e.g., disposal
requirements and information campaign). These categories would aid in separating
source-directed measures from end-of-pipe measures in the control of water quality.
The end-of-pipe procedures are focused on filtering pollution after it has been
introduced into wastewater, whereas source-directed techniques assist in preventing
pollution before hazardous and harmful chemical elements enter into waters (Metz,
2013)
Nevertheless, strategies for usage and disposal should be in place to reduce the
introduction of important pollutants into the aquatic ecosystem. Also important is the
understanding and quantification of such system-specific characteristics and reactivities
(such as adsorption to solid phases and abiotic/biological reactions). These kinds of
procedures will result in a substantial foundation for the thorough examination and
assessment of chemical constituents in intricate macroscopic ecosystems (McMichael

et al., 2003). Ozone and advanced oxidation process (AOPs), coagulation-flocculation,
membrane bioreactor, PAC, and attached growth treatment procedures are further
alternate techniques for eliminating contaminants from water. Inhibiting both surface and
groundwater in any way will benefit our aquatic ecology and prevent man from further
damaging the environment due to the threat of climate change (Khan et al., 2018).
Proposed Solutions and Recommendations
Preventing the problems proposed by the effect of water pollution in India is
indeed the best approach to handle it. First of all, according to Samudranil (2016), water
pollution can result from soil erosion. Thus, soil protection will also prevent water
pollution, if that is possible. Increased planting of trees, improved erosion control, and
the use of farming techniques that are friendly to the soil are all actions we can do.
Equally important is following the correct procedures while getting rid of hazardous
waste. Items with fewer volatile organic compounds can be used as a starting point.
Even when dangerous substances, such as paint, cleaning products, and stain
removers, are used, they still need to be properly disposed of. It's also essential to look
into oil leaks in one's vehicles and machinery.
Moreover, it is asserted that oil leakage is one of the primary sources of water
contamination in India, including contamination from machinery and cars. As a result,
it's essential to frequently check oil-powered machinery and equipment for any
indications of an oil leak. It's important to clean up used oil after work, especially in
factories and other production facilities that use it. The people of India should either
dispose of it correctly or keep it for another time. More effective approaches to combat

this problem include cleaning up beaches and rivers, avoiding the use of items like
plastic, and being more involved in various water pollution prevention initiatives.
In addition, according to Ilin et al. (2016), we must think about the future as we
make decisions today in order to address the economic, environmental, and societal
concerns without endangering human and environmental future growth and these
include environmental preservation, natural resource conservation, social advancement
and equality, and steady economic growth. In order to promote sustainable growth in
India, water pollution control measures must be implemented. Effective wastewater
treatment prior to discharge is one method of preventing water contamination.
Investigating water pollution repair methods as a form of climate change mitigation is
another option.
According to Frone & Frone (2015), scientists should contribute to sustainable
development in more ways than just the environment. In order to ensure that no aspect
of life suffers, it should also take into account the population's health. Despite the fact
that various people may have different definitions of sustainable development,
environmental sustainability encompasses all aspects of development. It describes how
we should protect and manage the sustainability of our natural resources, as well as the
quality of our air, water, and ecosystems, all of which are crucial to the survival of
humanity. It also helps protect the biosphere from looming damage brought on by
technological advancement. Getting effective wastewater treatment is one way to
sustain the ecosystem.

There are a number of conventional wastewater treatment methods that can be
utilized; these methods have a variety of advantages and disadvantages, including
operating complexity, sludge formation, and other factors. They experience several
economic disadvantages as a result of the high cost of their machinery, the complexity
of their procedures, and the requirement for trained staff. Many businesses avoid using
traditional wastewater treatment methods because of their financial drawbacks, which
leads to the release of untreated or insufficiently treated effluent into water bodies. A
simple and cost-effective wastewater treatment technology is required to promote
effective wastewater treatment and protect the water environment from pollution.
Furthermore, Cao et al. (2017) stated that the most harmful inorganic pollutants
for humans, plants, and aquatic life are heavy metals. Industries, mining operations,
agricultural practices, and other activities all contribute to the emission of heavy metals
into the environment. As a result of plants absorbing bioavailable metals from the soil,
plant metabolism may become seriously disrupted as stated by Inyinbor et al. (2018).
Also, high levels of heavy metal ions have also been linked to cellular membrane
damage, altered chlorophyll-producing enzymes that lower photosynthetic rates, and a
reduction in pollen and seed viability, all of which have an impact on plant reproduction
as stated by Xun et al. (2017).
In addition, another kind of exposure of organic pollutants to people is through
the usage of colorful paper towels for hand drying and food preparation, said by
Oplatowska et al. (2011) and since dyes are thought to be mutagenic and carcinogenic,
removing them from wastewater before disposal is crucial. Also, both aquatic life and
people are seriously threatened by the widespread and unavoidable use of

