Chapter II

Review Related Literature and Studies

PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The physicochemical parameters are crucial for determining the water quality,because it
demonstrates how the body continues to produce life and sustain it under its waves. It is indeed
important to acquire a precise understanding of the water's quality, after which the results are
compared to industry-recognized benchmarks. Analyzing water quality is important for preserving
the natural habitat (Patil, 2012).
To safeguard, conserve, and improve the quality of fresh, brackish, and marine waters across
the nation, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Administrative Order No.
2016-08 requires the adaptation of numerous Water Quality Guidelines (WQG) and General Effluent
Standards (GES). The agency will be keeping an eye on the parameters the WQG has submitted.
Ten primary parameters have been set, and they are as follows:

1. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

2. Chloride
3. Color in true color unit
4. Fecal Coliform in Most Probable Number per 100 milliliter
5. Minimum Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
6. Nitrate as NO3-N
7. pH or level of acidity
8. Phosphate
9. Temperature
10. Total Suspended Solids
In addition to the primary parameters, 5 secondary inorganic parameters are also
measured. These are, boron, fluoride, sulfate, and NH3-N as ammonia. Only nine parameters were
considered in this study, including turbidity, salinity, TDS and conductivity derived from primary and
secondary parameters. The executive order mentioned also prescribed the classification of water
bodies. These are the following below.
1. Class AA: Public water supply class I - intended primarily for waters having watersheds,
which are uninhabited and/or otherwise declared as protected areas, and which require
only approved disinfection to meet the latest PNSDW.
2. Class A: Public water supply class II - intended as sources of water supply requiring
conventional treatments (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection) to meet
the latest PNSDW.
3. Class B: Recreational water class I - intended for primary contact recreation (bathing,
swimming, etc.)
4. Class C: Fishery water for propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources;
Recreational water class II for boating, fishing, or similar activities; and for agriculture,
irrigation, and livestock watering
5. Class D: Navigable waters

It is recognized that nitrogen or ammonium contributes to the water's overall ionic salinity.
This is largely caused by the dominance of industrial waste and sewage pollution. Salinity of water
(Patil, 2012). BOD is a measurement of the oxygen needed to allow aerobic microorganisms to
decompose waste organic matter in water (those bacteria that live only in an environment containing
oxygen). It suggests the health of a surface water supply because it naturally treats bodily waste,
(Qureshimatva, 2015).
High dissolved oxygen levels mean good marine life (Yadav, 2013).Dissolved oxygen is usually
higher at lower temperatures. otherwise low value Dissolved oxygen is caused by high temperatures
or increased wastewater (Qureshimatva, 2015).Nitrates are usually considered to be the most highly
oxidized form of nitrogen compounds present in water systems. It is a compound derived from
agricultural, domestic, and industrial waste streams (Solanki, 2012). High levels of nitrates in the
system help Algae and plankton growth. pH parameter measures the acidity of a solution at a
specific temperature. Scientifically, the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration, i.e. pH =-
Log [H+]. Acidity measurement Water is important for maintaining a safe environment for most plant
and animal species.It can only survive in a narrow pH range, neither too acidic nor too basic.
Similar to nitrates, phosphate-rich water leads to the formation of algal blooms Apparently.
Nutrients known to promote biometabolism also exist in domestic Waste and sediments entering
water bodies (Solanki, 2015).

Water bodies that have an impact on human life and the surroundings of a population, either directly
or indirectly, are referred to as water environments. These settings serve as the foundation for
human activities (Dong, et al, 2015).

According to Verywell Health, more than 780 million people around the world lack access to clean
drinking water. Over 2,200 children die every day from illnesses brought on by polluted water. Poor
water quality can result from a variety of things, such as industrial waste and pollution, a lack of
access to proper water treatment and sanitation services (2021).

https://online.regiscollege.edu/blog/environmental-factors-that-affect-health/

The bureau conducts a quarterly monitoring of the water quality of the creek to assure the fecal
coliform present and the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in
the water are within the allowable or minimum values set by the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (DENR, 1990)

DENR. (1990). DAO 34 – Revised Water Usage and Classification Water Quality. 1978 NPCC Rules
and Regulations, Section 68 and 69, Chapter III.

Total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) are the primary
pollutants in water bodies that are released into the environment by human activity. These pollutants
raise the risks to the water environment, which has become a serious issue for social and ecological
systems (Zhao, et al, 2010).

