NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.

Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.

Designation: F 606 – 00

Standard Test Methods for

Determining the Mechanical Properties of Externally and
Internally Threaded Fasteners, Washers, and Rivets1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 606; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope been developed—F 606M; therefore, no metric equivalents are shown in

these test methods.
1.1 These test methods establish procedures for conducting
tests to determine the mechanical properties of externally and 2. Referenced Documents
internally threaded fasteners, washers, and rivets. 2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2 Property requirements and the applicable tests for their A 394 Specification for Steel Transmission Tower Bolts,
determination are specified in individual product standards. In Zinc-Coated and Bare2
those instances where the testing requirements are unique or at E 4 Standard Practices for Force Verification of Testing
variance with these standard procedures, the product standard Machines3
shall specify the controlling testing requirements.
E 8 Test Methods of Tension Testing of Metallic Materials3
1.3 These test methods describe mechanical tests for deter- E 10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materi-
mining the following properties: als3
Section
For Externally Threaded Fasteners: 3
E 18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell
Product Hardness 3.1 Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials3
Proof Load 3.2.1 E 83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
Method 1, Length Measurement 3.2.3
Method 2, Yield Strength 3.2.4
someters3
Method 3, Uniform Hardness 3.2.5 F 436 Specification for Hardened Steel Washers2
Axial Tension Testing of Full-Size Product 3.4 F 606M Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical
Wedge Tension Testing of Full-Size Product 3.5
Tension Testing of Machined Test Specimens 3.6
Properties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners,
Total Extension at Fracture Test 3.7 Washers, and Rivets [Metric]2
Single Sheer Test 3.8 F 959 Specification for Compressible-Washer-Type Direct
For Internally Threaded Fasteners: 4
Product Hardness 4.1
Tension Indicators for Use With Structural Fasteners2
Proof Load Test 4.2 2.2 Military Standard:
Cone Proof Load Test 4.3 MIL STD 1312, Test 13 and Test 204
For Washers and Direct Tension Indicators: 5
General Requirements 5.1
Through Hardened Washers 5.2
3. Test Methods for Externally Threaded Fasteners
Carburized Washers 5.3 3.1 Product Hardness—Tests shall be conducted after the
For Rivets: 6
Product Hardness 6.1
removal of any surface oxide, decarburization, plating or other
Test for Embrittlement of Metallic-Coated Externally Threaded 7 coating. All readings shall be within the hardness values listed
Fasteners in the product specification. The average of all readings on the
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the same part shall be considered as the product hardness. Test
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the results shall conform to the product specification for the lot
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- represented by the test specimens to be considered conforming.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- Test specimen preparation and hardness tests shall be con-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. ducted in accordance with Test Method E 18 for Rockwell
tests, Test Method E 10 for Brinell tests, Test Method E 92 for
NOTE 1—A complete metric companion to Test Methods F 606 has Vickers tests, or Test Method E 384 for Microhardness tests.
The method used is at the option of the manufacturer, with

1 2
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 on Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.08.
3
Fasteners and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.01 on Test Methods. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
4
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2000. Published February 2001. Originally Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700
published as F 606 – 79. Last previous edition F 606 – 98. Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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F 606
regards to the size and grade of the products. 3.2.1 Proof Load—The proof-load test consists of stressing
3.1.1 Routine Test Locations—For testing the hardness of the product with a specified load that the product must
the finished product, the following test locations can be used: withstand without measurable permanent set. Alternative tests
3.1.1.1 For hex and square head bolts; test shall be con- for determining the ability of a fastener to pass the proof-load
ducted on the wrench flats, top of head, unthreaded shank, end test are the yield strength test and the uniform hardness test.
of bolt or at the arbitration location. Either Method 1 (3.2.3), Method 2 (3.2.4), or Method 3 (3.2.5)
3.1.1.2 For studs, products without parallel wrench flats and may be used, but Method 1 shall be the arbitration method in
for head styles other than hex and square; tests shall be case of any dispute as to acceptance of the product. (See Test
conducted on the unthreaded shank, end of the bolt or stud or Methods E 8.)
at the arbitration location. 3.2.2 In both Methods 1 and 2, assemble the product in the
3.1.1.3 Stress relieved products (3.1.1.1 and 3.1.1.2) are fixture of the tension testing machine so that six complete
measured anywhere on the surface or through the cross section. threads (except for heavy hex structural bolts, which shall be
Refer to the product specification for particular test location or based on four threads) are exposed between the grips. This is
use the arbitration location. obtained by freely running the nut or fixture to the thread
3.1.1.4 The Rockwell Hardness Scale may be used for all runout of the specimen and then unscrewing the specimen six
product diameters; however, the Brinell hardness is limited to full turns. For continuous thread bolts, at least six full threads
products over 1-1⁄2 in. nominal diameter. shall be exposed between the fixture ends; however, for referee
3.1.2 Laboratory Inspection—After observing 3.1 and purposes, six full threads shall be exposed.
3.1.1, a minimum of three readings shall be taken on each 3.2.3 Method 1, Length Measurement—To ensure consistent
sample of finished product. and repetitive length measurements of the fastener, the
3.1.3 Arbitration Test Location—For purposes of arbitration threaded end and top of the bolt head shall have conical
between the purchaser and seller over reported test results, depressions made at the approximate axis or center line of the
hardness tests shall be conducted at the mid-radius (r/2) of a fastener. If raised or depressed markings on the head interfere
transverse section through the threads taken at a distance of with the placement of the measuring depressions, the head
approximately one diameter from the point end of the bolt or shall be carefully ground. The measuring instrument shall have
one end of the stud. Four readings shall be taken from the point pointed anvils which mate with the center line depressions and
end of the bolt or one end of the stud. Four readings shall be be capable of measuring changes in length of 0.0001 in. with
taken approximately 90° to one another on the same plane, if an accuracy of 0.0001 in. in any 0.001 in. range. Place the
product size permits. Smaller diameter products may also use fastener between the measuring anvils and rotate it approxi-
the opposite parallel surface area of the bolt head end as mately 1⁄4 turn to the left center, right then center again to
sectioned above. (See Fig. 1). The use of Brinell hardness is assure sound seating. Zero the instrument or record indicated
limited to product sizes greater than 2-1⁄4 in. nominal diameter. measurement. If using a bolt extensometer, the bolt with
3.2 Tension Tests—It is preferred that bolts and studs be attached extensometer may be assembled into the tension
tested full size, and it is customary, when so testing, to specify testing machine. If not, mark the fastener so it may be placed
a minimum ultimate load (or stress) in pounds-force (or as close as possible to the same position for the second reading.
pounds-force per square inch.) Paragraphs 3.2 through 3.5 Remove and assemble the fastener into the tension testing
apply when testing externally threaded fasteners full size. machine as outlined in 3.4. With a test speed which shall not
Paragraph 3.6 shall apply where the individual product speci- exceed 0.12 in./min., as determined with a free-running cross
fications permit the use of machined specimens. (See Test head, axially load the fastener to the proof load value specified
Methods E 8.) in the product specification. This load shall be maintained for