pharmaceuticals that inevitably end up in the environment via indiscriminate hospital,
household waste disposal, landfill leaching, and drainage water, or sewage.
With these many problems of pollutants, finding a balance between economic
progress and a sustainable natural environment is a challenge that the entire globe
must address. Successful wastewater treatment has already been proposed as a
strategy of protecting the aquatic environment, with a thorough overview of effective,
inexpensive, and accessible techniques of wastewater treatment according to Inyinbor
et al. (2018). Other water purification techniques with their associated difficulties have
been published in the literature, including forward and/or reverse osmosis (Roy et al.,
2016; Zhang et al., 2017), precipitations (Mella et al., 2015; Prazeres et al., 2016),
coagulation (Kausley et al., 2017; Nair & Ahammed, 2015), filtrations (Benito et al.,
2017; Rizzo et al., 2015), modular anaerobic systems (Pang et al., 2017), microbial fuel
cells (Abourached et al., 2016), and advanced oxidation process (Bilińska et al., 2017).
There are many environmental standards that dictate how to dispose of waste.
However, these policies are not properly enforced since the industries see them as
detrimental to commerce. As long as industries can function within the numerous
environmental discharge laws, our natural environment will be preserved. Integrating
policies, which entails integrating urgent environmental concerns into the core of
economic development, is essential to simplifying policy performance. Businesses,
agribusinesses, and the general public—the main actors in environmental
issues—display very little understanding of how their actions influence the environment
both now and in the future. While periodic organized training on environmental

sustainability should be a part of environmental policy objectives, it's equally important
to ensure these goals are included in the plans and strategies of all relevant sectors.
Also, since coliform bacteria are often detected in drinking water and are
regularly contaminated, it is imperative to put control measures in place. It is necessary
to consider the water distribution networks because water quality deterioration (i.e., bad
quality changes that occur from the point of distribution to the site of detection) could
occur. Due to insufficient handling or poor distribution system maintenance, this may
lead to excessive microbial proliferation that the consumer may not notice. Water
distribution systems should be cleaned frequently to avoid the growth of bacteria inside
the pipe as well as the buildup of debris and deposits. This gives significance to what
Inyinbor et al. (2018) stated in his study. The author said that in order to protect the
public's health, it is crucial that every instance of coliforms in drinking water be
thoroughly investigated. If the contamination was caused by an operational flaw, this
could be fixed and future occurrences might be avoided.
Furthermore, another proposed solution for water pollution is the utilization of
herbs for disinfection as supported by Bhattacharjee et al. (2013) wherein in the
author’s study, fresh juice, alcoholic, and aqueous extracts of neem and tulsi were
utilized in vitro to treat salmonella, which was used as an indicator organism. For well
water, the alcoholic extract produced the best results; for lake water, the aqueous
extract produced the best results. Das & Mandal, (2015) also stated that herbs have a
secondary function in water purification, which is the creation of nanoparticles that are
then used to filter out impurities from water. However, due to the clear benefits of natural
disinfection, additional research is required into natural ingredients for water purification.

These extracts affect the surface properties of the nanoparticles, determining their
distinctive qualities. This will go a long way toward assisting rural residents who want to
live better lives by affordably accessing clean water.
Lastly, contaminants and water sediment loads are diluted as a result of this
process, and when they enter lakes, they change the ecosystem there and have an
impact on the wildlife that lives there. This type of water pollution may result from the
addition of man-made hazardous chemicals or byproducts, which may produce some
poisonous and greenhouse gasses. These gasses may then contribute to global
warming activities or more serious environmental issues. Due to the legacy of historical
greenhouse gas emissions and the likelihood of unavoidable climate change, one is
forced to devote significant financial and technical resources to reversing the effect
through in-depth research efforts and public awareness campaigns, with a focus on
water pollution and other water-related issues. According to Arnell et al. (2014), an
intriguing problem is that, while continual water pollution may influence the climate
through the greenhouse effect and human activity, the climate will also have an impact
on the water system and environment (hydrological cycles). This is because a portion of
the snowfall will eventually change into rain due to the greenhouse effect's increased
warmth, bringing on an early snowmelt season.
For managing water pollution successfully, a classification is offered in a
transparent manner as stated by Bemelmans-Videc et al. (2011). These include (i)
regulation (such as substance bans and authorization restrictions), (ii) economic tools
(such as product or substance charges, which impose fees on substances that contain
hazardous compounds in an effort to reduce their usage), and (iii) information (e.g.,

