 Competence: A-III/1.F2.

C1: Operate electrical, electronic

and control systems
 A-III/2.F2.C1: Manage operation of electrical and
electronic control equipment
 CO2: Wire and Test a direct-on-line (DOL) motor starter
using a control circuit
 KUP: A-III/1.F2.C1.KUP1.1: Basic configuration principles
of the following electrical equipment:
 .1.c electrical motors including starting methodologies
 .1.e sequential control circuits and associated system
devices
 A-III/2.F2.C1.KUP1.3: Design features and system
configurations of operational control equipment for
electrical motors
 Three Phase Induction Motor:
 The three phase induction motors are the
most widely used electric motors in the industry.They
run at essentially constant speed from no-load to
full-load.However, the speed is frequency dependent
and consequently, these motors are not easily
adapted to speed control.We usually prefer dc motors
when large speed variations are required.
Nevertheless, the 3-phase induction motors are
simple, rugged, low-priced, easy to maintain and can
be manufactured with characteristics to suit most
industrial requirements.In this, we shall discuss
working principle of 3-phase induction motors.
 Three Phase Induction Motor:
 Like any electric motor, a 3-phase induction motor has a stator and a
rotor.The stator carries a 3-phase winding (called stator winding) while
the rotor carries a short-circuited winding (called rotor winding). Only
the stator winding is fed from 3-phase supply.The rotor winding derives
its voltage and power from the externally energized stator winding
through electromagnetic induction and hence the name.
The induction motor may be considered to be a transformer with
a rotating secondary and it can, therefore, be described as a
“transformer type” ac machine in which electrical energy is converted
into mechanical energy.
 Construction of Three Phase Induction Motor:
 Figure 8.1 shows the construction of three phase induction
motor. A 3 phase induction motor has two main parts (i) stator and (ii)
rotor.The rotor is separated from the stator by a small air-gap which
ranges from 0.4 mm to 4 mm, depending on the power of the motor.
 Stator :
 It consists of a steel frame
which encloses a hollow,
cylindrical core made up of
thin laminations of silicon
steel to reduce hysteresis
and eddy current losses. A
number of evenly spaced
slots are provided on the
inner periphery of the
laminations.[See
Fig.(8.1)].The insulated
connected to form a
balanced 3-phase star or
delta connected the circuit
 Stator :
 The 3-phase stator winding
is wound for a definite
number of poles as per
requirement of speed.Greater
the number of poles, lesser is
the speed of the motor and
vice-versa.When 3-phase
supply is given to the stator
winding, a rotating magnetic
field(See Sec. 8.3) of constant
magnitude is produced.This
rotating field induces
currents in the rotor by
electromagnetic induction.
 Rotor:
 The rotor, mounted on a
shaft, is a hollow laminated
core having slots on its
outer periphery.The
winding placed in these
slots (called rotor winding)
may be one of the
following two types:

 (i) Squirrel cage

type
 (ii) Wound typeWound type
 (i) Squirrel cage rotor: It consists of a
laminated cylindrical core having
parallel slots on its outer
periphery.One copper or aluminum
bar is placed in each slot.All these
bars are joined at each end by metal
rings called end rings.
This forms a permanently
short circuited winding which is
indestructible. The entire
construction (bars and end rings)
resembles
 a squirrel cage and hence the
name.The rotor is not connected
electrically to the supply but has
current induced in it by transformer
action from the stator.
 Those induction motors which
employ squirrel cage rotor are
called squirrel cage induction
motors.Most of 3 phase
induction motors use squirrel
cage rotor as it has a remarkably
simple and robust construction
enabling it to operate in the
most adverse circumstances.
However, it suffers from
the disadvantage of a low
starting torque.It is because the
rotor bars are permanently
short-circuited and it is not
possible to add any external
resistance to the rotor circuit to
have a large starting torque.
 (ii) Wound rotor: It consists of a
laminated cylindrical core and carries
a 3-phase winding, similar to the
one on the stator [See Fig. (8.3)].The
rotor winding is uniformly
distributed in the slots and is usually
star-connected.The open ends of the
rotor winding are brought out and
joined to three insulated slip rings
mounted on the rotor shaft with one
brush resting on each slip ring.
The three brushes are
connected to a 3-phase star-
connected rheostat as shown in Fig.
(8.4).At starting, the external
resistances are included in the rotor
circuit to give a large starting
torque.These resistances are
gradually reduced to zero as the
motor runs up to speed.
 The external
resistances are used
during starting period
only. When the motor
attains normal speed,
the three brushes are
short-circuited so that
the wound rotor runs
like a squirrel cage
rotor.


