ABSTRACT

The use of fossil fuels as the main source of energy has caused several negative
environmental impacts, such as global warming and air pollution. Air pollution causes
many health problems, causing social negative effects. This current situation needs
new methods, which should generate sustainable solutions that are mostly
independent of the use of non-renewable fossil fuels. This review paper describes
renewable energy resources. The methodology implemented in this review paper was
a systematic literature review process. The overall conclusions are built on the
relationships between different aspects of the topics.

ABSTRAK
Penggunaan bahan bakar fosil sebagai sumber energi utama telah menimbulkan
beberapa dampak negatif bagi lingkungan, seperti pemanasan global dan polusi
udara. Polusi udara menyebabkan banyak masalah kesehatan, menyebabkan efek
negatif sosial. Situasi saat ini membutuhkan metode baru, yang harus menghasilkan
solusi berkelanjutan yang sebagian besar tidak bergantung pada penggunaan bahan
bakar fosil yang tidak terbarukan. Makalah tinjauan ini menjelaskan sumber daya
energi terbarukan. Metodologi yang diterapkan dalam makalah tinjauan ini adalah
proses tinjauan pustaka. Kesimpulan keseluruhan dibangun di atas hubungan antara
berbagai aspek dari topik.

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Definition
A fossil fuel is a hydrocarbon-containing material formed naturally in the Earth's
crust from the remains of dead plants and animals that is extracted and burned as a
fuel. Oil is originally found as a solid material between layers of sedimentary rock, like
shale. This material is heated in order to produce the thick oil that can be used to
make gasoline. Natural gas is usually found in pockets above oil deposits. It can also be
found in sedimentary rock layers that don’t contain oil. Natural gas is primarily made
up of methane. Some fossil fuels are refined into derivatives such as kerosene, gasoline
and propane before burning. Fossil fuels may be burned to provide heat for use
directly (such as for cooking or heating), to power engines (such as internal
combustion engines in motor vehicles), or to generate electricity.
Life has become very dependent on fossil fuels. Unfortunately, although fossil fuels
are continually formed by natural processes, they are classified as non-renewable
resources because they take millions of years to form and known viable reserves are
being depleted much faster than new ones are generated. Fossil fuels are also
responsible for almost three-quarters of emissions from human activity in the last 20
years. Today, scientists and engineers are looking for ways to reduce our dependence
on fossil fuels and make burning these fuels cleaner and healthier for the environment.
B. Literature Review
Macqiur (France, 1758) was the first to express the opinion that petroleum
originates from plants. Then the above opinion is also supported by other scientists
such as New Beery (1859), Engler (1909), Bruk (1936), BearI and Hofer (1938). They
stated that oil and natural gas came from marine organisms that had died millions of
years ago and formed a layer in the bowels of the earth.
Aquatic phytoplankton and zooplankton that died and sedimented in large
quantities under anoxic conditions millions of years ago began forming petroleum and
natural gas as a result of anaerobic decomposition. Over geological time this organic
matter, mixed with mud, became buried under further heavy layers of inorganic

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sediment. The resulting high temperature and pressure caused the organic matter to
chemically alter, first into a waxy material known as kerogen, which is found in oil
shales, and then with more heat into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons in a process
known as catagenesis. Despite these heat-driven transformations, the energy released
in combustion is still photosynthetic in origin. Terrestrial plants tended to form coal
and methane. Many of the coal fields date to the Carboniferous period of earth's
history.
The biotic origin theory of petroleum has a lot of plausible evidence that indeed
allows scientists to simulate petroleum (crude oil) production, thus it is generally
accepted as a correct hypothesis to explain the origin of petroleum and that fossil fuels
are non-renewable. Current scientific advances such as the chemical knowledge of
carbon and its compounds and geology make the theory well understood and useful.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has found that emissions
from fossil fuels are the dominant cause of global warming. In 2018, 89% of global CO2
emissions came from fossil fuels and industry.
Research from Harvard University, in collaboration with the University of
Birmingham, the University of Leicester and University College London, found that
more than 8 million people died in 2018 from fossil fuel pollution, significantly higher
than previous research suggested—meaning that air pollution from burning fossil fuels
like coal and diesel was responsible for about 1 in 5 deaths worldwide.
C. Methodology
The methodology implemented in this review paper was a systematic literature
review process, both from journals, books or ebooks, as well as articles with credible
sources on the internet. After searching and collecting articles from databases, they
were evaluated by title, abstract and whole article then summarized in such a way dan
synthesized into the literature review.

