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    Muscles Rely On Lactate Dehydrogenase

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    Mohammed Kheder
    Here are the answers to the questions: 1. A 2. B 3. d 4. d 5. c

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    Muscles Rely On Lactate Dehydrogenase

    Uploaded by

    Mohammed Kheder
    17 views6 pages
    Here are the answers to the questions: 1. A 2. B 3. d 4. d 5. c

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    Muscles rely on lactate dehydrogenase

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    Here are the answers to the questions: 1. A 2. B 3. d 4. d 5. c

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    17 views6 pages

    Muscles Rely On Lactate Dehydrogenase

    Uploaded by

    Mohammed Kheder
    Here are the answers to the questions: 1. A 2. B 3. d 4. d 5. c

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    Muscles rely on lactate dehydrogenase

    Fermentation is an important mechanism for generating ATP in anaerobic conditions, when the cell cannot undergo
    cellular respiration. In yeast, fermentation is a key step in the beer making process. During fermentation, yeast converts
    sugars present in the pre-beer mixture into alcohol. This occurs in the absence of oxygen, and produces carbon dioxide as
    a by-product.
    Glycolysis is the first step in this process, where the sugar molecules are broken down into
    pyruvate. Pyruvate then gets decarboxylated by the enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase.
    Pyruvate decarboxylase requires two co-factors during catalysis, magnesium and thiamine
    pyrophosphate (TPP), a vitamin B1 derivative. TPP has a thiazole ring, which is capable of
    forming a carbanion that nucleophilically attacks the substrate during pyruvate decarboxylase
    catalysis. The products of the decarboxylation reaction are acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide,
    which is released as a by-product of the reaction. Next, alcohol dehydrogenase converts
    acetaldehyde into ethanol. This step requires the co-factor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
    (NADH), which gets oxidized to NAD+ in the process.
    Humans undergo fermentation in anaerobic conditions, for example, when muscles run out
    of oxygen during exercise. However, unlike in yeast cells, pyruvate gets catalyzed into lactic
    acid by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. This reaction also oxidizes NADH to NAD+.
    Figure 1. UV absorption spectra of NAD+ and NADH
    Figure 2 shows the reaction coordinate diagram of the lactate dehydrogenase reaction.

    1- Which of the following indicates the activation energy needed for the substrate to be converted to
    product in the presence of the enzyme?
    a- A b- B c- C d- D
    2- In Figure 2, which of the following is equivalent to the energy at the transition state of the reaction
    without the enzyme present?
    a- A b- B c- C d- D
    3- In humans, alcohol dehydrogenase metabolizes alcohol in the liver and lining of the stomach. Which of
    the following statements is NOT true?
    a- The quantity of alcohol dehydrogenase present in the liver and stomach affects how quickly a
    human can metabolize alcohol.
    b- The acetaldehyde produced from this reaction is further metabolized by another enzyme.
    c- A UV absorbance spectrum of this reaction over time would show an increase of absorption at
    340 nm.
    d- The final products from this reaction are pyruvate and NAD+.
    4- Why might pyruvate fail to be converted into acetaldehyde at excessively low pH?
    a- Magnesium is not present at low pH and therefore cannot act as a cofactor in the reaction.
    b- NADH cannot be oxidized to NAD+.
    c- Pyruvate is not present at low pH and therefore cannot be converted into acetaldehyde.
    d- If TPP is protonated, it cannot form a carbanion to nucleophilically attack the substrate.
    5- If alcohol dehydrogenase, acetaldehyde, and NADH are mixed together in a reaction, which of
    the following measurements would be the best way to determine the activity of the enzyme?
    a- Measure the increase in ethanol concentration over time.
    b- Measure the amount of carbon dioxide produced over time.
    c- Measure the decrease in absorbance at 340 nm text over time.
    d- Measure the pH over time.

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