FIG. 1 Hardness Arbitration Test Location

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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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F 606
a period of 10 s before releasing the load. Replace the fastener 3.3 Bolts or Studs Too Short for Tension Testing—Product
between the measuring anvils and rotate as before, stopping the lengths less than those shown in Table 1 for product 1⁄4 through
mark at the same approximate position as the first reading. The 3⁄4 in. in diameter and less than three diameters in length for

measurement shall show no permanent elongation. A tolerance product above 3⁄4in. in diameter, or that do not have sufficient
of 6 0.0005 in. shall be allowed (for measurement error only) threads for proper engagement and still leave the specified
between the measurement made before loading and that made number of complete threads exposed between the grips, shall
after loading. Variables such as straightness, thread alignment, be deemed too short for tension testing, and acceptance shall be
or measurement error could result in apparent elongation of the based on a hardness test performed in accordance with 3.1. If
product when the specified proof load is initially applied. In tests other than product hardness are required, their require-
such cases, the product may be retested using a 3 % greater ments should be referenced in the product specification.
load, and shall be considered acceptable if there is no differ- 3.4 Axial Tension Testing of Full-Size Products:
ence in the length measurement after this loading within a 3.4.1 Test bolts in a holder with the load axially applied
0.0005 in. measurement tolerance as outlined. between the head and a nut or suitable fixture (Fig. 2), either of
3.2.4 Method 2, Yield Strength—Assemble the product in which shall have sufficient thread engagement to develop the
the testing equipment as outlined in 3.4. As the load is applied, full strength of the product. Assemble the nut or fixture on the
measure and record the total elongation of the product or any product, leaving a minimum of six complete bolt threads
part of it that includes the exposed threads to produce a exposed between the grips except for heavy hex structural
load-elongation diagram. Determine the load or stress at an bolts, which shall have four complete threads exposed between
offset equal to 0.2 % of the length of bolt occupied by six full the grips.
threads as shown in Fig. 2 (except for heavy hex structural 3.4.2 Test studs by assembling one end in the threaded
bolts, which shall be based on four threads) by the method fixture to the thread runout. For studs having unlike threads,
described in 3.6.3.1. this shall be the end with the finer pitch thread, or with the
3.2.4.1 Method 2A, Yield Strength for Austenitic Stainless larger minor diameter. Likewise, assemble the other end of the
Steel and Non-ferrous Materials—Assemble the product in the stud in a threaded fixture, leaving six complete threads exposed
testing equipment as outlined in 3.4. As the load is applied, between the grips. For continuous thread studs, at least six
measure and record the total elongation of the product in order complete threads shall be exposed between the fixture ends.
to produce a load elongation diagram. Determine the load or The maximum speed of the free-running cross head shall not
stress at an offset equal to 0.2 % strain based on the length of exceed 1 in./min. When reporting the tensile strength of
the bolt between the holders as shown in Fig. 2, which will be product, in pounds-force per square inch, calculate the thread
subject to elongation under load by using the method described stress area as follows:
in 3.6.3.1.
As 5 0.7854 @D 2 ~0.9743!/n#2 (1)
3.2.5 Method 3, Uniform Hardness—The fasteners shall be
tested for hardness as described in 3.1, and in addition, the where:
hardness shall also be determined in the core. The difference As = thread stress area, in.2,
between the mid-radius and core hardness shall be not more D = nominal diameter of bolt or stud, in., and
than 3 points on a Rockwell C Scale; and both readings must n = number of threads per inch.
be within product specification. This test is valid for fasteners 3.4.3 To meet the requirements of the test described in 3.4.1
up to and including 1 in. in diameter. and 3.4.2, the product shall support a load prior to fracture not

FIG. 2 Tension Testing of Full-Size Bolt (Typical Set-Up)

3
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F 606
TABLE 1 Minimum Length of Product Requiring Tension Testing socket-head cap screw (with the exception of socket button or
flat countersunk head products) or stud is the tensile load that
Nominal Product Size, in. Minimum Length, in. the product is capable of sustaining when stressed with a
14⁄ ⁄
58
wedge under the head. The purpose of this test is to obtain the
5⁄16 ⁄
34