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A. Problem
Fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas) have long played a significant role in modern energy
systems worldwide, and they continue to do so. Some of the main advantages of using
fossil fuels are, fossil fuels can generate a large amount of electricity at a single
location, they can be found very easily, cost-effective, transportation of oil and gas can
be done easily through pipelines, they have become safer over time. In addition to its
usefulness, the use of fossil fuels also has drawbacks and disadvantages which are
summarized in the following points:
1. Environmental degradation
The main disadvantage of using fossil fuels, of course, is the pollution that
they cause. It is a known fact that carbon dioxide, gas released when fossil fuels
are burnt, is one of the primary gas responsible for global warming.
The rise in temperature of earth has resulted in the melting of polar ice
caps, flooding of low lying areas and rise in sea levels. If such conditions
continue, our planet earth might face some serious consequences in the near
future. Hence, environmental pollution is one of the major disadvantages of
fossil fuels. This includes contributing to the extinction of species
2. Effect on human health
Fossil fuels are not at all environment friendly. Burning of fossil fuels results
in pollution and can cause serious environmental concerns. Pollution-related
diseases kill millions of children a year. According to WHO, 7 million premature
deaths annually linked to air pollution. High levels of air pollution can cause
serious health complications such as chronic asthma, low lung functioning,
chronic bronchitis and cardiovascular diseases. People who live in areas with a
large amount of traffic are at high risk.
3. Finite energy source (non-renewable)

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 Fossil fuels are a finite energy resource. They are destined to deplete in the
near future. Unlike sunlight, water or wind energy, fossil fuels cannot be
renewed: the number of fossil fuels in the earth’s crust today is all that we are
ever going to get (at least until another several hundred million years pass and
even more organic matter decays and decomposes).
This means that, once the gas, coal and petroleum reserves have been
completely used up, there is nothing more left. In fact, they are projected to
run out in the next 50 years. Unfortunately, this also means that we will not be
able to use our cars anymore as we have not yet found a suitable method to
run cars that work as efficiently as petroleum or that is not dangerous.
4. Impact on marine life
Fossil fuels are needed in huge reserves wherever their plants are set up.
This requires them to be transported to the desired location. Transportation of
crude oil via sea can cause oil spills which can pose a hazard to marine life by
lessening the oxygen content of water. Crude oil contains some toxic
substances which when mixed up with water poses a serious impact on aquatic
life.

Figure 1. Java sea oil spill, 2019

B. Solution
Now, scientists and engineers have been looking for ways to reduce our
dependence on fossil fuels and to make burning these fuels cleaner and healthier for
the environment. They are trying to find solutions to fossil fuel problems so that there
is enough fuel and a healthy environment to sustain human life and activities in the
future.

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 The recent surge in attention to climate change has definitely helped the rise of
alternative energy sources. Some of the advantages of these alternative methods are
fewer emissions, lower pollution in the ecosystem, and lower overall fuel prices. Some
primary alternatives to fossil fuels are renewable energy like, solar energy,
hydroelectric energy, wind energy, biofuels, and geothermal power.
1. Solar energy is definitely the most popular alternative energy source from fossil
fuels. It was one of the first leading new energy sources in recent research.
Solar power is the converting of energy from the sun into reliable electricity.
This is possible thanks to the use of solar panels. The PV glass and cells the
panels are made out of are what convert the sunlight into energy.
2. Hydroelectric energy is a great natural source of power. It's made possible by
using the energy in moving water. For many years water was used to help
produce mechanical energy. But now, following extensive research, it is a
leading source of naturally generated energy. Hydroelectric energy relies on the
water cycle. The amount of water that is drained into rivers and streams is a
determining factor of how much energy can be accessed. This means that in the
case of such climate patterns, such as drought, hydroelectric power will be
poorly affected.

Figure 2. Hydroelectric energy, 2020

3. Wind energy is made possible thanks to the development of wind turbines. Its
process is very simple. The energy the wind carries will turn the propellers of
the turbine. The rotor within the main shaft will then spin a generator. This
generator is then able to create electricity. A singular wind turbine has a

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 capacity of 2-3 megawatts, which can then produce over 6 million kilowatt-
hours of energy per year. This is enough to power roughly 1,500 homes.
4. Biofuels are derived from recently dead or living plant material and animal
waste. This differs from fossil fuels, which are derived from long-dead plant and
animal matter. The most commonly used biofuels are ethanol and biodiesel. Its
main drawback is that burning biomass still produces greenhouse gases.

Figure 3. Biofuels production, 2020

5. Geothermal power is harnessed from the earth’s natural sources of heat, led by
volcanic activity. It is the source of 30% of all electricity power in Iceland, which
taps into thermal springs heated by molten rock lying thousands of meters
below the surface. Its main drawback is that it is restricted to areas with
volcanic sources.

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 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion
because the process of the formation is so long and complicated, we know that
fossil fuels are non-renewable and will run out over time. Fossil fuels also give
significant negative impacts on the environment and living things. The issue of climate
change is becoming more and more relevant every year. Of course, it should’ve been a
major issue for a much longer time. From these two facts it is necessary to pay
attention to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. Luckily enough, as research has
developed and discoveries have been made, some great alternatives have become
available. The recent surge in attention to climate change has definitely helped the rise
of alternative energy sources. The development of energy infrastructure, particularly
natural gas and coal, is the key to success in efforts to reduce dependence on fossil
fuels.
B. Suggestion
Socialization about alternative fuels needs to be developed in order to accelerate
technological progress evenly at once and speed up the efficient use of fuel. And in the
field of education which is realized in the form of simple practice biodiesel production
because biodiesel can be made on a small scale.

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