University of Misan

College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

Lecture -2

Three Phase Induction Motor

1- Introduction
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

2- Construction
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

Figure 2.1 Lamination of stator and rotor

Stator
It consists of a steel frame which encloses a hollow, cylindrical
core made up of thin laminations of silicon steel to reduce
hysteresis and eddy current losses. A number of evenly spaced
slots are provided on the inner periphery of the laminations
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

[See Fig. 2.2]. The insulated connected to form a balanced 3-

phase star or delta connected circuit. The 3-phase stator
winding is wound for a definite number of poles as per
requirement of speed. Greater the number of poles, lesser is the
speed of the motor and vice-versa. When 3-phase supply is
given to the stator winding, a rotating magnetic field of
constant magnitude is produced. This rotating field induces
currents in the rotor by electromagnetic induction.

Figure 2,2 Stator

University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

Rotor
The rotor, mounted on a shaft, is a hollow laminated core having slots
on its outer periphery. The winding placed in these slots (called rotor
winding) may be one of the following two types:
(i) Squirrel cage type (ii) Wound type
Squirrel cage rotor: It consists of a laminated cylindrical core
having parallel slots on its outer periphery. One copper or
aluminum bar is placed in each slot. All these bars are joined at
each end by metal rings called end rings [See Fig. 2.3]. This
forms a permanently short-circuited winding which is
indestructible. The entire construction (bars and end rings)
resembles a squirrel cage and hence the name. The rotor is not
connected electrically to the supply but has current induced in
it by transformer action from the stator.
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

Those induction motors which employ squirrel cage rotor are called
squirrel cage induction motors. Most of 3-phase induction motors use
squirrel cage rotor as it has a remarkably simple and robust construction
enabling it to operate in the most adverse circumstances. However, it
suffers from the disadvantage of a low starting torque. It is because the
rotor bars are permanently short-circuited and it is not possible to add
any external resistance to the rotor circuit to have a large starting
torque.
Wound rotor: It consists of a laminated cylindrical core and
carries a 3-phase winding, similar to the one on the stator [See
Fig. 2.4]. The rotor winding is uniformly distributed in the slots
and is usually star-connected. The open ends of the rotor
winding are brought out and joined to three insulated slip rings
mounted on the rotor shaft with one brush resting on each slip
ring. The three brushes are connected to a 3-phase star-
connected rheostat as shown in Fig. 2.5. At starting, the
external resistances are included in the rotor circuit to give a
large starting torque. These resistances are gradually reduced to
zero as the motor runs up to speed. The external resistances are
used during starting period only. When the motor attains
normal speed, the three brushes are short-circuited so that the
wound rotor runs like a squirrel cage rotor.
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

Figure 2.4
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

3 principle of operation

Operation of the motor can be explained as under:

(i) When 3-phase stator winding is energized from a 3-phase supply, a

rotating magnetic field (RMF) is set up which rotates round the stator at
synchronous speed Ns (= 120 f/P).

(ii) The rotating field passes through the air gap and cuts the rotor
conductors (Faraday law), which as yet, are stationary . Due to the
relative speed between the rotating flux and the stationary rotor,
electrical motive force (EMF) are induced in the rotor conductors. Since
the rotor circuit is short-circuited, currents start flowing in the rotor
conductors.

(iii) The current-carrying rotor conductors are placed in the magnetic

field produced by the stator. Consequently, mechanical force acts on the
rotor conductors. The sum of the mechanical forces on all the rotor
conductors produces a torque which tends to move the rotor in the same
direction as the rotating field with speed N =Ns (1-S).
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

(iv) The fact that rotor is urged to follow the stator field (i.e., rotor
moves in the direction of stator field) can be explained by Lenz’s law.
According to this law, the direction of rotor currents will be such that
they tend to oppose the cause producing them. Now, the cause
producing the rotor currents is the relative speed between the rotating
field and the stationary rotor conductors. Hence to reduce this relative
speed, the rotor starts running in the same direction as that of stator
field and tries to catch it.
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

Figure 3 Rotate magnetic field

Rotating Magnetic Field Due to 3-Phase Currents

When a 3-phase winding is energized from a 3-phase supply, a

rotating magnetic field is produced. This field is such that its poles do
not remain in a fixed position on the stator but go on shifting their
positions around the stator. For this reason, it is called a rotating field.
So we can brief the RMF as below:
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

Figure 4 phase diagram of RMF

University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

Slip
In practice, the rotor never succeeds in ‘catching up’ with the
stator field. If it really did so, then there would be no relative speed
between the two, hence no rotor e.m.f., no rotor current and so no
torque to maintain rotation. That is why the rotor runs at a speed which
is always less than the speed of the stator field. The difference in speeds
depends upon the load on the motor. The difference between the
synchronous speed Ns and the actual speed N of the rotor is known as
slip. Though it may be expressed in so many revolutions/second, yet it
is usual to express it as a percentage of the synchronous speed.
Actually, the term ‘slip’ is descriptive of the way in which the rotor
‘slips back’ from synchronism.

(i) Sometimes, Ns − N is called the slip speed.