disposal requirements and information campaign). These categories would aid in
separating source-directed measures from end-of-pipe measures in the control of water
quality. The end-of-pipe procedures are focused on filtering pollution after it has been
introduced into wastewater, whereas source-directed techniques assist in preventing
pollution before hazardous and harmful chemical elements enter into waters as stated
by Metz (2013).
Nevertheless, strategies for usage and disposal should be in place to reduce the
introduction of important pollutants into the aquatic ecosystem. Also, what’s important is
the understanding and quantification of such system-specific characteristics and
reactivities (such as adsorption to solid phases and abiotic/biological reactions). These
kinds of procedures will result in a substantial foundation for the thorough examination
and assessment of chemical constituents in intricate macroscopic ecosystems as stated
by McMichael et al. (2003). Ozone and advanced oxidation process (AOPs),
coagulation-flocculation, membrane bioreactor, PAC, and attached growth treatment
procedures are further alternate techniques for eliminating contaminants from water.
Inhibiting both surface and groundwater in any way will benefit our aquatic ecology and
prevent man from further damaging the environment due to the threat of climate change
as said by Khan et al. (2018).
Conclusion
It is essential for humans and other living creatures to have access to water,
hence its preservation and sustainability cannot be overstated. Numerous human
activities, particularly pollution, which harms the ecosystem and alters the climate, pose

a serious danger to the availability of clean water. Some companies in India continue to
discharge untreated wastewater into water bodies despite the fact that numerous
wastewater treatment techniques are being investigated by businesses and treatment
facilities. The environment and, by extension, people will greatly benefit from strong
environmental protection policies and compliance drives. The effectiveness of these
environmental protection measures will be aided by taking into account the ambitions
and objectives of diverse parties involved in environmental deterioration. This will be a
positive move in the right direction towards reducing water pollution in India.

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Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

A CASE STUDY ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION IN INDIA

In Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements in

ENGG 413 - Environmental Science and Engineering

Engr. Niel Ivan Q. Vergara

October 28, 2022

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

preservation of our aquatic environment, which is integral to sustainable development.

ongoing, periodic education on the current and future effects of environmental/water

Background of the Case Study

possible that no body of water in India is entirely unpolluted (Samudranil, 2016).

Urbanization in India is occurring at an unchecked rate, which is the main cause

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives

matters worse, according to Samudranil (2016), wastewater constitutes 80% of the

which results in significant freshwater surface contamination.

brought on by contaminated water. Actually, drinking contaminated water is to blame for

80% of gastrointestinal problems in India.

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Investigating oil leaks in one's machines and autos is also crucial.

becoming more involved in various water pollution prevention activities.

Evaluation of the Case Study

Industrialization and Urbanization

In every society, most especially in India, industrialization plays a key role in

been recognized as a serious environmental hazard since it discharges harmful gasses,

challenges (Rana et al., 2017).

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pollution, while a noticeable increase in population is a major catalyst for climatic

the emission of greenhouse gasses by businesses all significantly contribute to global

warming, an increase in planet temperature, and a decline in atmospheric air quality.

development in India. One strategy to prevent water contamination is to effectively treat

wastewater before it is eventually discharged. Water pollution remediation strategies

can also be investigated as a kind of climate change mitigation.

In any civilization, sustainable development is a way to start establishing a high

concerns without endangering human and environmental future growth. Additionally,

these include environmental preservation, natural resource conservation, social

Urbanization has repeatedly harmed the ecosystem and jeopardized its

devastation, sustainable development took our ability to survive into account.

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general, sustainable development seeks to reconcile society's conflicting needs.

sustainable development in accomplishing this and have established objectives and

society. However, scientists should contribute to sustainable development in more ways

Environmental sustainability is all-inclusive, despite the fact that sustainable

development may mean different things to different individuals. It outlines how we

Additionally, it aids in shielding the ecosystem from impending harm brought on by

technological growth. Effective wastewater treatment is one method for achieving

disadvantages. Due to their financial disadvantages, conventional wastewater treatment

procedures are avoided by many enterprises, resulting in the discharge of untreated or

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affordable wastewater treatment technology is necessary.

environmental process. Water is used by living things in a variety of ways, such as a

solvent, temperature buffer, metabolite, living environment, and lubricant (Hanslmeier,

2011). However, water is considered to be contaminated when some of the factors

a variety of anthropogenic activities, making it unfit for its intended use.

contamination. Depending on the source and nature of a pollutant, different impacts

personal care products are referred to as endocrine disrupting chemicals (Adeogun et

have become a major worry for environmentalists.

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