F A C T S H E E T

Ketogenic Diets:
What You Need to Know

What Is a Ketogenic Diet? ● Epilepsy

A ketogenic (“keto”) diet is very low in carbohydrate, very high Ketogenic diets can decrease seizures, especially in people
in fat, and modest in protein. This forces the body to use fat who don’t respond well to medication. In adults with
instead of carbohydrate for most of its energy needs.1 In general, intractable epilepsy, 52% of those following a very strict,
keto diets get less than 10% of calories from carbohydrate. medical ketogenic diet and 34% following a modified Atkins
The cells of the body prefer to run on glucose (blood sugar). diet had more than a 50% reduction in seizure frequency.10
When carbohydrate intake is slashed, at first the body will even Medically supervised ketogenic diets have helped reduce and
turn protein into glucose! even eliminate seizures in children as well.11

Over time, some cells will begin to burn fat directly. However, ● Weight Management
brain and nerve cells cannot burn fat directly. They require glucose
Following a keto diet can lead to weight loss in the short term.12-17
or a substitute. When carbohydrate-rich foods are scarce, the liver
In fact, when starting a ketogenic diet, people often lose weight
turns fat into substances called ketones. Ketones are the substitute
rapidly, which can feel encouraging. But most of the pounds lost
that can fuel brain and nerve cells when carb intake drops (on a
in the first days and weeks on the diet are water weight.18
keto diet) or calorie intake drops (during fasting or starvation).
Early on in a keto diet, people actually lose less fat than they
Making ketones is the body’s emergency backup system—a last resort.
would on a balanced diet.19

What’s Missing on a Keto Diet? What about in the long term? A 2013 analysis found that those on
a ketogenic diet lost slightly more weight than those on a lower-fat
Keto diets severely limit or eliminate most fruits, starchy vegetables, diet (30% of calories from fat) after one year. However, after two
whole grains, and legumes (beans, lentils, and split peas)—foods years, that advantage disappeared.14
that are packed with nutrition.
The science is clear: Any diet that cuts calories will cause weight
As a result, low-carbohydrate diets are often low in thiamine, folate, loss, including a ketogenic diet. However, in the long term,
vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin B6, calcium, magnesium, iron, and ketogenic diets fare no better than other diet styles, and appear to
potassium.2 Without vitamin supplements, those on “low-carb” be riskier, as will be discussed.20
diets are at risk of multiple deficiencies.3
Ketogenic diets are often low in fiber. Yet the good bacteria in
our gut need fiber to thrive.4 Healthy gut bacteria help us absorb
nutrients, suppress appetite, improve immune function, and
decrease inflammation.5,6 Low intake of fiber can also lead to a
breakdown of the protective lining of the gastrointestinal tract,
leading to “leaky gut.” 7
Keto diets limit fruit,
Low-carb diets are also typically high in saturated fat and whole grains,
cholesterol, known to cause further health problems.3,8,9 beans, and other
foods packed
What’s the Evidence for Ketogenic Diets? with nutrition.
Researchers have tried using ketogenic diets to treat a variety of
conditions. However, they work better on some conditions than
others, and come with risks.
 KETOGENIC DIETS: WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW

● Diabetes

Staples in ketogenic diets include fats (butter, ghee, coconut oil), Diabetes, Keto, and Santa’s Toy-Making Machine
meat, chicken, fish, eggs, and cheese, all of which have been
linked to higher diabetes risk. On the other hand, foods linked
to lower diabetes risk, including vegetables, fruits, beans, lentils,
and whole grains, are minimized.21-26
The main symptom of type 2 diabetes is high blood sugar. When
carbohydrate intake drops on a ketogenic diet, blood sugar
improves.27 As a result, patients—and even doctors—may think
the diabetes is “better.”
However, what happens when a person with diabetes on a Santa has a toy-making machine. It assembles parts into toys.
ketogenic diet eats a healthy high-carbohydrate food, like beans When the machine is functioning well, it makes plenty of new toys.
or a sweet potato? Unless that person has lost a lot of weight, their This is analogous to muscle cells and other cells of the body.
blood sugar is likely to spike. While they’ve treated the symptom People eat healthy, glucose-rich foods like beans and sweet
of diabetes—high blood sugar—they didn’t fix the root cause. potatoes, glucose is burned as fuel, and people have good health.
Normally, when people eat carbohydrate-rich foods, those
carbohydrates are broken down into glucose. Glucose is absorbed
through the walls of the intestine into the blood. The body then
makes insulin, which tells muscle cells to grab glucose from
the blood and burn it as fuel. This feeds the muscle cells while
bringing blood sugar down.
In type 2 diabetes, fat builds up inside muscle cells where it does
not belong. This fat starts to block the insulin message from
getting through.28,29 Muscle cells don’t know to take in glucose
as they should, because fat is clogging the machine. So blood After years of neglect, though, Santa’s toy-making machine
glucose (sugar) rises. has gotten more and more gunked up. It’s moving slowly and
only churning out a few toys. Toy parts start piling up,
In summary, to fix the root cause of diabetes, fat must be cleaned
causing chaos in the workshop.
out of the muscle cells, as illustrated in the story Diabetes, Keto,
and Santa’s Toy-Making Machine. This looks a bit like diabetes in the body. The toy parts are the
glucose, the machine is the muscle cell, and the gunk in the
● Cancer
machine is fat buildup in muscle cells. When muscle cells get
Diets lower in carbohydrate have been linked to a higher risk clogged with fat, long-term health suffers.
of cancer death. 34 Many foods that appear to protect against
So, Santa calls his go-to elf and barks, “We’ve got to get these
cancer, like fruits and whole grains, are limited or avoided on
parts out of here! They’re messing up the whole workshop!”
ketogenic diets. People instead tend to eat more foods that raise
cancer risk, like red and processed meats. 35,36 The elf thinks about it and comes up with a solution.
Stop ordering toy parts! The machine is still a mess, but
However, many cancer cells do like to use glucose as fuel.
eventually it works through the backlog. The workshop is clean
So scientists wondered if ketogenic diets might help treat
again. The elf congratulates himself.
cancer. Unfortunately, the research that has been done so
far suggests that ketogenic diets alone do not appear to work
against cancer. 37,38

Side Effects
Ketogenic diets cause side effects. The most restrictive
keto diets are associated with fatigue, headache, nausea,
constipation, low blood sugar, and acidosis, especially when
starting the diet.1 People starting keto diets report “keto
flu” symptoms like nausea, low energy, and brain fog.39
Athletic ability may also suffer on a keto diet.40 This is keto in a nutshell for diabetes. By nearly stopping the
More serious side effects can also occur such as dehydration; inflow of glucose, the place looks better, right? Blood sugar drops.
inflammation of the liver and pancreas; high triglycerides, uric The cell still isn’t functioning properly, but the symptom—high
acid, and cholesterol; and dangerously low levels of magnesium blood sugar—is gone. So why is Santa unhappy?
➔

and sodium.41,42
2
 KETOGENIC DIETS: WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW

Over time, a keto diet may put people at risk for heart attacks and
strokes by raising cholesterol and interfering with circulation.43,44
Other longer-term effects include decreased bone mineral density,
vision changes, anemia, and kidney stones.42,45 Eating a lot of
animal protein and fat can also increase the risk of getting chronic
kidney disease and make people who already have it worse.46-49
Low-carb diets during pregnancy have been linked to severe birth
defects in children.50
Many studies show an increased risk of death from all causes (i.e.,
all-cause mortality) for diets that are low in carbohydrates.51-56 He knows what will happen when the Christmas crunch comes
These large-scale studies show that the lower the diet is in and they order more toy parts again. Since the machine still isn’t
carbohydrates, the higher the death and heart disease rate. working well, the workshop will be a mess again in no time.
Interestingly, lower-carb diets high in plant protein and
This scenario is like reintroducing carbohydrates—even healthy
unsaturated fat appear to be better than unhealthy diets both
carbohydrates like the ones in beans and sweet potatoes. In all
high and low in carbohydrates.56
likelihood, without profound weight loss, blood sugar rises.

