Lecture Magnetostatic Devices

9/21/2019
Electromagnetics:
Electromagnetic Field Theory
Magnetostatic Devices
Outline
• Preliminary concepts
• Energy in the magnetic field
• Recipe for analyzing inductors
• Example #1 – Solenoid
• Example #2 – straw inductor
• Example #3 – Coaxial line
• Example #4 – RG‐59 coaxial transmission line
Slide 2
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Preliminary Concepts
Slide 3
Magnetic Flux Linkage
Magnetic Flux Magnetic Flux Linkage
   
   B  ds   N  N  B  ds
S S
N  number of turns
I I
A loop of area S carrying More windings in the loop
S current I produces S produces proportionately
magnetic flux B. more magnetic flux.
Slide 4
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Inductance
In linear materials, the magnetic flux linkage  is directly proportional to the current I.
I
Inductance L is the proportionality constant that makes this equation exact.
  LI
Inductance L is defined as the ratio of the magnetic flux linkage to the current I through the

inductor.
 Inductance is a measure of how well a device stores magnetic energy.
L
I Inductors store and release energy in a way that opposes any change in current.
Slide 5
Energy Stored in an Inductor
From circuit theory, the magnetic energy (in joules) stored in an inductor is
1 2
Wm  LI
2
Solving this for L gives
2Wm
L
I2
Given that 𝐿 𝜆/𝐼, another equation can be derived that shows flux linkage 𝜆 is a measure
of how much energy 𝑊 is stored for a given amount of current 𝐼.
2Wm

I
Slide 6
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Energy in the Magnetic
Field
Slide 7
Differential Volume of Magnetic Field
Let there be a differential volume in the presence of magnetic flux.
The top and bottom surfaces are conducting sheets
carrying differential current I.
Conducting sheets
Slide 8
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Apply Gauss’ law for magnetic fields to a surface in the x‐z plane.
Since this is a differential surface, it calculates a
differential flux.
  Gaussian Surface
  
xz
B  ds
x z
    Baˆ    dxdzaˆ 
0 0
y y
x z
 B  dxdz
0 0
 Bxz
Slide 9
Apply Ampere’s circuit law around the bottom conductor.
Since this is a differential surface, it calculates a
differential current.
 
I   H  d 
L
b
  c   d   a  
  H d  H d  H d  H d
a b c d
b
 c

d a 
  2 Hdy   H  d    Hdy   H  d 
a b c d
 H y
Slide 10
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Energy in the Differential Volume
The differential inductance is then
 B  x  z xz
L   
I H y y
The differential energy stored in this
differential inductor is
1
 L  I 
2
Wm 
2
1  xz 
  H y 
2
 
2 y 
1
  H 2 xyz
2
1
  H 2 v
2
Slide 11
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Magnetostatic Energy Density
The magnetostatic energy density (J/m3) is defined as
Wm
wm  lim
v  0 v
1
 H 2 v
 lim 2
v  0 v
1
wm  H 2
2
Slide 12
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Total Magnetostatic Energy
The total magnetostatic energy is found by integrating wm.
1
Wm   wm dv
V
Wm  
2 V
 H 2 dv
Recall from electrostatics
1   1 2
We 
2 

D  E dv 

2 
 E dv
V V
This means for magnetostatics, the total energy is
1   1 2
Wm 
2 
B 
 H dv  Wm 
2 
 H dv
V V
General case LHI Media
Slide 13
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Recipe for Analyzing
Inductors
Slide 14
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Recipe to Analyze Inductors
1. Choose a suitable coordinate system.
2. Let the inductor carry current I0.
3. Calculate magnetic field intensity 𝐻.  
  Id   aˆ R 4 R
2
line current
If the basic field configuration is  L
  
obvious (i.e. if symmetry exists) Otherwise… H    Kds  aˆ R 4 R 2 surface current
   S
I   H  d   Jdv 
L    aˆ R 4 R 2 volume current
V
4. Calculate 𝐵 from 𝐻 using 𝐵 𝜇𝐻.
Alternative to steps 4 – 6…
5. Calculate the magnetic flux . 4. Calculate total magnetic energy Wm.
  2
   B  ds 1
2 
Wm   H dv
S
V
6. Calculate the inductance L. 5. Calculate inductance L.
N 1 2 2Wm
L Wm  LI 0  L
I0 2 I 02
Slide 15
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Example #1:
Solenoid
Slide 16
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The Solenoidal Inductor
Area S
 N 2S
L Henries

Slide 17
17
Step 1 – Choose a Coordinate System
Cylindrical coordinates (, , z) seem appropriate.
Slide 18
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Step 2 – Let Inductor Carry Current I0
That was easy!
Slide 19
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Step 3 – Calculate 𝐻
Calculate the magnetic field 𝐻 due to a single loop and then extend that answer to N loops.
Write the Biot‐Savart law at point (0,0,z).
 