3 ⁄8 7⁄8 tensile strength and demonstrate the “head quality” and duc-
7⁄16 1 tility of the product.
1⁄2 11⁄8
9⁄16 11⁄4
3.5.1 Wedge Tension Testing of Bolts—Determine the ulti-
5 ⁄8 11⁄2 mate load of the bolt as described in 3.4 except place a wedge
3 ⁄4 13⁄4 under the bolt head. When both wedge tension and proof load
7⁄8 and larger 3 dia
testing are required by the product specification use the proof
load-tested bolts for wedge testing. The wedge shall have a
minimum hardness of 45 HRC. Additionally, the wedge shall
less than the minimum tensile strength specified in the product have a minimum thickness of one half the nominal bolt
specification for its size, strength, and thread series. In addi- diameter (measured at the thin side of the hole, see Fig. 3). The
tion, the tensile fracture shall occur in the body or threaded wedge shall have an included angle as shown in Table 2 for the
section with no fracture at the junction of head and shank. product type being tested. The hole in the wedge shall have a
3.5 Wedge Tension Testing of Full-Size Product—The clearance over the nominal size of the bolt, and its edges top
wedge tensile strength of a hex or square-head fastener, and bottom shall be rounded as specified in Table 3. The

c = clearance of hole
D = diameter of bolt or screw
R = radius or chamfer
T = reference thickness of wedge at thin side of hole equals one half diameter of bolt or
screw
W = wedge angle (see Table 2)
FIG. 3 Wedge Test Details—Bolts

4
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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F 606
TABLE 2 Tension Test Wedge Angles runout and then unscrew six full turns, thus leaving six
complete threads exposed between the grips, as illustrated in
Nominal Product Size, in. Degrees Fig. 4. For continuous thread studs, at least six complete
A
Bolts Studs and threads shall be exposed between the fixture ends. The angle of
Flange Bolts
the wedge for the stud size and grade shall be as specified in
1⁄4 –1 10 6 Table 2. Assemble the stud in the testing machine and tension
Over 1 6 4
A
test to fracture, as described in 3.4. The minimum hardness of
Heat-treated bolts that are threaded one diameter or closer to the underside of
the head, shall use a wedge angle of 6° for sizes 1⁄4 through 3⁄4 in. and 4° for sizes the threaded wedge shall be 45 HRC. The length of the
over 3⁄4 in. threaded section of the wedge shall be equal to at least the
diameter of the stud. To facilitate removal of the broken stud,
TABLE 3 Tensile Test Wedge Hole Clearance—Details counterbore the wedge. The thickness of the wedge at the thin
side of the hole shall equal the diameter of the stud plus the
Nominal Product Nominal Clearance in Nominal Radius on depth of counterbore. The thread in the wedge shall have Class
Size, in. Hole, in. Corners of Hole, in.
3B tolerances, except when testing studs having an interference
⁄ –
14 ⁄
12 0.030 0.030 fit thread, in which case the wedge shall be threaded to provide
⁄
9 16 – ⁄
34 0.050 0.060
7⁄8 – 1 0.060 0.060 a finger-free fit. The supporting fixture, as shown in Fig. 4,
11⁄8 – 11⁄4 0.060 0.125 shall have a hole clearance over the nominal size of the stud,
13⁄8 – 11⁄2 0.094 0.125 and shall have its top and bottom edges rounded or chamfered
13⁄4 – 2 0.094 0.225
21⁄4 – 3 0.125 0.256 to the same limits specified for the hardened wedge in Table 3.
To meet the requirements of this test, the stud shall support a
load prior to fracture not less than the minimum tensile strength
minimum outside dimension of the wedge shall be such that specified in the product specification for its size, grade, and
during the test no corner loading of the product head (adjacent thread series.
to the wedge) shall occur. (See head (adjacent to the wedge) NOTE 3—Dimensional tolerances for all test fixtures used in this test
shall occur. (See head orientation in Fig. 3). The bolt shall be method, unless otherwise noted, shall conform to standard machining
tension tested to fracture. To meet the requirements of this test, practices.
the bolt shall support a load prior to fracture not less than the
3.6 Tension Testing of Machined Test Specimens:
minimum tensile strength specified in the product specification
3.6.1 Where bolts and studs cannot be tested full size,
for the applicable size, grade, and thread series. In addition, the
conduct tests using test specimens machined from the bolt or
tensile fracture shall occur in the body or threaded section with
stud (see Test Methods E 8).
no fracture at the junction of head and shank.
3.6.1.1 Bolts and studs 9⁄16 in. in diameter and smaller may
NOTE 2—Fracture at the junction of the head and shank is prohibited at be machined concentric with the axis of the bolt or stud. The
any load, including those above the minimum requirements. specimen shall have a turned section as large as feasible and
3.5.2 Wedge Tension Testing of Studs—When both wedge shall have a gage length four times the diameter of the
tension and proof load testing are required by the product specimen. See Fig. 5 and Fig. 6.
specifications, assemble one end of the same stud previously 3.6.1.2 Bolts and studs 5⁄8 in. in diameter through 1 1⁄4in. in
used for proof load testing in a threaded fixture to the thread diameter may have their shanks machined concentric with the
runout. For studs having unlike threads, this shall be the end axis of the bolt or stud, leaving the bolt head and threaded
with the finer pitch thread or with the larger minor diameter. section intact as shown in Fig. 5. Alternatively, bolts and studs
Assemble the other end of the stud in a threaded wedge to the 5⁄8 in. in diameter through 1 1⁄4 in. in diameter may have their