Keto Q&A kkk The diabetes, which seemed to have disappeared, returns with
a vengeance. The workshop, so to speak, is a mess. And the
Q: Is keto the same as fasting? kids aren’t going to get toys anytime soon.
A: No. Fasting triggers ketosis because little or no food is eaten.
This is a survival mechanism. Keto diets slash carbohydrates and
increase fat to trick the body into entering ketosis while people
are still eating ample food.
Q: I have diabetes, and my doctor said I should do keto.
What do I do?
A: Send your doctor a copy of this fact sheet and discuss your
concerns. We also have a fact sheet on plant-based nutrition for
diabetes you can share. Your doctor can earn free continuing
education credits watching videos about ketogenic diets, nutrition So Santa tells the elf to clean the machine and get it back
for diabetes, and more on NutritionCME.org. in working order.
Q: My friend recently lost 20 pounds on a keto diet and swears This is like eating a low-fat, plant-based or nearly plant-based
by it. Why shouldn’t I try it? diet—even without weight loss. 30 (Although sustained weight
A: Any diet that cuts calories will lead to weight loss. An all- loss by any means can also help. 31) What’s more, people who
doughnut diet would cause weight loss, so long as calories eat plant-based tend to have less fat in their cells in the
were cut. (We don’t recommend this!) However, diets low in first place and are less likely to have type 2 diabetes. 32,33
carbohydrate, like ketogenic diets, have been linked to an
increased risk of death from all causes. 34,52
Q: What about “vegan keto”?
A: To date, no studies have looked at keto diets that exclude
animal products. However, two studies looking at lower-carb
diets focusing on plant foods suggest that vegan keto may be
safer than standard keto.57,58

A Plant-Based Diet: The Healthiest Choice

Once the machine is spruced up, it starts cranking out toys
Given that ketogenic diets carry risks and long-term safety is again like a champ. Santa is happy, the elf is happy, and
unknown, it’s best to stick with what has been proven to work kids around the world rejoice.
for weight loss, diabetes, heart disease reversal, and more:
a vitamin B12-supplemented, whole food, plant-based diet. This is like going on a low-fat, whole food, plant-based diet.
Blood sugar comes down, and the body retains tolerance of
health-promoting, carbohydrate-rich foods like fruits,
veggies, legumes, and whole grains.

3
 KETOGENIC DIETS: WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
References
1. Roehl K, Sewak SL. Practice paper of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Classic and modified ketogenic 29. Goff LM, Bell JD, So PW, Dornhorst A, Frost GS. Veganism and its relationship with insulin resistance and
diets for treatment of epilepsy. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2017;117(8):1279-1292. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2017.06.006 intramyocellular lipid. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005;59(2):291-298. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602076

2. Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: A scientific review. Obes Res. 2001;9 Supp1:1s-40s. doi: 30. Anderson JW, Ward K. High-carbohydrate, high-fiber diets for insulin-treated men with diabetes mellitus.
10.1038/oby.2001.113 Am J Clin Nutr. 1979;32(11):2312-2321. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/32.11.2312

3. Bilsborough SA, Crowe TC. Low-carbohydrate diets: What are the potential short- and long-term health 31. Wilding JPH. The importance of weight management in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Cli Pract.
implications? Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2003;12(4):396-404 2014;68(6):682-691. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.12384

4. Holscher HD. Dietary fiber and prebiotics and the gastrointestinal microbiota. Gut Microbes. 32. Goff LM, Bell JD, So PW, Dornhorst A, Frost GS. Veganism and its relationship with insulin resistance and
2017;8(2):172-184. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2017.1290756 intramyocellular lipid. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005;59(2):291-298. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602076