In addition, these pollutants heighten the dangers to the aquatic environment, which is now a
serious issue for society and ecological systems. Residents' health has suffered as a result of these
elevated hazards, as evidenced by rises in morbidity and death (Saha, 2017). Also, due to a lack of
sensible planning, water pollution incidents like industrial water pollution and heavy metal pollution
have frequently happened in a number of watershed (Bhuiyan, et al, 2013).
 Water environmental risk assessments can show the amount of water environmental risk, and
corresponding actions can be done to lower the risks in high-risk locations. Environmental risk
evaluations (Chen 2013).

Geographic information systems (GIS) are also widely used in the field of water environmental risk
assessments. GIS integrates data collection, spatial analysis, and decision-making processes into a
common information flow, which greatly improves work efficiency and offers technical support for
resolving water environmental issues and ensuring sustainable development (Hu, 2012).

A sewage flow from homes is considered anthropogenic pollution. Water quality can deteriorate
as a result of climate change, posing a number of significant dangers to the ecosystem. Persistent
organic pollutants like nitrogen and phosphorus, for instance, will contaminate surface water as a
result of precipitation and atmospheric sedimentation. Additionally, there is a link between economic
growth and water quality, and the research has taken into account all of the effects that economic
indicators, environmental water quality indicators, social indicators, and natural environmental
indicators have on economic growth and water basin environmental risks (Wei, et al, 2015).

Water environmental risks are challenging to regulate because of its numerous origins and intricate
components. Therefore, water environmental risk assessments are crucial for successfully regulating
water environmental hazards (Marianne, et al, 2012).

REFERENCES:
Dong, W. P., Ma, T., Liu, Q., Liu, X. H., Ju, T. T., & Wang, W. L. (2015). Research on risk
assessment and control of Basin water environment. Environ. Eng, 12, 111-115.

Zhao Y., Yang Z.F., Li Y.X. Investigation of water pollution in Baiyangdian Lake, China. Procedia
Environ. Sci. 2010;2:737–748. doi: 10.1016/j.proenv.2010.10.085.

Saha N., Rahman M.S., Ahemed M.B., Zhou J.L., Ngo H.H., Guo W. Industrial metal pollution in
water and probabilistic assessment of human health risk. J. Environ. Manag. 2017;185:70–78. doi:
10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.023.

Bhuiyan, A. B., Mokhtar, M. B., Toriman, M. E., Gasim, M. B., Ta, G. C., Elfithri, R., & Razman, M. R.
(2013). The environmental risk and water pollution: A review from the river basins around the world.
American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 7(2), 126-136.

Chen S.Q., Chen B., Fath B.D. Ecological risk assessment on the system scale: A review of state-of-
the-art models and future perspectives. Ecol. Model. 2013;250:25–33. doi:
10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.10.015

Wang, R. S., Xu, Q. J., Zhang, X., Wei, Q. S., & Yan, C. Z. (2012). Health risk assessment of heavy
metals in typical township water sources in Dongjiang River Basin. Huan jing ke xue= Huanjing
kexue, 33(9), 3083-3088.
Hu C.H., Zhou P., Huang P., Du J., Zhou W.B. Behavior Characteristics of Dissolved Heavy Metals
and Health Risks Assessment from Poyang Lake Basin, China. J. Agric. Environ. Sci.
2012;31:1009–1014. (In Chinese)

Wei Y.H., Tang D.S., Meng Z.Z. Analysis on the Relation of Water Environment and Economic
Development. Appl. Mech. Mater. 2015;737:941–944.

Marianne S., Dan L., Emily C., Hart A. Review of risk from potential emerging contaminants in UK
groundwater. Sci. Total Environ. 2012;416:1–21.

References:
● Dirican, S. (2014c). Assessment of Water Quality Using Physico-chemical Parameters of
Çamlıgöze Dam Lake in Sivas, Turkey. Ecologia, 5(1), 1–7.
https://doi.org/10.3923/ecologia.2015.1.7
● Administrative Order No. 2016 - O8 of the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR) promulating the Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent
Standards of 2016. | UNEP Law and Environment Assistance Platform. (2016, May 24).
https://leap.unep.org/countries/ph/national-legislation/administrative-order-no-2016-o8-
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● Qureshimatva, U. (2015).Determination of physico-chemical parameters and water quality
index (WQI) of Chandlodia lake, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. J Environ Anal Toxicol, 5(288),
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● Solanki, H. (2012). Status of Soils and Water Reservoirs near Industrial Areas of
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