(ii) When the rotor is stationary (i.e., N = 0), slip, s = 1 or 100 %.

(iii) Obviously, rotor (or motor) speed is N = Ns (1 − s)

University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

Frequency of Rotor Current:

When the rotor is stationary, the frequency of rotor current is the
same as the supply frequency (f). But when the rotor starts revolving,
then the frequency depends upon the relative speed or on slip speed. Let
at any slip-speed, the frequency of the rotor current be f’.

Running operation
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

when Φ the flux per pole, N is total number turn per phase,
Kw is winding factor
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

Some examples as shown below reference book – theraja

University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

Effect of Slip on the Rotor Circuit

When the rotor is stationary, s = 1. Under these conditions, the per
phase rotor e.m.f. E2 has a frequency equal to that of supply frequency
f. At any slip s, the relative speed between stator field and the rotor is
decreased. Consequently, the rotor e.m.f. and frequency are reduced
proportionally to sEs and sf respectively. At the same time, per phase
rotor reactance X2, being frequency dependent, is
reduced to sX2.

Example :
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

Rotor Current
Fig. 5 shows the circuit of a 3-phase induction motor at any slip s. The
rotor is assumed to be of wound type and star connected. Note that rotor
e.m.f./phase and rotor reactance/phase are s E2 and sX2 respectively.
The rotor resistance/phase is R2 and is independent of frequency and,
therefore, does not depend upon slip. Likewise, stator winding values
R1 and X1 do not depend upon slip.
Fig. 5. Since the motor represents a balanced 3-phase load, we need
consider one phase only; the conditions in the other two phases being
similar.
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

Fig. 5 the circuit of a 3-phase induction motor at any slip s

Fig. 6

When running at slip s. Fig. (6 (ii)) shows one phase of the rotor circuit
when the motor is running at slip s.

Rotor Torque
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

The torque T developed by the rotor is directly proportional to:

(i) Rotor current (I2)
(ii) Rotor e.m.f. (E2)
(iii) Power factor of the rotor circuit. (cos ϕ2)
T∞ E2 I2 cos ϕ2
where
I2 = rotor current at standstill
E2 = rotor e.m.f. at standstill

cos ϕ2 = rotor p.f. at standstill

Starting Torque (Ts)

University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

Generally, the stator supply voltage V is constant so that flux per pole ϕ
set up by the stator is also fixed. This in turn means that e.m.f. E2
induced in the rotor will be constant.

where K1 is another constant.

It is clear that the magnitude of starting torque would depend upon the
relative values of R2 and X2 i.e., rotor resistance/phase and standstill
rotor reactance/phase.
It can be shown that K = 3/2 π Ns.

where Ns is in r.p.s.

Condition for Maximum Starting Torque

University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

It can be proved that starting torque will be maximum when rotor

resistance/phase is equal to standstill rotor reactance/phase.

Hence starting torque will be maximum when:

Rotor resistance/phase = Standstill rotor reactance/phase

Fig. 7
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

Fig. 7 shows the variation of starting torque with rotor resistance. As

the rotor resistance is increased from a relatively low value, the starting
torque increases until it becomes maximum when R2 = X2. If the rotor
resistance is increased beyond this optimum value, the starting torque
will decrease.

Effect of Change in Supply Voltage on Starting Torque

The starting torque as bellow:

Now, E2 is proportional to supply voltage V. So, starting torque Ts is

proportional to V2. Starting torque is very sensitive to any changes in
the supply voltage.

Some examples from reference book- theraja -

University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

Torque Under Running Conditions

Let the rotor at standstill have per phase induced e.m.f. E2, reactance
X2 and resistance R2. Then under running conditions at slip s,
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

Fig. 8

If the stator supply voltage V is constant, then stator flux and hence E2
will be constant

where K2 is another constant.

It may be seen that running torque is:
(i) directly proportional to slip i.e., if slip increases (i.e., motor speed
decreases), the torque will increase and vice-versa.
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

(ii) directly proportional to square of supply voltage.

It can be shown that K1 = 3/2 π Ns.

At starting, s = 1 so that starti

ng torque is

Maximum Torque under Running Conditions

In order to find the value of rotor resistance that gives maximum torque
under running conditions, differentiate above equation w.r.t. s and
equate the result to zero i.e.,
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

Thus for maximum torque (Tm) under running conditions :

Rotor resistance/phase = Fractional slip × Standstill rotor

reactance/phase
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

Torque-Slip Characteristics
The motor torque under running conditions is given by;

If a curve is drawn between the torque and slip for a particular value of
rotor resistance R2, the graph thus obtained is called torque-slip
characteristic. Fig. 2.14 shows a family of torque-slip characteristics for
a slip-range from s = 0 to s = 1 for various values of rotor resistance.
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

Fig. 9

Full-Load, Starting and Maximum Torques

University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

Speed Regulation of Induction Motors

University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

Speed Control of 3-Phase Induction Motors

a. Squirrel cage motors

University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik

b. Wound rotor motors

Induction Motor Torque

University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
STARTING OF INDUCTION MOTOR
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik
University of Misan
College of Engineering
Dep. of Electrical
Third Stage
A.C Machines
Dr. Malik