5. Paoli A, Mancin L, Bianco A, Thomas E, Mota JF, Piccini F. Ketogenic diet and microbiota: Friends or 33. Tonstad S, Butler T, Yan R, Fraser GE. Type of vegetarian diet, body weight, and prevalence of type 2
enemies? Genes. 2019;10(7):534-553. doi: 10.3390/genes10070534 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(5):791-796. doi: 10.2337/dc08-1886

6. Jeffery IB, O’Tolle PW. Diet-microbiota interactions and their implications for healthy living. Nutrients. 34. Mazidi M, Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP, Sattar N, Banach M. Lower carbohydrate diets and all-cause and
2013;5(1):234-252. doi: 10.3390/nu5010234 cause-specific mortality: A population-based cohort study and pooling of prospective studies. Eur Heart J.
2019;40(34):2870-2879. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz174
7. Daïen CI, Pinget VP, Tan JK, Macia L. Detrimental impact of microbiota-accessible carbohydrate-deprived
diet on gut and immune homeostasis: An overview. Front Immunol. 2017;8:548-555. doi: 10.3389/ 35. Farvid MS, Cho E, Chen WY, Eliassen AH, Willett WC. Dietary protein sources in early adulthood and
fimmu.2017.00548 breast cancer incidence: Prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2014;348:g3437-g3448. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g3437

8. von Frankenberg AD, Marina A, Song X, Callahan HS, Kratz M, Utzschneider KM. A high-fat, high- 36. Bouvard V, Loomis D, Guyton KZ, et al. Carcinogenicity of consumption of red and processed meat.
saturated fat diet decreases insulin sensitivity without changing intra-abdominal fat in weight-stable Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(16):1599-1600. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00444-1
overweight and obese adults. Eur J Nutr. 2017;56(1):431-443. doi: 10.1007/s00394-015-1108-6
37. Klement RJ. The emerging role of ketogenic diets in cancer treatment. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care.
9. Clifton PM, Keogh JB. A systematic review of the effect of dietary saturated and polyunsaturated fat on 2019;22(2):129-134. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000540
heart disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2017;27(12):1060-1080. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2017.10.010
38. Klement RJ, Brehm N, Sweeney RA. Ketogenic diets in medical oncology: A systematic review with focus
10. Ye F, Li XJ, Jiang WL, Sun HB, Liu J. Efficacy of and patient compliance with a ketogenic diet in adults on clinical outcomes. Med Oncol. 2020;37(2):14-26. doi: 10.1007/s12032-020-1337-2
with intractable epilepsy: A meta-analysis. J Clin Neurol. 2015;11(1):26-31. doi: 10.3988/jcn.2015.11.1.26
39. Bostock ECS, Kirkby KC, Taylor BV, Hawrelak JA. Consumer reports of “keto flu” associated with the
11. Martin K, Jackson CF, Levy RG, Cooper PN. Ketogenic diet and other dietary treatments for epilepsy. ketogenic diet. Front Nutr. 2020;7:20-26. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00020
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(2):CD001903-CD001932. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001903.pub3
40. Burke LM, Ross ML, Garvican-Lewis LA, et al. Low carbohydrate, high fat diet impairs exercise
12. Dashti HM, Mathew TC, Hussein T, et al. Long-term effects of a ketogenic diet in obese patients. economy and negates the performance benefit from intensified training in elite race walkers. J Physiol.
Exp Clin Cardiol. 2004;9(3):200-205. 2017;595(9):2785-2807. doi: 10.1113/JP273230

