LESSON REVIEW (5 minutes)

NUR 027 (Nursing Research 1-Lecture) BS

STUDENT ACTIVITY NURSING/SECOND YEAR
SHEET Session # 23

Materials:
LESSON TITLE: NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING Book, pen and notebook

Textbook:
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
Upon completion of this lesson, the nursing student will be Barrientos-Tan, C. (2011). A Research Guide in Nursing
able to: Education: Building an Evidence-Based Practice. Pasay
City: Philippines, Visprint Inc.
1. Explain non-probability sampling.
2. Identify the types of non-probability sampling.
References:
Polit, Denise F. & Beck, Cheryl T. (2012). Nursing
research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing
research (9th ed.), Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

The instructor will open a box of rolled papers with your assigned numbers. The students whose numbers were picked
by the instructor will answer one of the following questions:
1. What is probability sampling?
2. What are the types of probability sampling?

MAIN LESSON (30 minutes)

Non-Probability Sampling
Respondents or subjects are selected in a non-random way. The researcher desires to use available subjects at his
convenience anytime during the period of the study.

The results are best utilized only for descriptive purposes rather than for making generalizations or inferences about
the target population. Purposely chosen for an in-depth understanding of a particular experience, situation, cultural
element, or misconduct

Types of Non-Probability Sampling

a. Accidental or Convenience Sampling

Accidental or convenience sampling uses the most readily available or most convenient group of people as study
respondents. They are also called as volunteer samples. It is used when it is extremely difficult to select either a
random or a non-random sample. It is also called Haphazard, Grab, or Opportunity Sampling.

However, in general, convenience sample cannot be considered representative of any population and should be
avoided if at all possible unless this is the only choice available. It is considered the weakest form of sampling and is
subject to bias. It can be used for pilot testing.

b. Quota Sampling
The researcher identifies the population to be studied and determines the proportion needed in the population. Quota
Sampling divides the population into homogenous sub-population to ensure the presence of representative proportions
of

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the various strata in the sample. The researcher establishes desired proportions for some variables of interest to be
able to elicit homogeneous data.

The population is first divided into strata. Then, instead of the doing random samples from each stratum, the
researcher simply takes a pre-determined quota from the different strata. The sample within the prescribed quota
is selected based on the personal judgment of the researcher.

For example, a study on Injecting Practices of c. Purposive or Judgment Sampling

Injecting Drug Users (IDUs) in Pangasinan

Researcher selects: Males 40%

Females 60%

The subjects in purposive sampling are handpicked to be included in the sampling frame based on certain qualities for
purposes of the study. Subjects are viewed as “typical cases” or “experts” that provide enough data to answer the
research questions. Purposive sampling is commonly used in qualitative studies. When using this method, sampling is
done with a purpose in mind.

A “representative sample” of the population is selected based on an expert’s subjective judgment or on some pre
specified criteria. It is the handpicking supposedly typical or interesting cases. With a purposive sample, the researcher
is likely to get the opinions of the target population, but may also put undue weight on subgroups in the population that
are more readily accessible.

d. Snowball or Network sampling

Snowball or network sampling consist of identifying few persons who meet the inclusion criteria of the study and who in
turn refer other individual who may be interviewed. It is also called Chain, Referral or Reputational sampling. This is
used to gain access to people who are difficult to identify. This process continues until the desired number of
respondents is reached.

Snowball means the effort that start on a small scale and intensifies in the process. However, a problem may occur in
this method if there is limited number of qualified samples and the extent of trust and cooperation of the referred
samples with the researcher.

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e. Consecutive sampling
The recruitment of ALL people from an accessible population who meet all the eligibility criteria over a specific time
interval or for a specified sample size. It is considered the best of all non-probability/non-random sampling methods
because it includes all subjects that are available that makes the sample a better representation of the entire
population. It has similarity with convenience sampling.

f. Theoretical Sampling
Theoretical sampling is a term coined by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss (1967). It seeks to discover categories
and their properties in order to explain interrelationships that exist within the theory that has already been studied. It
is one of the tool of qualitative research.
The researcher’s goal of theoretical sampling is not the same as with probability sampling nor the representative
capture of all possible elements, but to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomena under study and facilitate the
development of theory.
Example:
In a study of mothers of twins, 16 mothers were interviewed to describe the “blur period.” At first, the
researcher identified those who had 1 yr. old twins. But since these mothers could not adequately
describe the “blur period” as it was a blur, the researcher then next interviewed mother of 3 month old
twins to determine if they could still recall how the “blur period” was like regarding the phase of
mothering twins (Polit & Beck, 2002).

Advantages & Disadvantages of Non-Probability Sampling

Advantages of Non-Probability Sampling Disadvantages of Non-Probability Sampling

Convenient
∙ It is likely to produce biased samples or errors
in judgment
∙ Easy to produce anytime
∙ The researcher cannot estimate the precise
∙ Less time spent for selection of the respondents elements of the population that will be
included in the samples.

Economical
∙ Certain elements may have no chance to be
included in the sample.
∙ Less expensive

∙ No fixed budget required

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING (15 minutes)

Short Quiz. You are to identify the type of probability sampling associated with the following keywords. Erasures and
superimpositions will be marked wrong (10 points).
1. Typical cases

ANSWER: __________________________

2. Volunteer samples

ANSWER: __________________________

3. Opportunity sampling

ANSWER: __________________________

4. Non-randomized sampling

ANSWER: __________________________

5. Pre-determined quota

ANSWER: __________________________

6. Chain sampling
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ANSWER: __________________________

7. Representative sample

ANSWER: __________________________

8. Haphazard sampling

ANSWER: __________________________

9. Interrelationship

ANSWER: __________________________

10. Referral sampling

ANSWER: __________________________

RATIONALIZATION ACTIVITY
The instructor will now rationalize the answers to the students and will encourage them to ask questions and to discuss
among their classmates.

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LESSON WRAP-UP (10 minutes)

You will now mark (encircle) the session you have finished today in the tracker below. This is simply a visual to help
you track how much work you have accomplished and how much work there is left to do.

You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress.

AL Strategy: CAT 3-2-1

After the lesson, each of you will be asked to write in a one fourth sheet of paper the
following: Three things you learned:

1. ______________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________

Two things you still want to learn more about:

1. ______________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________

One question you still have:

1. ______________________________________________________

The instructor collects the papers and will answer your queries before the class dismissed.
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