 I0d   R
dH  3
4 R

I0d   The terms in this equation are

R d   ad aˆ

 R   aaˆ   zaˆ z
P  0, 0, z 
 
d   R   ad aˆ    aaˆ   zaˆ z 
 a 2 d  aˆ  aˆ    azd  aˆ  aˆ z 
 a 2 d aˆ z  azd aˆ 
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Last, 𝑅 is needed. Now a big ugly expression can be written for 𝑑𝐻 .
 
I 0 d   R I 0  a d aˆ z  azd aˆ  
  2
R  aaˆ   zaˆ z dH1  
3
3 4  a 2  z 2 
32
R   a2  z2  4 R
32
Integrate this around the loop to find 𝐻 .
2
  
H1  z    dH1
I0d   0
R 2
I 0  a 2 d aˆ z  azd aˆ  

  4  a 2  z 2 
32
P  0, 0, z  0
2
I 0 a 2 d aˆ z
2
I 0 azd aˆ 
  4 
a 
2 32
4  a 2  z 2 
32
0
2
z 0
Due to symmetry, the second
integral equals zero.
Slide 21
21
Finally, the magnetic field along the z‐axis is
 2 I 0 a 2 d aˆ z I 0 a 2 aˆ z
2
H1     d
4  a 2  z 2  4  a 2  z 2 
32 32
0 0
 2
2
I 0 a aˆ z
 2
4  a 2  z 2 
32

I0d  
R I0a2
 aˆ z
2  a2  z2 
32

P  0, 0, z 
Remember, this is just the magnetic field for a
single loop.
Slide 22
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Think of the expression we just derived as a differential 𝐻 due to a
differential slice through the solenoid.
I0

P
N/ℓ is turn density to
account for any number of
turns per unit length.
 I0a2  N I 0 a 2 dz
H1  z   aˆ z dH  z   aˆ z
2a  z
2

2 32  2  a 2  z 2 3 2
Slide 23
23
The total magnetic field 𝐻 is found by integrating 𝑑𝐻 through the
entire length of the inductor.
I0
 2
 2
N I 0 a 2 dz
H  z   dH  z     2 a 2  z 2 3 2 aˆ z
 2  2  
Slide 24
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It will be easier to integrate over angle  instead of position z.
I0

P
2

H  z     ?  d
1
Slide 25
25
Angle  must be related to z. Observe that
a a a a
tan    z  dz   d   3 sin  d
z tan  sin 
2
sin 
Now observe that
a
I0 sin  
a  z2
2
a3
sin 3  
 a2  z2 
32
/
This was done so that the 𝑎 𝑧
term be canceled out of the integral.
Slide 26
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The integral in terms of  is…
a
2  sin  d
sin 3 
 2
N I 0 a 2 dz
H  z    2 a 2  z 2 3 2 aˆ z
 2  
a3
1
sin 3 
 a 
I a2  sin  d 
N 0  sin 3 
2 2
  aˆ   NI 0 aˆ z sin  d
H  z  
2 1
z
1   a3 
2 3 
 sin  
Slide 27
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Finish the integration to get

 NI aˆ 2 NI aˆ
H  z    0 z  sin  d  0 z  cos  2  cos 1 
2 1 2
For an infinitely long
solenoid
1  180  2  0
I0
The solution becomes
 NI aˆ
H  z   0 z  cos 0  cos180 
2
 NI
H  z   0 aˆ z

Slide 28
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
B
Step 4 – Calculate
Given the magnetic field intensity 𝐻, the magnetic flux density 𝐵 is found using the
constitutive relation.
  NI
B   H   0 aˆ z

Slide 29
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
Step 5 – Calculate
The magnetic flux  is calculated by integrating 𝐵 in the cross section of the solenoid.
   NI 0
   B  ds  Bz S  S
S 
I0
S

B
Slide 30
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Step 6 – Calculate Inductance L
Finally, the inductance L is This is often written as
 NI 0 S inductance per unit length.
N
N   N S
2 2
L  L N
I0 I0   S  
 
 N 2S
L

Slide 31
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Example #2:
Straw Inductor
Slide 32
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What is a Straw Inductor?
It is possible to make an inductor with a reasonably accurate inductance, by wrapping
magnet wire around a MacDonald’s straw.
How can this be done? What is the design rule?
Solution
First, you need some magnet wire and a straw from MacDonald’s. Magnet wire has a very thin insulating
jacking so more windings can be fit.
The radius a of
Let’s say we have 22 AWG for this example.
a MacDonald’s
The diameter d of the coated wire is
straw is
a  3.7 mm d  0.644 mm
Slide 33
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Derivation of Design Rule
The inductance per unit length is
2
L N
 S  
 