13. Saslow LR, Daubenmier JJ, Moskowitz JT, et al. Twelve-month outcomes of a randomized trial of a 41. Włodarek D. Role of ketogenic diets in neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s
moderate-carbohydrate versus very low-carbohydrate diet in overweight adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus disease). Nutrients. 2019;11(1):169-180. doi: 10.3390/nu11010169
or prediabetes. Nutr Diabetes. 2017;7(12):304-310. doi: 10.1038/s41387-017-0006-9
42. Kang HC, Chung DE, Kim DW, Kim HD. Early- and late-onset complications of the ketogenic diet for
14. Bueno NB, de Melo ISV, de Oliveira SL, da Rocha Ataide T. Very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet v. intractable epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2004;45(9):1116-1123. doi: 10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.10004.x
low-fat diet for long-term weight loss: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
43. Westman EC, Yancy WS, Edman JS, Tomlin KF, Perkins CE. Effect of 6-month adherence to a very low
Br J Nutr. 2013;110(7):1178-1187. doi: 10.1017/S0007114513000548
carbohydrate diet program. Am J Med. 2002;113(1):30-36. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(02)01129-4
15. Westman EC, Yancy WS, Mavropoulos JC, Marquart M, McDuffie JR. The effect of a low-carbohydrate,
44. Yancy Jr. WS, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, Bakst RP, Westman EC. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet
ketogenic diet versus a low-glycemic index diet on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Metab.
versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia: A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Int Med.
2008;5:36-45. doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-5-36
2004;140(10):769-777. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-140-10-200405180-00006
16. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J
45. Hoyt CS, Billson FA. Optic neuropathy in ketogenic diet. Br J Ophthalmol. 1979;63(3):191-194.
Med. 2003;348(21):2082-2090. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa022207
doi: 10.1136/bjo.63.3.191
17. Dashti HM, Al-Zaid NS, Mathew TC, et al. Long term effects of ketogenic diet in obese subjects with
46. Haring B, Selvin E, Liang M, et al. Dietary protein sources and risk for incident chronic kidney disease: Results
high cholesterol level. Mol Cell Biochem. 2006;286(1-2):1-9. doi: 10.1007/s11010-005-9001-x
from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. J Ren Nutr. 2017;27(4):233-242. doi: 10.1053/j.
18. Kirkpatrick CF, Bolick JP, Kris-Etherton PM, et al. Review of current evidence and clinical jrn.2016.11.004
recommendations on the effects of low-carbohydrate and very-low-carbohydrate (including ketogenic)
47. Lew QJ, Jafar TH, Koh HW, et al. Red meat intake and risk of ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;28(1):304-312. doi:
diets for the management of body weight and other cardiometabolic risk factors: A scientific statement
10.1681/ASN.2016030248
from the National Lipid Association Nutrition and Lifestyle Task Force. J Clin Lipidol. 2019;13(5):689-711.
e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2019.08.003 48. Mirmiran P, Yuzbashian E, Aghayan M, Mahdavi M, Asghari G, Azizi F. A prospective study of dietary
meat intake and risk of incident chronic kidney disease. J Ren Nutr. 2020;30(2):111-118. doi: 10.1053/j.
19. Hall KD, Chen KY, Guo J, et al. Energy expenditure and body composition changes after an isocaloric
jrn.2019.06.008
ketogenic diet in overweight and obese men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;104(2):324-333. doi: 10.3945
ajcn.116.133561 49. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Fouque D. Nutritional management of chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med.
2017;377(18):1765-1776. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1700312
20. Joshi S, Ostfeld RJ, McMacken M. The ketogenic diet for obesity and diabetes-enthusiasm outpaces
evidence. JAMA Intern Med. 2019;179(9):1163-1164. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.2633 50. Desrosiers TA, Siega-Riz AM, Mosley BS, Meyer RE, National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Low