FIG. 4 Wedge Test Details—Studs

5
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F 606
⁄ in. in diameter shall be machined with the axis of the
14

specimen located midway between the center and outside

surface.
3.6.1.3 Bolts and studs 1 3⁄8 in. in diameter and larger may
have their shanks machined to the dimensions of a 0.500-in.
round, 2-in. gage length test specimen with the axis of the
specimen located midway between the center and outside
surface of the bolt or stud as shown in Fig. 7.
3.6.1.4 Machined test specimens shall exhibit tensile
FIG. 5 Tension Test Specimen for Bolt with Turned-Down Shank strength, yield strength (or yield point), elongation, and reduc-
tion of area equal to or greater than the values of these
properties specified for the product size in the applicable
product specification when tested in accordance with this
section.
3.6.2 Determination of Tensile Properties:
3.6.2.1 Yield Point—Yield point is the first stress in a
material, less than the maximum obtainable stress, at which an
increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress. Yield
point is intended for application only for materials that may
exhibit the unique characteristic of showing an increase in
strain without an increase in stress. The stress-strain diagram is
characterized by a sharp knee or discontinuity. Determine yield
point by one of the following methods:
FIG. 6 Examples of Small-Size Specimens Proportional to 3.6.2.2 Drop of the Beam or Halt of the Pointer Method—In
Standard 2-in. Gage Length Specimen this method apply an increasing load to the specimen at a
uniform rate. When a lever and poise machine is used, keep the
shanks machined to a test specimen with the axis of the beam in balance by running out the poise at approximately a
specimen located midway between the axis and outside surface steady rate. When the yield point of the material is reached, the
of the bolt or stud as shown in Fig. 7. Bolts of a small cross increase of the load will stop, but run the poise a trifle beyond
section that will not permit taking the 0.500-in. round, 2-in. the balance position, and the beam of the machine will drop for
gage length test specimen shall have a turned section as large a brief but appreciable interval of time. When a machine
as feasible and concentric with the axis of the bolt or stud. The equipped with a load-indicating dial is used, there is a halt or
gage length for measuring the elongation shall be four times hesitation of the load-indicating pointer corresponding to the
the diameter of the specimen. Fig. 6 illustrates an example of drop of the beam. Note the load at the “drop of the beam” or
these small-size specimens. For arbitration purposes, machined the “halt of the pointer” and record the corresponding stress as
test specimens for bolts and studs 5⁄8 in. in diameter through 1 the yield point.
3.6.2.3 Autographic Diagram Method—When a sharp-
kneed stress-strain diagram is obtained by an autographic
recording device, take the stress corresponding to the top of the
knee (Fig. 8), or the stress at which the curve drops as the yield
point (Fig. 9).
3.6.2.4 Total Extension Under Load Method—When testing
material for yield point and the test specimens may not exhibit
a well-defined disproportionate deformation that characterizes
a yield point as measured by the drop of the beam, halt of the
pointer, or autographic diagram methods described in 3.6.2.2
and 3.6.2.3, a value equivalent to the yield point in its practical
significance may be determined by the following method and
may be recorded as yield point: Attach a Class C or better
extensometer (Note 4 and Note 5) to the specimen. When the
load producing a specified extension (Note 6) is reached,
record the stress corresponding to the load as the yield point,
and remove the extensometer (Fig. 10).
NOTE 4—Automatic devices are available that determine the load at the
specified total extension without plotting a stress-strain curve. Such de
vices may be used if their accuracy has been demonstrated. Multiplying
calipers and other such devices are acceptable for use provided their
FIG. 7 Location of Standard Round 2-in. Gage Length Tension accuracy has been demonstrated as equivalent to a Class C extensometer.
Test Specimen When Turned from Large Size Bolt NOTE 5—Reference should be made to Practice E 83.

6
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F 606

FIG. 10 Stress-Strain Diagram Showing Yield Point or Yield

Strength by Extension Under Load Method

equal to the specified value of the offset, draw mn parallel to

OA, and thus locate r. The yield strength load R is the load
FIG. 8 Stress-Strain Diagram for Determination of Yield
Strength by the Offset Method corresponding to the highest point of the stress-strain curve
before or at the intersection of mn with r. In reporting values of
yield strength obtained by this method, the specified value of
“offset” used should be stated in parentheses after the term
yield strength, thus:
Yield strength ~0.2 % offset! 5 52 000 psi (2)
In using this method, a minimum extensometer magnifica-
tion of 250 to 1 is required. A Class B1 extensometer meets this
requirement (see Note 5). See also Note 7 for automatic
devices.
3.6.3.2 Extension Under Load Method—For tests to deter-
mine the acceptance or rejection of material whose stress-strain
characteristics are well known from previous tests of similar
material in which stress-strain diagrams were plotted, the total
strain corresponding to the stress at which the specified offset
(see Note 8) occurs will be known within satisfactory limits.
The stress on the specimen, when this total strain is reached, is
the value of the yield strength. The total strain can be obtained
satisfactorily by use of a Class B1 extensometer (Note 4 and
Note 5).
FIG. 9 Stress-Strain Diagram Showing Yield Point
Corresponding with Top of Knee NOTE 7—Automatic devices are available that determine offset yield
strength without plotting a stress strain curve. Such devices may be used
NOTE 6—For steel with a specified yield point not over 80 000 psi, an if their accuracy has been demonstrated.
appropriate value is 0.005 in./in. of gage length. For values above 80 000 NOTE 8—The appropriate magnitude of the extension under load will
psi, this test method is not valid unless the limiting total extension is obviously vary with the strength range of the particular material under
increased. test. In general, the value of extension under load applicable to any
material strength level may be determined from the sum of the propor-
3.6.3 Yield Strength—Yield strength is the stress at which a
tional strain and the plastic strain expected at the specified yield strength.
material exhibits a specified limiting deviation from the pro The following equation is used:
portionality of stress to strain. The deviation is expressed in Extension under load, in./in. of gage length = (YS/E) = r
terms of strain, percent offset, total extension under load, etc. where:
Determine yield strength by one of the following methods: YS = specified yield strength, psi,
3.6.3.1 Offset Method—To determine the yield strength by E = modulus of elasticity, psi, and
the “offset method,” it is necessary to secure data (autographic r = limiting plastic strain, in./in.
or numerical) from which a stress-strain diagram may be 3.6.4 Tensile Strength—Calculate the tensile strength by
drawn. Then on the stress-strain diagram (Fig. 8) lay off Om dividing the maximum load the specimen sustains during a

