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    Mohammed Kheder
    Scientists regularly measure climate change factors like temperature, greenhouse gases, and humidity to model and predict climate change. They use various instruments and detection systems, including the Munich Urban Carbon Column Network which uses optical instruments to measure methane, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide concentrations in cities. Weather balloons and GPS receivers are also used to directly measure upper-air temperature with high vertical resolution. Digital thermometers and hygrometers electrically detect temperature and relative humidity changes to convert them into temperature and humidity readings. These ongoing measurements are crucial for climate change monitoring, prediction, and policymaking.

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    Prior Solutions

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    Mohammed Kheder
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    Scientists regularly measure climate change factors like temperature, greenhouse gases, and humidity to model and predict climate change. They use various instruments and detection systems, including the Munich Urban Carbon Column Network which uses optical instruments to measure methane, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide concentrations in cities. Weather balloons and GPS receivers are also used to directly measure upper-air temperature with high vertical resolution. Digital thermometers and hygrometers electrically detect temperature and relative humidity changes to convert them into temperature and humidity readings. These ongoing measurements are crucial for climate change monitoring, prediction, and policymaking.

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    Scientists regularly measure climate change factors like temperature, greenhouse gases, and humidity to model and predict climate change. They use various instruments and detection systems, including the Munich Urban Carbon Column Network which uses optical instruments to measure methane, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide concentrations in cities. Weather balloons and GPS receivers are also used to directly measure upper-air temperature with high vertical resolution. Digital thermometers and hygrometers electrically detect temperature and relative humidity changes to convert them into temperature and humidity readings. These ongoing measurements are crucial for climate change monitoring, prediction, and policymaking.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    21 views4 pages

    Prior Solutions

    Uploaded by

    Mohammed Kheder
    Scientists regularly measure climate change factors like temperature, greenhouse gases, and humidity to model and predict climate change. They use various instruments and detection systems, including the Munich Urban Carbon Column Network which uses optical instruments to measure methane, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide concentrations in cities. Weather balloons and GPS receivers are also used to directly measure upper-air temperature with high vertical resolution. Digital thermometers and hygrometers electrically detect temperature and relative humidity changes to convert them into temperature and humidity readings. These ongoing measurements are crucial for climate change monitoring, prediction, and policymaking.

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    of 4

    Climate change’s danger lies in the risk of making the earth unlivable for the human species and

    other
    creatures. This gives the necessity of predicting climate change, as scientists can direct humanity to the
    way of rescuing life on earth if climate change is predicted.

    As scientists need a database of climate change factors like temperature, greenhouse gas concentration,
    and, relative humidity level of the atmosphere for modeling; predicting climate change; tracking
    substances that contribute to air pollution, which causes air quality issues, they regularly measure those
    factors. Detecting systems and instruments are used for these purposes. For instance:

    Greenhouse Gas Measurement:

    MUCCnet: Munich Urban Carbon Column Network:

    The MUCCnet network consists of five optical instruments used for measuring the concentrations of
    methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions in populated cities. Scientists
    can measure those gas concentrations using spectroscopy of the sun’s light: studying the absorption and
    emission of light and other radiation by matter. This works because each molecule absorbs and emits
    light of specific wavelengths, which is used as a fingerprint for each molecule. By determining how much
    light is absorbed and at which specific wavelength, scientists can determine which substance is present
    in what amount. The concentration of those gases can be determined in the Columns of air between the
    sun and the instrument.

    By setting up a sensor upwind and another sensor downwind and the city in-
    between (Fig. 1), any increase in gas measurement of the two sensors must
    have been generated in the city. Sensors are put in the cardinal directions of
    the city to cover as much wind as possible. High-performance computers are
    able to create a city’s emission map.

    Fig.1

    Upper-Air Temperature Measurement:

    The “Upper-Air” term refers to the air above the Earth’s surface. This region is fundamental for climate
    variables, as any change in temperature or emissions caused by human activities arises first in this
    region. Detecting the temperature of this specific region is essential for predicting future temperatures,
    which will affect business and government policies like any climate change factor. The main indicator of
    Earth’s temperature rising is the average of temperatures measured by various instruments. More than
    one way was found to measure the upper-air temperature, like:

    1. Radiosondes OR Weather Balloons:

    A small instrument that is carried on helium-field


    balloons. Measurements are made by this instrument
    using pressure, humidity, and temperature sensors, then the measurements are sent wireless to the
    surface station.

    Pros:

    Direct & high vertical resolution of measurements, especially temperature.

    Cons: Limited spatial sample and calibration problems.

    Air temperature thermometers: The method measures the refraction of the GPS signals by the Earth's
    atmosphere using satellite-borne GPS receivers. The recovery of vertical moisture and temperature
    profiles is made possible by this.

    Pros: Perfect calibration with high vertical resolution and global coverage.

    Cons: only about 10 years of data and less frequent sampling

    Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the molecules that are colloid together. The higher energy
    of the molecules leads to a higher temperature felt in the air. An Air thermometer is used to measure
    the air temperature.

    Air Thermometers

    Traditional thermometer: Common thermometers


    consist of a glass rod with a thin tube in its vertical axis.
    A liquid reservoir is found in the lower end of the thin
    tube (fig. 3). The liquid can be mercury or red-color
    alcohol, as these liquids expand with the increase in
    temperature. When the temperature rises, the liquid
    expands through the scaled, by calibration, thin tube.

    Pros: cheap.

    Cons: dangerous as it can contain toxins like mercury. It needs calibration causing a large error range
    compared to the digital thermometer.

    Digital Thermometer (fig. 4): Most stations detect air temperature using digital thermometers, unlike
    mercury thermometers, which depend on expanding while rising in temperature, digital thermometers
    depend on electric resistance to measure the temperature. Inside the digital thermometers, there is an
    electric resistor of a type called thermistor which changes its
    resistance with the surrounding air temperature. When the air
    temperature rises, the resistance value increase. The changes in the
    resistance are detected by a small computing system, which converts
    resistance values to degrees. A small fan pulls air across the
    thermometers to give the current air temperature.

    Fig. 4

    Hygrometer: A hygrometer (fig. 5)is used to measure the relative humidity in the
    surrounding air. It works by using the principles of capacitance, or stored charges.
    Inside the hygrometer, there is a polymer that changes its capacitance in portion
    with the surrounding relative humidity. The computing system changes this
    capacitance changes in relative humidity percentage.

    (Fig. 5)
    https://www.cosmic.ucar.edu/what-we-do/gnss-radio-occultation important, temp measurement

    https://www.remss.com/measurements/upper-air-temperature/

    https://www.fs.usda.gov/science-technology/climate-change/how-is-climate-change-detected
    important, past measurements

    https://www.americangeosciences.org/education/k5geosource/content/weather/how-do-we-measure-
    air-temperature#:~:text=The%20tube%20contains%20a%20liquid,rises%20up%20in%20the%20tube.

    https://www.nps.gov/subjects/air/howwemeasure-met.htm#:~:text=Relative%20humidity%20is
    %20measured%20using,humidity%20of%20the%20surrounding%20air. Important, relative humidity

    First prior soliotion.

    https://amt.copernicus.org/articles/14/1111/2021/ important muccnet

    https://climate.mit.edu/ask-mit/how-are-gases-atmosphere-analyzed-and-measured unchecked

    https://climate.mit.edu/ask-mit/how-are-gases-atmosphere-analyzed-and-measured

    By: Ahmed Elakraa.

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