For this problem with an air core,
  0 r  0 1.0   0
S   a2
The inductance per unit length becomes
2 2
L N  N
 0   a 2     0  a 
   
Slide 34
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Derivation of Design Rule
If the inductor is wrapped tightly with only one layer of windings, the turn density is
N 1

 d
The inductance per unit length becomes
2 2 2
L  N a  3.7 mm 
 0  a   0    1.2566 10 6
H m  
   d   0.644 mm 
The design rule is
L L  nH 
 1.3 104 H m    mm   You can use this to easily make your own inductors!
 130
Slide 35
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Example #3:
Coaxial Line
Slide 36
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Problem Setup
Derive an expression for the distributed inductance L/ℓ of coaxial line.
Slide 37
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Problem Setup
Derive an expression for the distributed inductance L/ℓ of coaxial line.
Step 1 – Choose a coordinate system.
Slide 38
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Problem Setup
Step 2 – Let the inductor carry current I0.
That was easy!
Slide 39
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Problem Setup
Step 3 – Calculate magnetic field intensity 𝐻.
To do this, analyze the device in each of the four regions A, B, C,
and D separately and then stitch together the answers.
A – inner conductor
B – dielectric region
C – outer conductor
D – outside of coax

Calculate the magnetic field
using Ampere’s circuit law.
   
I   H  d    J  ds
L S
Slide 40
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Problem Setup
Recall the Biot‐Savart law which says the magnetic field will be perpendicular to the
current and the direction of the observation point.

 Jdv  aˆ R
dH 
4 R 2
1. Since the current is solely in the z direction, the
magnetic field cannot have a z component.
2. Due to symmetry, the magnetic
field will not have a  component.
3. The magnetic field will be 
oriented in the  direction.
This is consistent with the
magnetic field circulating
around currents.

H   ,  , z   H   ,  , z  aˆ
This is what must be found.
Slide 41
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Region A – Inner Conductor
Assume the current is uniformly distributed throughout the conductors.
This is perfectly valid for magnetostatics, but is a bad approximation at high frequency due to
the skin effect.
Current distribution at low frequency Current distribution at high frequency
Slide 42
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Given this approximation, the current density in the inner conductor is
 I
J inner  0 2 aˆ z
a
The total current enclosed
within radius  is
 Area enclosed by  
IA       I0
 Area of inner conductor  
2
   2

  2  I0  I0  
  a  a
Slide 43
43
Applying Ampere’s circuit law, the current is related to the magnetic field as
  2 2
I A      H  d     H  aˆ     d aˆ    H   d  2 H
L 0 0
Applying our previous expression for I< gives
2

I 0    2 H 
a
Solve this for H to get 
I0 
H 
2 a 2
 I 
H A     0 2 aˆ
2 a
Slide 44
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Region B – Dielectric
  2 2
I B      H  d     H  aˆ     d aˆ    H   d  2 H
L 0 0
In Region B, the enclosed current is always I0.
I 0  2 H 
Solve this for H to get

I
H  0
2
 I
H B     0 aˆ
2
Slide 45
45
Region C – Outer Conductor
The current density in the outer conductor is
 I0
J outer  aˆ
 Area within   b  t    Area within   b  z
I0
 aˆ z
  b  t    b2
2
I0 1
 aˆ 
 b  2bt  t 2  b 2 z
2
I0 1
 aˆ z
 t 2  2bt
Slide 46
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The total current enclosed by radius  is
 
I C     I 0   J outer  ds
C
2 
 I0
1 
 I0      aˆ z     d  d aˆ z 
0 b
t  2 2
bt 
 2
I0 1  
 I0     d   d  
 t  2bt b  0 
2


I 2
 t  2bt b
 I0  0 2  d  

2 I 0  2
 I0 
t  2bt 2
2
b
  2  b2 
 I 0 1  2 
 t  2bt 
Slide 47
47
  2 2
I C      H  d     H  aˆ     d aˆ    H   d  2 H
L 0 0
In Region C, the enclosed current was found to be
  2  b2 
I C     I 0 1  2 
 t  2bt 
Putting these expressions together 
and solving for H gives
  2  b2 
I 0 1  2   2 H 
 t  2bt 
I 0   2  b2 
H     1  
2  t 2  2bt 
Slide 48
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Region D – Outside Coax
  2 2
I D      H  d     H  aˆ     d aˆ    H   d  2 H
L 0 0
In Region D, the total enclosed current is zero
because the same current is present in the inner
and outer conductors, but in opposite direction.
ID     0 
Putting these together shows that
0  2 H
H     0
Slide 49
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All Together
All together, the magnetic field intensity is
 I0 
 aˆ 0  a
2 a 2