7
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F 606
tension test by the original cross-sectional area of the speci- together and the overall length (L2) measured (see 3.7.2.1 and
men. Fig. 11). The total extension at fracture shall then be calculated
3.6.5 Elongation: as follows:
3.6.5.1 Fit the ends of the fractured specimen together AL= L2− L1
carefully and measure the distance between the gage marks to 3.7.5 The value obtained shall equal or exceed the minimum
the nearest 0.01 in. for gage lengths of 2 in. and under, and to values shown in the applicable specification for the product and
the nearest 0.5 % of the gage length for gage lengths over 2 in. material type.
A percentage scale reading to 0.5 % of the gage length may be 3.8 Single Shear Test—(Note 9) This test is intended to
used. The elongation is the increase in length of the gage determine the ability of a fastener to withstand a predetermined
length, expressed as a percentage of the original gage length. In load when applied transversely to the axis of the fastener. Shear
reporting elongation values, give both the percentage increase is defined as an action or stress caused by applied forces that
and the original gage length. causes two adjacent parts of a body to slide on each other to
3.6.5.2 If any part of the fracture takes place outside of the cause separation. Shear tests may be conducted in either
middle half of the gage length or in a punched or scribed mark tension-type or compression-type single shear fixture.
within the reduced section, the elongation value obtained may 3.8.1 The specimen shall be tested using hardened steel
not be representative of the material. If the elongation so plates of sufficient thickness to preclude bearing failure. Holes
measured meets the minimum requirements specified, no in the shear plates shall be 1⁄16 in. larger than the nominal thread
further testing is indicated, but if the elongation is less than the diameter of the test bolt and the holes shall be chamfered 0.010
minimum requirements, discard the test and retest. in. to relieve sharp edges. Shear plates shall be prevented from
3.6.6 Reduction of Area—Fit the ends of the fractured separating by means of a suitable jig or by using a nut on the
specimen together and measure the mean diameter or the width test bolt tightened finger tight.
and thickness at the smallest cross section to the same accuracy 3.8.2 The test specimen, when assembled in the shear jig,
as the original dimensions. The difference between the area shall be mounted in a tensile-testing machine capable of
thus found and the area of the original cross section expressed applying load at a controllable rate. The grips shall be
as a percentage of the original area, is the reduction of area. self-aligning and care shall be taken when mounting the
3.7 Total Extension at Fracture Test: specimen to assure that the load will be transmitted in a straight
3.7.1 The extension at fracture (AL) test shall be carried out line transversely through the test bolt. Load shall be applied
on stainless steel and nonferrous products (bolts, screws, and and continued until fracture of the bolt. Speed of testing as
studs) in the finished condition, with lengths equal to or in determined with a free-running cross head shall not be less than
excess of those minimums listed in Table 1. 1⁄4 in. nor greater than 1⁄2 in. per min.
3.7.2 The products to be tested shall be measured for total 3.8.3 The maximum load applied to the specimen, coinci-
length (L1) as described in 3.7.2.1 and shown in Fig. 11. dent with or prior to bolt fracture shall be recorded as the shear
3.7.2.1 Mark both ends of the bolt, screw, or stud using a strength of the bolt. At the discretion of the testing activity,
permanent marking substance such as bluing so that measuring tests need not be continued to destruction provided that the
reference points for determining total length L1 and L2 are specimen supports, without evidence of bolt fracture, the
established. Using an open-end caliper and steel rule or other minimum load specified.
device capable of measuring to within 0.010 in., determine the
3.8.4 A typical test fixture for tension shear testing is shown
total length of the product as shown in Fig. 11.
in Fig. 12.
3.7.3 The product under test shall be screwed into the
threaded adapter to a depth of one diameter (see Fig. 2) and
load applied axially until the product fractures. The maximum
speed of the free-running cross head shall not exceed 1 in./min.
3.7.4 After the product has been fractured in accordance
with 3.7.3, the two broken pieces shall be fitted closely

FIG. 11 Determination of Total Extension at Fracture (AL) Open Jig Test Bolt Assembled
(only Screw Product Shown) FIG. 12 Typical Single Shear Fixture (Tension Type)

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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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F 606
NOTE 9—This single-shear test is primarily used for testing Specifica-
tion A 394 tower bolts which range in size from 1⁄2 through 1 in. diameter.
For general use, the shear test practices and fixturing found in MIL STD
1312 Test 13 is used for double shear and Test 20 may be used for single
shear.