 The speed at which the rotating magnetic field

revolves is called the synchronous speed (Ns).Referring to
Fig. (8.6 (ii)), the time instant 4 represents the completion
of one-quarter cycle of alternating current Ix from the
time instant 1.During this one-quarter cycle, the field has
rotated through 90°. At a time instant represented by 13
or one complete cycle of current Ix from the origin, the
field has completed one revolution.
Therefore, for a 2-pole stator winding, the field
makes one revolution in one cycle of current.In a 4-pole
stator winding, it can be shown that the rotating field
makes one revolution in two cycles of current.In general,
fur P poles, the rotating field makes one revolution in P/2
cycles of current.
 The speed of the rotating magnetic field is
the same as the speed of the alternator that
is supplying power to the motor if the two
have the same number of the magnetic flux
is said to rotate at synchronous speed.
 These 3 phase motor is supplied with 3 three-phase AC
supply and is widely used in ships for heavier loads. 3
phase induction motors are of two types, squirrel cage and
slip ring motors. Squirrel cage motors are widely used on
ships due to their rugged construction and simple design,
few e.g. of their applications are:
 Lifts
 Cranes
 Large capacity exhaust fans
 Engine Auxiliary pumps
 Engine blower fan motor
 Engine room heavy load pumps –Ballast, Fire, Freshwater,
Sea Water etc.
 Winch motor
 Windlass motor
 These 3 phase motor is supplied with 3 three-phase AC
supply and is widely used in ships for heavier loads. 3
phase induction motors are of two types, squirrel cage and
slip ring motors. Squirrel cage motors are widely used on
ships due to their rugged construction and simple design,
few e.g. of their applications are:
 Lifts
 Cranes
 Large capacity exhaust fans
 Engine Auxiliary pumps
 Engine blower fan motor
 Engine room heavy load pumps –Ballast, Fire, Freshwater,
Sea Water etc.
 Winch motor
 Windlass motor
 Electrical motors are an electro-mechanical
device that converts electrical energy to
mechanical energy. Based on the type of input we
have classified it into single phase and 3 phase
motors.
 The most common type of 3 phase motors are
synchronous motors and induction motors. When
three-phase electric conductors are placed in
certain geometrical positions (i.e. in a certain
angle from one another) – an electrical field is
generated. The rotating magnetic field rotates at
a certain speed known as the synchronous speed.
 If an electromagnet is present in this rotating magnetic
field, the electromagnet is magnetically locked with this
rotating magnetic field and rotates with the same speed of
rotating field.
 This is where the term synchronous motor comes from, as
the speed of the rotor of the motor is the same as the
rotating magnetic field.
 It is a fixed speed motor because it has only one speed,
which is synchronous speed. This speed is synchronised
with the supply frequency. The synchronous speed is given
by:
 Where:
 N= The Synchronous Speed (in RPM – i.e. Rotations Per
Minute)
 f = The Supply Frequency (in Hz)
 p = The number of Poles
 Usually, its construction is
almost similar to that of a 3
phase induction motor,
except the fact that here we
supply DC to the rotor, the
reason of which we shall
explain later. Now, let us
first go through the basic
construction of this type of
motor. it is clear that how
do we design this type of
machine. We apply three
phase supply to the stator
and DC supply to the rotor.
 Main Features of Synchronous Motors
 Synchronous motors are inherently
not self starting. They require some
external means to bring their speed
close to synchronous speed to before
they are synchronized.
 The speed of operation of is in
synchronism with the supply
frequency and hence for constant
supply frequency they behave as
constant speed motor irrespective of
load condition
 This motor has the unique
characteristics of operating under
any electrical power factor. This
makes it being used in electrical
power factor improvement.
 Principle of Operation Synchronous
Motor
 Synchronous motors are a doubly
excited machine, i.e., two electrical
inputs are provided to it. Its stator
winding which consists of a We
provide three-phase supply to three-
phase stator winding, and DC to the
rotor winding.
 The 3 phase stator winding carrying
3 phase currents produces 3 phase
rotating magnetic flux. The rotor
carrying DC supply also produces a
constant flux. Considering the 50 Hz
power frequency, from the above
relation we can see that the 3 phase
rotating flux rotates about 3000
revolutions in 1 min or 50
revolutions in 1 sec.
 Principle of Operation Synchronous Motor
 At a particular instant rotor and stator
poles might be of the same polarity (N-N
or S-S) causing a repulsive force on the
rotor and the very next instant it will be N-
S causing attractive force. But due to the
inertia of the rotor, it is unable to rotate in
any direction due to that attractive or
repulsive forces, and the rotor remains in
standstill condition. Hence a synchronous
motor is not self-starting.
 Here we use some mechanical means
which initially rotates the rotor in the same
direction as the magnetic field to speed
very close to synchronous speed. On
achieving synchronous speed, magnetic
locking occurs, and the synchronous motor
continues to rotate even after removal of
external mechanical means.
 Principle of Operation Synchronous
Motor
 But due to the inertia of the rotor, it
is unable to rotate in any direction
due to that attractive or repulsive
forces, and the rotor remains in
standstill condition. Hence a
synchronous motor is not self-
starting.
 Here we use some mechanical means
which initially rotates the rotor in the
same direction as the magnetic field
to speed very close to synchronous
speed. On achieving synchronous
speed, magnetic locking occurs, and
the synchronous motor continues to
rotate even after removal of external
mechanical means.
 Motor starting with an
external prime Mover:
Synchronous motors are
mechanically coupled with
another motor. It could be
either 3 phase induction
motor or DC shunt motor.
Here, we do not apply DC
excitation initially. It rotates
at speed very close to its
synchronous speed, and then
we give the DC excitation.
After some time when
magnetic locking takes place
supply to the external motor
is cut off.
 Damper winding In this case, the
synchronous motor is of salient pole
type, additional winding is placed in
rotor pole face. Initially, when the
rotor is not rotating, the relative
speed between damper winding and
rotating air gap flux is large and an
emf is induced in it which produces
the required starting torque. As
speed approaches synchronous
speed, emf and torque are reduced
and finally when magnetic locking
takes place; torque also reduces to
zero. Hence in this case synchronous
motor first runs as three phase
induction motor using additional
winding and finally it is synchronized
with the frequency.
 Synchronous motor having no load connected to
its shaft is used for power factor improvement.
Owing to its characteristics to behave at any
electrical power factor, it is used in power system
in situations where static capacitors are
expensive.
 Synchronous motor finds application where
operating speed is less (around 500 rpm) and
high power is required. For power requirement
from 35 kW to 2500 KW, the size, weight and
cost of the corresponding three phase induction
motor is very high. Hence these motors are
preferably used. Ex- Reciprocating pump,
compressor, rolling mills etc.