 I0
  aˆ a  b
H    2
 I   2  b2 
 0 1  2  aˆ b   bt
 2  t  2bt 
 0   bt

Slide 50
50
25
9/21/2019
Remaining Steps…
Step 4(alternate) – Calculate total magnetic energy 𝑊 .
The total magnetic energy is
1 2
Wm  
2 V
 H dv
 2  2  2  2
2 
 H dv   H dv   H dv   H dv
2 V 2 V 2 V
 
V
         
A B C D
There is no magnetic field 
outside of the coax.
If the outer conductor is very
thin, we can ignore the magnetic
energy here.
Slide 51
51
Remaining Steps…
  2  2
2 
Wm  dv   H dv
H
2 V


V

   
A B
The first term is
2 2
  2   a
I0 
WA 
2 
dv 
H
2    2 a 2
aˆ  d  d dz


V

 z 0 0 0
0   a
2

 I 02  a

8 2 a 4   
z 0  0   0
 3d  d dz
 I 02 a
 2  

    d    dz   d 
3
8 2 a 4  0  0  z 0
 I 02 a
   2     d 
3
8 2 a 4  0
Slide 52
52
26
9/21/2019
Remaining Steps…
  2  2
2 
Wm  dv   H dv
H
2 V


V

   
A B
The first term continued…
I 2 a
WA  2 0 4   2     3d 
8 a  0
 I 02  a

4 a 4 
 0
 3d  
 I 02    4
 a
  
4 a 4  4 
0 
 I 2  a 4 0 
 04  
4 a  4 4 
 I 2
 0
16
Slide 53
53
Remaining Steps…
  2  2
2 
Wm  dv   H dv
H
2 V


V

   
A B
The second term is
2
  2   2 b
I0
2    
WB  dv 
H aˆ  d  d dz
2 2


V

 z 0 0 a
a   b
2

 I 02  b
1

8 2   
z 0  0  a

d  d dz
 I 02 b
 2  
1

8 2    d    dz   d 
 a  0  z 0
I 2 b
1

8
0
2

  2     d 
a
Slide 54
54
27
9/21/2019
Remaining Steps…
 
 22
2 
Wm  dv   H dv
H
2 V


V

   
A B
The second term continued…
I 2 b 1
WB  02   2    d 
8   a 
 I 02 b 1
4  a 
 d 

 I 02 
4
 b
ln  a 
 I 2
 0  ln b  ln a 
4
 I 02   b 
 ln  
4 a
Slide 55
55
Remaining Steps…
 
 22
2 
Wm  dv   H dv
H
2 V


V

   
A B
The total magnetic energy in the coax is
Wm  WA  WB
 I 02  I 02   b 
  ln   
16 4 a
 I 02   1  b 
  ln   
4  4  a 
Slide 56
56
28
9/21/2019
Remaining Steps…
Step 5(alternate) – Calculate inductance L.
The inductance is
2Wm
L
I 02
 I 02   1  b 
2  ln   
4  4  a 

I 02
  1  b  
L  ln   
2  4  a 
The inductance per unit length is
L  1  b 
   ln   
 2  4  a 
Slide 57
57
Example #4:
RG‐59 Coaxial
Transmission Line
Slide 58
58
29
9/21/2019
Transmission Line Impedance
We have actually performed a very sophisticated analysis.
At the end of electrostatics, we derived the
distributed capacitance.
C 2

 a
ln  
b
At the end of magnetostatics, we derived the
distributed inductance.
L  1  b 
   ln   
 2  4  a 
We will now be able to calculate the characteristic
impedance Z0 of a coaxial transmission line! L
Z0 
C 
Slide 59
59
Example #7 – RG‐59 Coax
A standard RG‐59 coax has
Inner conductor diameter: 0.81 mm (20 AWG)
Outer conductor diameter: 3.66 mm
Dielectric constant: 2.1
Specified capacitance: 86.9 pF/m
C 2  8.854  10 F m   2.1
12
  7.746  1011 F m  77.46 pF m

 ln  3.66 mm 0.81 mm 
L 1.2566  106 H m  1  3.66   7

  4  ln  0.81    3.52 10 H m  352 nH m
 2    
3.52  107 H m
Z0   64.7  The specified impedance is 75 .
7.746  1011 F m
Slide 60
60
30

Lecture Magnetostatic Devices

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9/21/2019

Inductance L is defined as the ratio of the magnetic flux linkage to the current I through the

  7.746  1011 F m  77.46 pF m

L 1.2566  106 H m  1  3.66   7

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