4. Test Methods for Internally Threaded Fasteners

4.1 Product Hardness—For routine inspection of both heat-
treated and nonheat-treated nuts, hardness shall be determined
on the bearing face or wrench flats after removal of any oxide,
FIG. 14 Heat-Treated Nut
decarburization, plating, or other coating material. Rockwell or
Brinell hardness shall be used at the option of the manufac-
turer, taking into account the size and grade of the product. taken across the section of the nut at the following positions:
4.1.1 The preparation of test specimens and the perfor- Position 1—As close to the major diameter, as possible, if threaded, or
hole side wall if the nut is blank, but no closer than 21⁄2 times the indent
mance of hardness tests for Rockwell and Brinell testing shall diameter.
be in conformance with the requirements of Test Methods E 18 Position 2—At the core (halfway between the major diameter, if
and E 10, respectively. threaded, or hole side wall, if blank) and a corner of the nut.
Position 3—As close to the corner of the nut as possible, but no closer
4.1.2 Readings when taken on the bearing face shall be than 21⁄2 times the indent diameter.
halfway between the major diameter of the thread and one
corner. The reported hardness shall be the average of two 4.1.3.4 The reported hardness shall be the average of all six
hardness readings located 180° apart. The readings when taken readings. In addition all readings shall be within hardness
on the wrench flats shall be one third of the distance from a values listed in the product specification.
corner to the center of the wrench face. The reported harness 4.1.4 Nuts exhibiting a proofload in excess of 160 000 lb
shall be the average of two readings located from opposite may be considered, at the option of the manufacturer, as too
corners. large for full-size testing. Full-size testing is recommended
4.1.3 For the purpose of arbitration or for nuts too large for whenever possible.
full size testing, where hardness alone shall determine accep- 4.1.5 For nuts on which hardness and proof load tests are
tance (see 4.1.4), the following shall apply. performed, acceptance based on proof load requirements shall
4.1.3.1 Sample nuts shall be sectioned laterally at approxi- take precedence in the event of controversy with hardness tests.
mately one half (1⁄2) of the nut height. Such samples need not 4.2 Proof Load Test—Assemble the nut to be tested on a
be threaded, but shall be part of the manufacturing lot that was hardened threaded mandrel (4.2.2) or a test bolt (4.2.1) as
formed (in the case of heat-treated nuts, formed and heat- illustrated in Fig. 15(a) Tension Method or Fig. 15(b) Com-
treated) with the product to be shipped. The preparation of the pression Method. The hardened test mandrel and the tension
sample shall be in accordance with 4.1.1 above. All readings method shown in Fig. 15(a) shall be mandatory as a referee if
shall be conducted on a Rockwell Hardness testing machine. arbitration is necessary. Apply the specified proof load for the
For standard hex, heavy hex and square nuts, the half of the nut nut against the nut. The nut shall resist this load without
not to be tested may be discarded. For special nut configura- stripping or rupture, and shall be removable from the test bolt
tions both sections shall be identified and made available to the or mandrel by the fingers after the load is released. Occasion-
purchaser, if specified on the purchase order or inquiry. ally it may be necessary to use a manual wrench or other means
4.1.3.2 Nonheat-Treated Nuts (See Fig. 13)—Two readings to start the nut in motion. Use of such means is permissible,
shall be taken 180° apart at the core (halfway between the provided the nut is removable by the fingers following the
major diameter if threaded, or blank hole if not threaded) and initial loosening of not more than one-half turn of the nut. If the
a corner of the nut. The reported hardness shall be the average threads of the mandrel or test bolt are damaged during the test,
of the two readings, and in addition both readings shall be discard the test.
within the hardness values listed in the product specification. 4.2.1 The test bolt shall have threads appropriate to the
4.1.3.3 Heat-Treated Nuts (See Fig. 14)—Two sets of three standard specified for the nut being tested and shall have a
readings 180° apart shall be taken. The three readings shall be yield strength in excess of the specified proof load of the nut
being tested.
4.2.2 Mandrels shall have a hardness of 45 HRC minimum
and shall have threads conforming to Class 3A except that the
maximum major diameter shall be the minimum major diam-
eter plus 0.002 in. or 0.25 times the major diameter tolerance
(whichever is greater) of Class 3A threads.
4.2.3 The proof load shall be determined at a free running
cross head speed not exceeding 1.0 in/minute and shall be held
at load for 10s minimum
4.3 Cone Proof Load Test—Perform this test using a conical
washer and threaded mandrel (as illustrated in Fig. 16) to
determine the influence of surface discontinuities (that is,
FIG. 13 Nonheat-Treated Nut forging cracks and seams) on the load-carrying ability of

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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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F 606

FIG. 15 Proof Load Testing—Nuts

FIG. 16 Cone-Proof Test

hardened steel nuts through 1 1⁄2 in. in diameter by introducing proof load for the nut against the nut. The speed of testing as
a simultaneous dilation and stripping action of the nut. The determined with a free-running cross head shall be a maximum
mandrel shall conform to the requirements of 4.2.2. The of 0.12 in./min. Apply the proof load for 10 s. Compute the
conical washer shall have a hardness of 57 HRC minimum and cone proof load of a nut as follows:
a hole diameter equivalent to the nominal diameter of the CPL = (1 − 0.30D) 3 f 3 As
mandrel +0.002, −0.000 in. The contact point of the cone shall where:
be sharp for nut sizes 1⁄2in. and less. For sizes over 1⁄2in., the CPL = cone proof load, lb,
point shall be flat and 0.015 6 0.001 in. in width. Assemble the D = nominal diameter of nut, in.,
nut and the conical washer on the mandrel, and apply the cone f = specified proof stress of nut, psi,