carbohydrate diets may increase risk of neural tube defects. Birth Defects Res. 2018;110(11):901-909. doi:
21. Qian F, Liu G, Hu FB, Bhupathiraju SN, Sun Q. Association between plant-based dietary patterns and risk of
10.1002/bdr2.1198
type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2019;179(10):1335-1344.
doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.2195 51. Noto H, Goto A, Tsujimoto T, Noda M. Low-carbohydrate diets and all-cause mortality: A systematic
review and meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e55030-e55040. doi: 10.1371/
22. Okada E, Takahashi K, Nakamura K, et al. Dietary patterns and abnormal glucose tolerance
journal.pone.0055030
among Japanese: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Survey, 2012. Public Health Nutr.
2019;22(13):2460-2468. doi: 10.1017/S1368980019000120 52. Sjögren P, Becker W, Warensjö E, et al. Mediterranean and carbohydrate-restricted diets and mortality
among elderly men: A cohort study in Sweden. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92(4):967-974. doi: 10.3945/
23. Bellou V, Belbasis L, Tzoulaki I, Evangelou E. Risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus: An exposure-
ajcn.2010.29345
wide umbrella review of meta-analyses. PLoS One. 2018;13(3):e0194127-e0194154. doi: 10.1371/journal.
pone.0194127 53. Fung TT, van Dam RM, Hankinson SE, Stampfer M, Willett WC, Hu FB. Low-carbohydrate diets and
all-cause and cause-specific mortality: Two cohort studies. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153(5):289-298. doi:
24. Shu L, Shen XM, Li C, Zhang XY, Zheng PF. Dietary patterns are associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus
10.7326/0003-4819-153-5-201009070-00003
among middle-aged adults in Zhejiang Province, China. Nutr J. 2017;16(1):81-90. doi: 10.1186/s12937-017-
0303-0 54. Lagiou P, Sandin S, Weiderpass E, et al. Low carbohydrate-high protein diet and mortality in a cohort of
Swedish women. J Intern Med. 2007;261(4):366-374. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01774.x
25. Jannasch F, Kröger J, Schulze MB. Dietary patterns and type 2 diabetes: A systematic literature review
and meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Nutr. 2017;147(6):1174-1182. doi: 10.3945/jn.116.242552 55. Trichopoulou A, Psaltopoulou T, Orfanos P, Hsieh C-C, Trichopoulos D. Low-carbohydrate-high-protein
diet and long-term survival in a general population cohort. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007;61(5):575-581. doi: 10.1038/
26. Satija A, Bhupathiraju SN, Rimm EB, et al. Plant-based dietary patterns and incidence of type
sj.ejcn.1602557
2 diabetes in US men and women: Results from three prospective cohort studies. PLoS Med.
2016;13(6):e1002039-e1002057. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002039 56. Seidelmann SB, Claggett B, Cheng S, et al. Dietary carbohydrate intake and mortality: A prospective
cohort study and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2018;3(9):e419-e428. doi: 10.1016/S2468-
27. Hallberg SJ, McKenzie AL, Williams PT, et al. Effectiveness and safety of a novel care model for the
2667(18)30135-X
management of type 2 diabetes at 1 year: An open-label, non-randomized, controlled study. Diabetes Ther.
2018;9(2):583-612. doi: 10.1007/s13300-018-0373-9 57. Shan Z, Guo Y, Hu FB, Liu L, Qi Q. Association of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets with mortality
among US adults. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(4):513-523. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.6980
28. Petersen KF, Dufour S, Befroy D, Garcia R, Shulman GI. Impaired mitochondrial activity in the insu-
lin-resistant offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(7):664-671. doi:10.1056/ 58. Jenkins DJ, Wong JM, Kendall CW, et al. Effect of a 6-month vegan low-carbohydrate (‘Eco-Atkins’) diet
NEJMoa031314 on cardiovascular risk factors and body weight in hyperlipidaemic adults: A randomised controlled trial.
BMJ Open. 2014;4(2):e003505-e002516. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003505

5100 Wisconsin Ave., NW, Suite 400 | Washington, DC 20016

202-686-2210 | [email protected] | PhysiciansCommittee.org