10
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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F 606
As = tensile stress area of nut, in.2, prevents penetration into the core material.
= 0.7854 [D − (0.9743/n)]2, and 5.3.2 Core Hardness—Take hardness readings on a smooth
n = threads per inch. flat portion of the washer, prepared by light grinding or
To meet the requirements of the cone proof load test, the nut polishing such that readings are taken at a depth greater than
shall support its specified cone proof load without stripping or the depth of case.
rupture. 5.3.3 Depth of Case—Measurements of case depth shall be
taken at a cross section through the rim of the washer, having
5. Test Methods for Washers and Direct Tension been ground and etched to define the case area.
Indicators 5.4 Stainless Steel and Nonferrous Washers:
5.1 General Requirements: 5.4.1 Surface Hardness—Take hardness readings on a
5.1.1 All tests shall be conducted on a Rockwell hardness smooth flat portion of the washer.
tester. 5.4.2 Core Hardness—Take hardness readings on a smooth
5.1.2 Use of a 1⁄4in. (6 mm) or smaller spot anvil shall be flat portion of the washer, prepared by light grinding or
used for hardness testing of washers and direct tension indica- polishing such that readings are taken at a minimum depth of
tors 0.015 in. (0.38 mm) from the original surface.
5.1.3 Readings are not to be taken on or near product 5.5 Direct Tension Indicators:
markings. 5.5.1 Surface Hardness—Take hardness readings on a
5.1.4 Preparation of test specimens and the performance of smooth flat portion of the DTI, at a point approximately
hardness tests shall be performed in accordance with Test midway between the protrusion (top side) or pocket (bottom
Methods E 18. side) and the outside diameter. Prepare the DTI by light
5.1.5 For arbitration purposes, a minimum of two readings grinding or polishing as necessary.
180° apart on at least one face shall be taken. (See Fig. 17.) 5.5.2 Core Hardness—Take hardness readings on a smooth
5.1.6 All readings shall be within the hardness values listed flat portion of the DTI, at a point approximately midway
in the product specification, and the average of all readings between the protrusion (top side) or pocket (bottom side) and
shall be considered as the hardness of the product. the outside diameter. Prepare the DTI by light grinding or
5.1.7 An initial reading may be used to establish that the polishing such that readings are taken at a minimum depth of
hardness testing equipment is properly set up and that the 0.015 in. (0.38 mm) from the original surface.
correct scale is being used. Such readings are not used to
determine conformance. 6. Rivets
5.2 Through Hardened Washers: 6.1 Product Hardness—Determine hardness at the mid-
5.2.1 Surface Hardness—Take hardness readings on a radius of a transverse section of the product taken at a distance
smooth flat portion of the washer, prepared by light grinding or of one diameter from the point end of the rivet. Use either
polishing as necessary. Brinell or Rockwell hardness tests, and measure as described in
5.2.2 Core Hardness—Take hardness readings on a smooth 3.1.
flat portion of the washer, prepared by light grinding or
polishing such that readings are taken at a minimum depth of 7. Test for Embrittlement of Metallic Coated Externally
0.015 in. (0.38 mm) from the original surface. Threaded Fasteners
5.3 Carburized Washers: 7.1 This is one test method for determining if embrittlement
5.3.1 Surface Hardness—Take hardness readings on a exists in a metallic coated externally threaded fastener covered
smooth flat portion of the washer, using a method which by the product specifications of ASTM Committee F-16.
7.2 The test fastener shall be installed in a test fixture (see
Note 1 in Fig. 18) with the head positioned against the wedge,
assembled with a nut, and tensioned (by means of the nut only)
by any means capable of measuring tensile load. The torque
method described in 7.3 is one such method. The test samples
shall be tensioned to 75 % of their specified minimum ultimate
tensile strength. For studs with different thread pitches on
either end, the finer thread pitch end shall be assembled with a
nut and tested as the head end of the fastener.
7.2.1 The assembly shall remain in this tightened state for
not less than 48 h, after which the test fastener shall be visually
examined for embrittlement-induced failure, such as missing
head.
7.2.2 The joint shall then be disassembled and the test
fastener visually examined using a minimum of 20 power
magnification for evidence of embrittlement failure, such as
transverse cracks in the shank, threads or at the junction of
head to shank.
FIG. 17 Typical Hardness Reading Locations 7.2.3 For disassembly, if the torque method of tightening is

11
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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F 606

NOTE 1—For expedience sake the test fixture shown above reflects a single bolt under load. It should be noted, however, that test fixtures with multiple
test locations are acceptable
NOTE 2—Work is continuing on this test method and revisions are anticipated. Additionally caution should be taken when applying this test procedure.
The heads of embrittled fasteners may suddenly break off and become flying projectiles capable of causing serious injury or blinding.
FIG. 18 Test Fixture

used, torque shall be applied in the ON direction until the nut threads of the test fastener will be in the grip. The hole in the
rotates a noticeable amount. The retightening torque with the plate(s) shall be as close to the major diameter of the fastener
nut in motion shall be measured and shall be no less than 90 % being tested as practical but not greater than the hole in the
of the initial tightening torque. hardened washer (7.2.3).
7.2.4 If a direct tension method of tightening is used, then 7.3.3 The hardened washer shall be in conformance with
the loss of clamping strength (in pounds) over the test period Specification F 436.
shall be no more than 10 % of the initial clamping load. 7.4 If the torque method of tightening is used, the tightening
7.3 The test fixture shall comprise a hardened wedge (7.3.1), torque shall be determined using a load-measuring device
a plate(s) (7.3.2), and a hardened washer (7.3.3). (See Fig. 18.) capable of measuring the actual tension induced in a fastener as
7.3.1 The wedge shall have an angle as specified in Table 4. the fastener is tightened. Three fasteners from the test lot shall
Other dimensions and properties shall be in conformance with be selected at random. Each shall be assembled into the
hardened wedges described in 3.5.1. load-measuring device, mated with a nut, and the nut tightened
7.3.2 The plate(s) shall be steel and have a thickness such until a load equal to 75 % of the specified minimum ultimate
that, after installation and tightening, a minimum of three full tensile strength of the fastener is induced. The torque required
to induce this load shall be measured and the arithmetic
TABLE 4 Test for Embrittlement Wedge Angles, Degrees average of the three measured torques shall be the tightening
torque. The surface against which the nut is torqued should be
Nominal Size of Studs and Fasteners Fasteners with similar in hardness and finish to that of the test fixture (Fig. 18)
Fastener, dia with Unthreaded Unthreaded Lengths, and use of a hardened washer (7.3.3) is recommended.
Lengths, 2 dia and Longer
Less Than 2 dia
7.5 To meet the requirements of this test the fastener shall
1⁄4 to 3⁄4 in.
show no evidence of embrittlement failure when visually
4 6
Over 3⁄4 to 1-1⁄2 in. 0 4 examined and the retightening torque shall not be less than
90 % of the initial tightening torque.

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F 606
ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. TEST METHOD FOR MEASURING COMPRESSION LOADS (ALL FINISHES) ON DIRECT TENSION INDICATORS
COVERED BY SPECIFICATION F 959

A1.1 Testing Apparatus A1.3.3 Support blocks shall conform to the dimensions
A1.1.1 Test the direct tension indicators in an apparatus shown in Fig. A1.2.
described herein that is capable of determining their perfor- A1.3.4 The surfaces of support blocks shall be parallel to
mance characteristics with sufficient accuracy. within 0.0002 in. across the diameter of the support block.
A1.1.2 Testing apparatus shall include a compression load-
ing system, top and bottom bearing blocks, and support blocks A1.4 Bearing Blocks
that allow each direct tension indicator to be calibrated using a A1.4.1 The upper bearing block shall have a minimum
direct reading gage. diameter of 3 in.
A1.1.3 The testing apparatus shall conform to the require- A1.4.2 Bearing blocks shall have a minimum Rockwell
ments of Practices E 4. The loads used in determining com- hardness of 50 HRC.
pressive loads shall be within the verified loading range of the A1.4.3 The upper and bottom bearing block surfaces shall
testing machine in accordance with Practices E 4. be parallel to within 0.0005 in. across the width of the support
A1.1.4 The direct reading gage of the testing apparatus shall block.
be capable of measuring the gap variation to within 0.0005 in.
NOTE A1.1—Because of acceptable variations in bolt dimensions and
A1.5 Calibration
coating characteristics, bolts cannot be used as a means of gaging the A1.5.1 Calibrate the testing apparatus and its direct reading
direct tension indicator measured minimum and maximum performance. gage at least once per year.
A1.5.2 Retain the calibrated test data.
A1.2 Compression Loading System
A1.2.1 The compression loading system shall transmit a A1.6 Test Procedure
compressive load axially from the testing apparatus to the
A1.6.1 Select the support block corresponding to the size
direct tension indicator. The bottom bearing block of the
and type of direct tension indicator to be tested.
loading system must be able to accept the cylindrical protru-
A1.6.2 The direct reading gage spindle shall be in contact
sions of the direct tension indicator support blocks.
with the center of the direct tension indicator support block
A1.2.2 Maintain the compression loading system in good
during the test. (See Fig. A1.3.)
operating condition and use only in the proper loading range.
A1.6.3 Zero Direct Reading Gage—Place the direct tension
A1.3 Support Blocks indicator, with protrusions facing down, into the grooves of the
A1.3.1 Support blocks shall be grooved on one side so that support block. Apply compression load equal to the minimum
the direct reading gage can be zeroed without compressing the required load for the size and type of direct tension indicator
direct tension indicator protrusions. (See Fig. A1.1.) Thus, the being tested. Set the direct reading gage at zero. Release the
exact thickness of the direct tension indicator being tested is load and remove the direct tension indicator. See Step 1 of Fig.
taken into account, and the flat surface of the side of the direct A1.3.
tension indicator having protrusions is made to relate exactly to A1.6.4 Invert the support block so that Side A with the
the zero point of the gage that shall react on the center of the groove is facing down.
direct tension indicator support block. A1.6.5 Measure Compression Load:
A1.3.2 Support blocks shall have a minimum Rockwell A1.6.5.1 Place the flat surface of the direct tension indicator
hardness of 50 HRC. against side B of the support block with protrusions facing up.
Apply compression load until the gage reading is the test gap
specified for the size, type, and surface condition of the direct
tension indicator being tested. See Step 2 of Fig. A1.3.
A1.6.5.2 Apply the compression load at a rate such that the
direct tension indicator is compressed within 30 s from the time
the compression load is first applied until the proper gap is
achieved.
A1.6.6 Read and Record—Read the compression load
FIG. A1.1 Support Block within 5 s of reaching the test gap and record the results.

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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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F 606

{ Height of boss = 0.085 in. +0/−0.0005 in. with no more than 0.0002 in. difference between side“ A” and side “B” }
Direct Tension Indicator
Size C in. E in. F in.
in. max min max min max min
1⁄2 0.485 0.475 0.130 0.080 0.96 0.91
5⁄8 0.615 0.605 0.145 0.095 1.15 1.10
3⁄4 0.735 0.725 0.150 0.100 1.34 1.29
7⁄8 0.855 0.845 0.150 0.100 1.54 1.49
1 0.985 0.975 0.165 0.115 1.73 1.68
11⁄8 1.105 1.095 0.165 0.115 1.93 1.88
11⁄4 1.225 1.215 0.165 0.115 2.12 2.07
13⁄8 1.355 1.345 0.165 0.115 2.31 2.26
11⁄2 1.475 1.465 0.165 0.115 2.51 2.46
FIG. A1.2 Support Block Dimensions

FIG. A1.3 Steps for Determining Compression Load

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